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DOE OSTI2021

Topological spin/structure couplings in layered chiral magnet Cr 1/3 TaS 2 : The discovery of spiral magnetic superstructure

Significance Magnets in which chirality of crystal lattice gives rise to noncollinear spin orders are ideal playgrounds for studies of novel physical phenomena originating from the nontrivial topology of magnetic textures. Most studies have been focused on homochiral materials, while topological magnetic states of heterochiral magnets have rarely been explored. Here, we report a layered chiral helimagnet with highly tunable topological heterochiral states. Tuning the chiral domain density, we have observed a topological magnetic texture that has the form of a spiral unfolding in the radial direction. In weak in-plane fields, this spiral magnetic superstructure transforms into a nonspiral array of concentric rings. Our results open a horizon for studies of tunable topological magnetic textures.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2013

THE POST-MERGER MAGNETIZED EVOLUTION OF WHITE DWARF BINARIES: THE DOUBLE-DEGENERATE CHANNEL OF SUB-CHANDRASEKHAR TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE AND THE FORMATION OF MAGNETIZED WHITE DWARFS

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) play a crucial role as standardizable cosmological candles, though the nature of their progenitors is a subject of active investigation. Recent observational and theoretical work has pointed to merging white dwarf binaries, referred to as the double-degenerate channel, as the possible progenitor systems for some SNe Ia. Additionally, recent theoretical work suggests that mergers which fail to detonate may produce magnetized, rapidly rotating white dwarfs. In this paper, we present the first multidimensional simulations of the post-merger evolution of white dwarf binaries to include the effect of the magnetic field. In these systems, the two white dwarfs complete a final merger on a dynamical timescale, and are tidally disrupted, producing a rapidly rotating white dwarf merger surrounded by a hot corona and a thick, differentially rotating disk. The disk is strongly susceptible to the magnetorotational instability (MRI), and we demonstrate that this leads to the rapid growth of an initially dynamically weak magnetic field in the disk, the spin-down of the white dwarf merger, and to the subsequent central ignition of the white dwarf merger. Additionally, these magnetized models exhibit new features not present in prior hydrodynamic studies of white dwarf mergers, including the development of MRI turbulence in the hot disk, magnetized outflows carrying a significant fraction of the disk mass, and the magnetization of the white dwarf merger to field strengths {approx}2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 8} G. We discuss the impact of our findings on the origins, circumstellar media, and observed properties of SNe Ia and magnetized white dwarfs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Uni-layer magnets: a new concept for LTS and HTS based superconducting magnets

A novel geometrical configuration to form a magnetic field perpendicular to an aperture, created by an asymmetric current distribution, within a single layer, and using a continuous ideal current line, named the uni-layer (UL) magnet, is here presented. The idea is compared to existing concepts in superconducting magnets, namely, the $\cos{\theta}$ sector magnet, stress managed $\cos{\theta}$ and canted $\cos{\theta}$. The UL magnet allows for a design with a continuous unit length (no layer jump), and an increased minimum bending radius of the conductor in relation to traditional $\cos{\theta}$ and canted $\cos{\theta}$ designs. Further, the specific characteristics of the UL design are especially advantageous for strain-sensitive and prone to winding degradation high-temperature superconductors, in very high field accelerator magnet applications, in which, high efficiency in the use of conductor, and a small aperture are required. The advantages with regard to the design and fabrication of UL magnets in relation to other concepts are also discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2024

Giant magnetic anisotropy of Pb atoms in 3 d -based magnets

Electronic structure analysis is performed to study the properties of several Pb-containing 3⁢ d intermetallics. Our study reveals that binary metastable C⁢o 3 ⁢Pb and F⁡e 3 ⁢Pb intermetallic compounds exhibit very attractive intrinsic magnetic properties. We primarily focus on the magnetic anisotropic properties arising from the high spin-orbit coupling of the Pb atom. Decomposing the total anisotropy into intra- and interatomic contributions reveals a significant deviation from single-ion anisotropy model with strong symmetric anisotropic pair interactions present. Furthermore, we consider magnetic properties of ternary Pb-based 3⁢⁢ d intermetallics, which recently have been reported as stable or metastable. Giant magnetic anisotropy is found on Pb atoms in these systems. The origin of such strong anisotropy in L⁢a 18⁢ C⁢o 28 ⁢P⁢b 3 appears from two sources: spin-orbit and interelectronic Breit couplings. Additionally, the significance of Breit interaction for magnetic anisotropy in bulk systems is reported. It is expected that Breit coupling-induced anisotropy is dominating in magnetic Pb-based magnets with lower dimensionality including thin films.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Quantitative x-ray magnetic circular dichroism mapping with high spatial resolution full-field magnetic transmission soft x-ray spectro-microscopy

The spectroscopic analysis of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), which serves as strong and element-specific magnetic contrast in full-field magnetic transmission soft x-ray microscopy, is shown to provide information on the local distribution of spin (S) and orbital (L) magnetic moments down to a spatial resolution of 25 nm limited by the x-ray optics used in the x-ray microscope. The spatially resolved L/S ratio observed in a multilayered (Co 0.3 nm/Pt 0.5 nm) × 30 thin film exhibiting a strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy decreases significantly in the vicinity of domain walls, indicating a non-uniform spin configuration in the vertical profile of a domain wall across the thin film. Quantitative XMCD mapping with x-ray spectro-microscopy will become an important characterization tool for systems with topological or engineered magnetization inhomogeneities.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2015

Research Update: Plentiful magnetic moments in oxygen deficient SrTiO{sub 3}

Correlated band theory is employed to investigate the magnetic and electronic properties of different arrangements of oxygen di- and tri-vacancy clusters in SrTiO{sub 3}. Hole and electron doping of oxygen deficient SrTiO{sub 3} yields various degrees of magnetization as a result of the interaction between localized magnetic moments at the defect sites. Different kinds of Ti atomic orbital hybridization are described as a function of the doping level and defect geometry. We find that magnetism in SrTiO{sub 3−δ} is sensitive to the arrangement of neighbouring vacancy sites, charge carrier density, and vacancy-vacancy interaction. Permanent magnetic moments in the absence of vacancy doping electrons are observed. Our description of the charged clusters of oxygen vacancies widens the previous descriptions of mono- and multi-vacancies and points out the importance of the controlled formation at the atomic level of defects for the realization of transition metal oxide based devices with a desirable magnetic performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Modulating above-room-temperature magnetism in Ga-implanted Fe 5 GeTe 2 van der Waals magnets

The creation of van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnets with tunable Curie temperature (T C ) and magnetic anisotropy is essential in developing vdW magnet-based devices. Here, we report an effective and reliable method for modulating the magnetic properties of vdW Fe 5 GeTe 2 by site-specific Ga + implantation. In this study, we report an easy axis in the ab-plane for bulk Fe 5 GeTe 2 (T C = 310 K) and an axis out of the plane for thin Fe 5 GeTe 2 flakes (T C = 290 K). Combining element-resolved photoemission electron microscopy and spatially resolved magneto-optic Kerr microscopy, we find that the implantation of a tiny amount of 10 –3 Ga + ·Å –3 in Fe 5 GeTe 2 greatly enhances the T C from 290 to 360 K and switches the magnetic easy axis from the out-of-plane c axis to the ab-plane. The room-temperature x-ray magnetic circular dichroism signal is enhanced from 0% to 9% at an implantation level of 10 –2 Ga + ·Å –3 . These results provide new opportunities for tailoring the magnetic properties of vdW materials beyond room temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Evolution of magnetic bubble domains in the uniaxial ferromaget CeRu 2 Ga 2 B inferred from the Hall effect and ac magnetic susceptibility

We study the Hall effect, AC magnetic susceptibility (χ ac ), and magnetic force microscopy of the uniaxial ferromagnet CeRu 2 Ga 2 B with a centrosymmetric crystal structure. We observe a finite topological Hall effect (THE) within the ordered phase, before the magnetization is polarized by applied field. By comparing the field dependences of the area fraction of the magnetic bubbles, the derivative of χ ac , and the THE signal, we deduce that the magnetic bubbles in CeRu 2 Ga 2 B evolve from the trivial to topological spin texture with field. Our findings enable the expansion of the search for magnetic materials hosting topological spin textures to include uniaxial ferromagnets and open a new possibility to tailor the topological spin texture.

AC magnetic susceptibility↗

DOE OSTI2014

RECONCILING MODELS OF LUMINOUS BLAZARS WITH MAGNETIC FLUXES DETERMINED BY RADIO CORE-SHIFT MEASUREMENTS

Estimates of magnetic field strength in relativistic jets of active galactic nuclei, obtained by measuring the frequency-dependent radio core location, imply that the total magnetic fluxes in those jets are consistent with the predictions of the magnetically arrested disk (MAD) scenario of jet formation. On the other hand, the magnetic field strength determines the luminosity of the synchrotron radiation, which forms the low-energy bump of the observed blazar spectral energy distribution (SED). The SEDs of the most powerful blazars are strongly dominated by the high-energy bump, which is most likely due to the external radiation Compton mechanism. This high Compton dominance may be difficult to reconcile with the MAD scenario, unless (1) the geometry of external radiation sources (broad-line region, hot-dust torus) is quasi-spherical rather than flat, or (2) most gamma-ray radiation is produced in jet regions of low magnetization, e.g., in magnetic reconnection layers or in fast jet spines.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Adsorption Performance and Mechanisms of Methylene Blue Removal by Non-magnetic and Magnetic Particles Derived from the Vallisneria natans Waste

Vallisneria natans (V. natans) is a submerged aquatic plant, and its dried biomass waste was used to prepare magnetic particle biomass adsorbent by chemical co-precipitation via FeSO{sub 4}·7H{sub 2}O and FeCl{sub 3}·6H{sub 2}O as iron precursors. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area, total pore volume, and average pore width were 7.434 m{sup 2} g{sup −1}, 0.013 cm{sup 3} g{sup −1}, and 6.992 nm for magnetic V. natans, correspondingly, and 3.575 m{sup 2} g{sup −1}, 0.004 cm{sup 3} g{sup −1}, and 4.476 nm for non-magnetic V. natans, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue (MB) is a more appropriate fit for pseudo-second-order kinetic model than pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. Isotherm results showed that the adsorption of MB onto the non-magnetic and magnetic adsorbents agrees well with Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm model. Moreover, the thermodynamics study implied that the adsorption of MB onto both adsorbents is a spontaneous and exothermic process. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB on non-magnetic and magnetic V. natans were 657.90 and 473.93 mg g{sup −1} at 303 K, correspondingly.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2018

Investigation on Effect of Magnetic Field Dependency Coefficient of Critical Current Density on the AC Magnetizing Loss in HTS Tapes Exposed to External Field

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) technology is the most promising, advanced, and beneficial technological developments of the last two decades in terms of fabricating more efficient, compact, and reliable electrical power apparatus. The second-generation HTS wires are now quite competitive with traditional conductors from the cost point of view. In addition, they are of high interest in electrical machine manufacturing due to their unique merits such as high current density, high magnetic field, and low loss. The most significant issue for any superconducting devices which work with alternating current or magnetic field is the AC loss of the HTS tapes. Since HTS tapes are always exposed to an external magnetic field in electrical machine applications, it is vital to consider the effect of this external field on their AC magnetizing (ACMG) loss. It is well-known that external magnetic field decreases the current carrying capability of the wire. In real life, critical current density of HTS tapes is dependent to magnetic field but this dependency sometime was not considered in modeling stage in order to make it faster and simple. In this paper, the electromagnetic properties of HTS tapes for use in superconducting electric machines have been investigated with a particular focus on the ACMG loss of YBCO tapes. For this purpose, a two-dimensional finite element model has been implemented based on the H formulation in order to study the effect of dependency of critical current density to magnetic field on the variation of ACMG loss. The modeling results will be helpful for electrical machine designers to have a better understanding about this effect and have a more accurate estimate of ACMG loss in design stage.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2022

Phase stability and magnetic and electronic properties of a spark plasma sintered CoFe – P soft magnetic alloy

More efficient power conversion devices are able to transmit greater electrical power across larger distances to satisfy growing global electrical needs. A critical requirement to achieve more efficient power conversion are the soft magnetic materials used as core materials in transformers, inductors, and motors. To that effect it is well known that the use of non-equilibrium microstructures, which are, for example, nanocrystalline or consist of single phase solid solutions, can yield high saturation magnetic polarization and high electrical resistivity necessary for more efficient soft magnetic materials. In this work, we synthesized CoFe – P soft magnetic alloys containing nanocrystalline, single phase solid solution microstructures and studied the effect of a secondary intermetallic phase on the saturation magnetic polarization and electrical resistivity of the consolidated alloy. Single phase solid solution CoFe – P alloys were prepared through mechanically alloying metal powders and phase decomposition was observed after subsequent consolidation via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at various temperatures. The secondary intermetallic phase was identified as the orthorhombic (Co x Fe 1-x ) 2 P phase and the magnetic properties of the (Co x Fe 1-x ) 2 P intermetallic phase were found to be detrimental to the soft magnetic properties of the targeted CoFe – P alloy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2019

3d-Metal Induced Magnetic Ordering on U(IV) Atoms as a Route toward U(IV) Magnetic Materials

Uranium(IV) 5f 2 magnetism is dominated by a transition from a triplet to a singlet ground state at low temperatures. For the first time, we achieved magnetic ordering of U(IV) atoms in a complex fluoride through the incorporation of 3d transition metal cations. This new route allowed us to obtain an unprecedented series of U(IV) ferrimagnetic materials of the new composition Cs 2 MU 3 F 16 (M = Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , and Ni 2+ ), which were comprehensively characterized with respect to their structural and magnetic properties. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed ferromagnetic-like phase transitions at temperatures of ~14.0, 3.5, and 4.8 K for M = Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , and Ni 2+ , respectively. The transition is not observed when the magnetic M cations are replaced by a diamagnetic cation, Zn 2+ . Neutron diffraction measurements revealed the magnetic moments of 0.91(6)–1.97(3) μ B on the U atoms, which are only partially compensated by antiparallel moments of 1.53(14)–3.26(5) μ B on the 3 d cations. This arrangement promotes suppression of the transition to a diamagnetic ground state characteristic of U(IV), and in doing so, induces magnetic ordering on uranium via 3 d –5 f exchange coupling.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

Complex magnetic properties associated with competing local and itinerant magnetism in ${\text {Pr}}_2 {\text {Co}}_{0.86} {\text {Si}}_{2.88}$

Ternary intermetallic compound ${\text {Pr}}_2 {\text {Co}}_{0.86} {\text {Si}}_{2.88}$ has been synthesized in single phase and characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis, magnetization, heat capacity, neutron diffraction and muon spin rotation/relaxation ( $\mu$ SR) measurements. The polycrystalline compound was synthesized in single phase by introducing necessary vacancies in Co/Si sites. Magnetic, heat capacity, and zero-field neutron diffraction studies reveal that the system undergoes magnetic transition below $\sim$ 4 K. Neutron diffraction measurement further reveals that the magnetic ordering is antiferromagnetic in nature with an weak ordered moment. The high temperature magnetic phase has been attributed to glassy in nature consisting of ferromagnetic clusters of itinerant (3 d ) Co moments as evident by the development of internal field in zero-field $\mu$ SR below 50 K. The density-functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the low temperature magnetic transition is associated with antiferromagnetic coupling between Pr 4 f and Co 3 d spins. Pr moments show spin fluctuation along with unconventional orbital moment quenching due to crystal field. The evolution of the symmetry and the crystalline electric field environment of Pr-ions are also studied and compared theoretically between the elemental Pr and when it is coupled with other elements such as Co. The localized moment of Pr 4 f and itinerant moment of Co 3 d compete with each other below $\sim$ 20 K resulting in an unusual temperature dependence of magnetic coercivity in the system.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Low-temperature magnetic crossover in the topological kagome magnet TbMn 6 Sn 6

Magnetic topological phases of quantum matter are an emerging frontier in physics and materials science, of which kagome magnets appear as a highly promising platform. Here, we explore magnetic correlations in the recently identified topological kagome system TbMn6 S n 6 using muon spin rotation, combined with local field analysis and neutron diffraction. Our studies identify an out-of-plane ferrimagnetic structure with slow magnetic fluctuations which exhibit a critical slowing down below $T^{*}_{C1}$ ≃ 120 K and finally freeze into static patches with ideal out-of-plane order below T C1 ≃ 20 K. We further show that hydrostatic pressure of 2.1 GPa stabilises the static out-of-plane topological ferrimagnetic ground state in the whole volume of the sample. Therefore the exciting perspective arises of a magnetically-induced topological system whose magnetism can be controlled through external parameters. The present results will stimulate theoretical investigations to obtain a microscopic understanding of the relation between the low-temperature volume-wise magnetic evolution of the static c-axis ferrimagnetic patches and the topological electronic properties in TbMn 6 Sn 6 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2014

Preparation and Magnetic Properties of MnBi-based Hard/Soft Composite Magnets

Bulk anisotropic composite magnets based on MnBi/Co(Fe) exhibiting the different morphology of the soft magnetic phase were prepared by powder metallurgy processing. First, single-phase MnBi bulk magnets were produced using a maximum energy product [(BH)m] of 6.3 MGOe at room temperature. The nanoscale soft phase with the different morphology was then added to form a composite magnet. It was observed that addition of magnetic soft-phase nanoparticles and nanoflakes causes a dramatic coercivity reduction. However, the addition of soft magnetic phase nanowires enhanced the composite magnetization without sacrificing the coercivity. Nevertheless, a kink was still observed on the demagnetization curves and the coercivity decreased when the soft-phase content was larger than 10 wt. %, which was caused by the agglomeration of the soft phase nanowires that also led to a decreased degree of texture.

MnBi, Magnet↗

DOE OSTI2014

Magnetic structures of FeTiO{sub 3}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} solid solution thin films studied by soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and ab initio multiplet calculations

The solid solutions between ilmenite (FeTiO{sub 3}) and hematite (α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}) have recently attracted considerable attention as a spintronic material due to their interesting magnetic and electrical properties. In this study, the electronic and magnetic structures of epitaxially grown 0.6FeTiO{sub 3}·0.4Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} solid solution thin films were investigated by combining x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) for two different crystallographic projections, and first-principles theoretical calculations. The Fe L-edge XANES and XMCD spectra reveal that Fe is in the mixed-valent Fe{sup 2+}–Fe{sup 3+} states while Fe{sup 2+} ions are mainly responsible for the magnetization. Moreover, the experimental Fe L-edge XANES and XMCD spectra change depending on the incident x-ray directions, and the theoretical spectra explain such spectral features. We also find a large orbital magnetic moment, which can originate the magnetic anisotropy of this system. On the other hand, although the valence state of Ti was interpreted to be 4+ from the Ti L-edge XANES, XMCD signals indicate that some electrons are present in the Ti-3d orbital, which are coupled antiparallel to the magnetic moment of Fe{sup 2+} ions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2015

Discovery of hard-magnetic domains in two-dimensional arrays of soft-magnetic Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanocubes

In this study, abnormal hard-magnetic domains were discovered in Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@C composite material, in which well-ordered 16-nm-sized Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} cubes were tightly embedded into carbon sheets of tens of nanometers thick. It was found that ca. 40 columns of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanocubes magnetically self-assembled into a single strip-type domain with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. More strikingly, remarkable domain misalignments, which were very similar to common edge dislocations among atomic planes in crystal lattices, were clearly observed and termed as “domain dislocation” in this work. The hard-magnetic properties of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@C material, including large coercivity of 2150 Oe, high M{sub R}/M{sub S} value of 0.9, and strong anisotropy energy of 3.772 × 10{sup 5} erg/cm{sup 3}, were further ascertained by carefully designed electromagnetic absorption contrast experiments. It is anticipated that the discovery of hard-magnetic domains and domain dislocations within 2-D arrays of soft-magnetic nanomaterials will shed new light on the development of high-density perpendicular magnetic recording industry.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗