The lunar base: A re-evaluation of its importance as a major US space activity
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Lowman, Paul D., Jr.↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Re-ionization and decaying dark matter
Gunn-Peterson tests suggest that the Universe was reionized after the standard recombination epoch. A systematic treatment is presented of the ionization process by deriving the Boltzmann equations appropriate to this regime. A compact solution for the photon spectrum is found in terms of the ionization ratio. These equations are then solved numerically for the Decaying Dark Matter scenario, wherein neutrinos with mass of order 30 eV radiatively decay producing photons which ionize the intergalactic medium. It was found that the neutrino mass and lifetime are severely constrained by Gunn-Peterson tests, observations of the diffuse photon spectrum in the ultraviolet regime, and the Hubble parameter.
Dodelson, Scott↗
A study on vortex flow control on inlet distortion in the re-engined 727-100 center inlet duct using computational fluid dynamics
Computational fluid dynamics was used to investigate the management of inlet distortion by the introduction of discrete vorticity sources at selected locations in the inlet for the purpose of controlling secondary flow. These sources of vorticity were introduced by means of vortex generators. A series of design observations were made concerning the importance of various vortex generator design parameters in minimizing engine face circumferential distortion. The study showed that vortex strength, generator scale, and secondary flow field structure have a complicated and interrelated influence on the engine face distortion, over and above the initial geometry and arrangement of the generators. The installed vortex generator performance was found to be a function of three categories of variables: the inflow conditions, the aerodynamic characteristics associated with the inlet duct, and the design parameters related to the geometry, arrangement, and placement of the vortex generators within the outlet duct itself.
Anderson, Bernhard H.↗
Comparison of different fractal dimension measuring algorithms for RE-TM M-O films
Noise in magneto-optical recording devices is discussed. In general, it appears that either the divider technique or amplitude spectrum technique may be used interchangeably to measure the fractal dimension (D) in the domain wall structure of ideal images. However, some caveats must be observed for best results. The divider technique is attractive for its simplicity and relatively modest computation requirements. However, it is sensitive to noise, in that noise pixels that touch the domain boundary are interpreted as being part of the boundary, skewing the measurement. Also, it is not useful in measuring nucleation-dominated films or domains that have significant amounts of structure within the interior of the domain wall. The amplitude spectrum method is more complex, and less intuitive than the divider method, and somewhat more expensive to implement computationally. However, since the camera noise tends to be white, the noise can be avoided in the measurement of D by avoiding that portion of the curve that is flat (due to the white noise) when the least squares line is fit to the plot. Also, many image processing software packages include a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) facility, while the user will most likely have to write his own edge extraction routine for the divider method. The amplitude spectrum method is a true two dimensional technique that probes the interior of the domain wall, and in fact, can measure arbitrary clusters of domains. It can also be used to measure grey-level images, further reducing processing steps needed to threshold the image.
Bernacki, Bruce E.↗
Review of ESOC re-entry prediction results of Salyut-7/Kosmos-1686
An overview of activities at ESA/ESOC during the followup of the Salyut-7/Kosmos-1686 decay, and of related cooperations with space agencies, research institutes, and national bodies within the ESA Member States, within the U.S. and within the USSR, is presented. A postflight analysis indicated areas for improvement in the forecast procedures, especially during the last day of the orbital lifetime. Corresponding revised decay predictions are presented for Salyut-7/Kosmos-1686, and the improved procedures are verified by an analysis of the reentries of Kosmos-1402A and Kosmos-1402C.
Klinkrad, H.↗
Thermochemical nonequilibrium issues for earth re-entry of Mars mission vehicles
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Mitcheltree, R. A.↗
Ion injection simulations of quasi-parallel shock re-formation
One-dimensional hybrid simulations are used to investigate the process of quasi-parallel shock reformation and to examine the coupling of a beam of ions reflected at the shock to the incoming solar wind. A simple simulation configuration is constructed that makes it possible to control the properties of the background plasma and of the reflected ions. The length and time scales for the coupling of the reflected ions to the background plasma are investigated as functions of the upstream magnetic field direction, beam density, and beam temperature. The coupling length and time scales are found to vary systematically with the upstream magnetic field direction. The coupling occurs at roughly the time and location where the injected ions become deflected transverse to the shock normal direction.
Onsager, T. G.↗
A study on vortex flow control of inlet distortion in the re-engined 727-100 center inlet duct using computational fluid dynamics
Computational fluid dynamics was used to investigate the management of inlet distortion by the introduction of discrete vorticity sources at selected locations in the inlet for the purpose of controlling secondary flow. These sources of vorticity were introduced by means of vortex generators. A series of design observations were made concerning the importance of various vortex generator design parameters in minimizing engine face circumferential distortion. The study showed that vortex strength, generator scale, and secondary flow field structure have a complicated and interrelated influence on the engine face distortion, over and above the initial geometry and arrangement of the generators. The installed vortex generator performance was found to be a function of three categories of variables: the inflow conditions, the aerodynamic characteristics associated with the inlet duct, and the design parameters related to the geometry, arrangement, and placement of the vortex generators within the outlet duct itself.
Anderson, Bernhard H.↗
Microstructure and mechanical properties of near eutectic beta-NiAl plus alpha-Re alloys produced by rapid solidification and extrusion
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Mason, D. P.↗
A re-investigation of the 'double dawn' event recorded in the Bamboo Annals
An allusion to a 'double dawn' phenomenon in an ancient Chinese chronicle, which has been identified as caused by a sunrise eclipse occurring in 899 BC, is discussed. This event has been regarded as of considerable importance in the investigation of earth's past rotation. It is shown that an eclipse interpretation is implausible, not least because the eclipse in question was only annular.
Stephenson, F. R.↗
Direct simulation of re-entry flows with ionization
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Carlson, Ann B.↗
A re-analysis of the causes of Boeing 727 'black hole landing' crashes
A review is presented of Kraft and Elworth's (1969) investigation and analysis of night visual approaches; their data is reanalyzed, and the reliability of the visual angle hypothesis is discussed. To increase pilot awareness of the hazardous illusions inherent in black hole landings, it was suggested that pilots should monitor their altimeters more often during night approaches. It was also recommended that greater attention should be given to airport design, so that the effects of black hole conditions could be minimized.
Schwirzke, Martin F. J.↗
An adaptive grid method for computing the high speed 3D viscous flow about a re-entry vehicle
An algebraic solution adaptive grid generation method that allows adapting the grid in all three coordinate directions is presented. Techniques are described that maintain the integrity of the original vehicle definition for grid point movement on the vehicle surface and that avoid grid cross over in the boundary layer portion of the grid lying next to the vehicle surface. The adaptive method is tested by computing the Mach 6 hypersonic three dimensional viscous flow about a proposed Martian entry vehicle.
Bockelie, Michael J.↗
A re-analysis of the spectrum of 2206-199
Recently Pettini, Hunstead, Smith and Mar, (PHSM 1991) performed an analysis of the Ly-alpha forest of QSO 2206-199N at very high resolution. On the basis of their observations they concluded that most Doppler parameters b = (square root of 2)(sigma) of Ly-alpha forest lines are below 22 km/s, with a range down to a few km/s and a median of 17 km/s. They also found a strong intrinsic correlation between Doppler parameter b and column density N. These results are in contrast to those of a similar study by Carswell, Lanzetta, Parnell, and Webb (CLPW 1991) at comparable resolution with the same instruments, who find that most of the Ly-alpha lines towards QSO 1100-264 have Doppler parameters above 15 km/s (median b = 34 km/s), and that there is no significant correlation between b and N. Whilst an intrinsic difference between the lines of sight to 2206-199 and to other QSO's can not be excluded a priori, previous disagreement between Doppler parameter estimates obtained by both groups pointed to a potential difference in estimation techniques and in the interpretation of the results. To investigate this possibility, the AAT/UCLES spectrum of 2206-199 obtained by PHSM were reanalyzed. The spectrum was extracted from the raw data and determined the line parameters using the method described by CLPW.
Rauch, M.↗
A determination of twisting of the Earth's magnetotail at distances 115-220 RE - ISEE 3
Observations from magnetic field and plasma experiments on ISEE 3 are used to identify and to analyze 16 crossings of the distant magnetotail neutral sheet. Four methods of analyses have been employed to measure the extent of the magnetotail twisting, which is found to be much greater than what was previously observed or, the theoretically inferred twist. A twist of more than 90 deg has frequently been observed on both open and closed magnetic field lines. In addition, the location of the magnetic neutral line of the magnetotail has been found to move over the distance interval of 115 to 220 Earth radii. Some features of these results suggest that a modification of the present solar wind-geomagnetic field interaction model may be needed.
Macwan, Snehavadan E.↗
Preliminary evaluation of tensile and stress-rupture behavior of W + 24 at. pct Re + 0.4 at. pct HfC wire
Results are presented of an evaluation of tensile properties and stress-rupture bahavior of a small-diameter W24ReHfC (W-24Re-0.4(HfC)) wire, which is considered to be an excellent reinforcing fiber candidate for a variety of metal-matrix composites. The results were compared to data of Petrasek (1972) on W4ReHfC (W-4Re-0.4(HfC)) wire. It was found that the room-temperature (RT) tensile strength of the W24ReHfC wire was about 3250 MPa, higher than that of the W4ReHfC (3160 MPa) and WHfC (2250 MPa) wires. Above 1366 K, the W4ReHfC wire had both a greater tensile strength and the stress rupture strength than the W24ReHfC wire.
Yun, H. M.↗
Low-to-high altitude predictions of three-dimensional ablative re-entry flowfields
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Bhutta, Bilal A.↗
Advanced particulate fibrous composite for thermal control of re-entry vehicles
Combining the selectively reflective properties of particulate reflective coatings with the low density and high temperature capability of ceramic fibrous materials results in a novel composite material with useful optical properties. Numerical predictions of the radiative properties of zirconia and silica composites for a range of mixture fractions and wavelengths show the improvements attainable by dispersing spheres throughout a fiber matrix. The radiation conductance is controlled by the percentage of spheres in the composite. Results show that specific wavelength domains are controlled by either the spheres or the fibers, so the optical properties can be tailored for reentry applications.
White, Susan↗