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Jardine, Kolby↗
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Use of double-layer ITO films in reflective contacts for blue and near-UV LEDs
The structural and optical properties of multilayer ITO/SiO{sub 2}/Ag composites are studied. In these composites, the ITO (indium-tin oxide) layer is produced by two different methods: electron-beam evaporation and a combined method including electron-beam evaporation and subsequent magnetron sputtering. It is shown that the reflectance of the composite based on the ITO film produced by electron-beam evaporation is substantially lower. This can be attributed to the strong absorption of light at both boundaries of the SiO{sub 2} layer, which results from the complex surface profile of ITO films deposited by electron-beam evaporation. Samples with a film deposited by the combined method have a reflectance of about 90% at normal light incidence, which, combined with their higher electrical conductivity, makes these samples advantageous for use as reflective contacts to the p-type region of AlInGaN light-emitting diodes of the flip-chip design.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Hopping transport in the space-charge region of p-n structures with InGaN/GaN QWs as a source of excess 1/f noise and efficiency droop in LEDs
It is shown that the emission efficiency and the 1/f noise level in light-emitting diodes with InGaN/GaN quantum wells correlate with how the differential resistance of a diode varies with increasing current. Analysis of the results shows that hopping transport via defect states across the n-type part of the space-charge region results in limitation of the current by the tunneling resistance at intermediate currents and shunting of the n-type barrier at high currents. The increase in the average number of tunneling electrons suppresses the 1/f current noise at intermediate currents. The strong growth in the density of current noise at high currents, S{sub J} ∝ J{sup 3}, is attributed to a decrease in the average number of tunneling electrons as the n-type barrier decreases in height and width with increasing forward bias. The tunneling-recombination leakage current along extended defects grows faster than the tunneling injection current, which leads to emission efficiency droop.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Effect of the design of the active region of monolithic multi-color LED heterostructures on their spectra and emission efficiency
The design features of light-emitting-diode heterostructures with a monolithic InGaN/GaN active region containing several InGaN quantum wells (QWs) emitting at different wavelengths, grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, are studied. It is shown that the number of emission bands can be raised to three by increasing the number of deposited InGaN QWs with different indium contents. The emission efficiency decreases by approximately 30% with increasing number of QWs at high currents. The dependences of the optical properties of the heterostructures on the number of QWs and types of barriers between the QWs (GaN layer or InGaN/GaN short-period superlattice) are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the ratio between the intensities of the emission lines widely varies with current flowing through the structure and greatly depends on the type and width of the barriers between the QWs.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Increase in the Shockley–Read–Hall recombination rate in InGaN/GaN QWs as the main mechanism of the efficiency droop in LEDs at high injection levels
It is shown that the efficiency droop observed as the current through a GaN-based light-emitting diode increases is due to a decrease in the Shockley–Read–Hall nonradiative lifetime. The lifetime decreases with increasing current because a steadily growing number of traps in the density-of-states tails of InGaN/GaN quantum wells become nonradiative recombination centers upon the approach of quasi-Fermi levels to the band edges. This follows from the correlation between the efficiency droop and the appearance of negative differential capacitance, observed in the study. The correlation appears due to slow trap recharging via the trap-assisted tunneling of electrons through the n-type barrier of the quantum well and to the inductive nature of the diode-current variation with forward bias.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Features of high-temperature electroluminescence in an LED n-GaSb/n-InGaAsSb/p-AlGaAsSb heterostructure with high potential barriers
The electroluminescent properties of a light-emitting diode n-GaSb/n-InGaAsSb/p-AlGaAsSb heterostructure with high potential barriers are studied in the temperature range of 290–470 K. An atypical temperature increase in the power of the long-wavelength luminescence band with an energy of 0.3 eV is experimentally observed. As the temperature increases to 470 K, the optical radiation power increases by a factor of 1.5–2. To explain the extraordinary temperature dependence of the radiation power, the recombination and carrier transport processes are theoretically analyzed in the heterostructure under study.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Efficiency droop in GaN LEDs at high injection levels: Role of hydrogen
Point defects in GaN and, in particular, their manifestation in the photoluminescence, optical absorption, and recombination current in light-emitting diodes with InGaN/GaN quantum wells are analyzed. The results of this analysis demonstrate that the wide tail of defect states in the band gap of GaN facilitates the trap-assisted tunneling of thermally activated carriers into the quantum well, but simultaneously leads to a decrease in the nonradiative-recombination lifetime and to an efficiency droop as the quasi-Fermi levels intersect the defect states with increasing forward bias. The results reveal the dominant role of hydrogen in the recombination activity of defects with dangling bonds and in the efficiency of GaN-based devices.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Photovoltaic Characteristics of AlGaAs-Based LEDs
Photovoltaic characteristics of more than 20 types of AlGaAs-based light-emitting diodes operating in the 830- to 970-nm wavelength range have been considered. It is established that Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1–} {sub x}As semiconductor structures employed in these devices can also be used for manufacturing photovoltaic converters of monochromatic radiation with quite high efficiency.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
ARM-Led Improvements Aerosols in Climate and Climate Models
The DOE ARM program has played a foundational role in efforts to quantify aerosol effects on climate, beginning with the early back-of-the-envelope estimates of direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate and biomass burning aerosol (Penner et al., 1994). In this chapter we review the role that ARM has played in subsequent detailed estimates based on physically-based representations of aerosols in climate models. The focus is on quantifying the direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosol on the planetary energy balance. Only recently have other DOE programs applied the aerosol modeling capability to simulate the climate response to the radiative forcing.
aerosol↗
LABLE: A Multi-Institutional, Student-Led, Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment
This paper presents an overview of the Lower Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (LABLE), which included two measurement campaigns conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains site in Oklahoma during 2012 and 2013. LABLE was conducted as a collaborative effort between the University of Oklahoma (OU), the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and the ARM program. LABLE can be considered unique in that it was designed as a multi-phase, low-cost, multi-agency collaboration. Graduate students served as principal investigators and took the lead in designing and conducting experiments aimed at examining boundary-layer processes. The main objective of LABLE was to study turbulent phenomena in the lowest 2 km of the atmosphere over heterogeneous terrain using a variety of novel atmospheric profiling techniques. Several instruments from OU and LLNL were deployed to augment the suite of in-situ and remote sensing instruments at the ARM site. The complementary nature of the deployed instruments with respect to resolution and height coverage provides a near-complete picture of the dynamic and thermodynamic structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. Here, this paper provides an overview of the experiment including i) instruments deployed, ii) sampling strategies, iii) parameters observed, and iv) student involvement. To illustrate these components, the presented results focus on one particular aspect of LABLE, namely the study of the nocturnal boundary layer and the formation and structure of nocturnal low-level jets. During LABLE, low-level jets were frequently observed and they often interacted with mesoscale atmospheric disturbances such as frontal passages.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Perceived colour fidelity under LEDs with similar Rf but different Ra
Substantial efforts have been made to develop new colour fidelity measures that are better correlated to perceived colour fidelity. Such measures minimize the possibility of increasing rated colour fidelity through spectral optimization without improving perceived colour fidelity. This paper reports a psychophysical experiment that was carefully designed to investigate how light sources with different spectral features affected perceived colour fidelity, and whether the effect can be reflected by the two existing colour fidelity measures (CIE Ra and Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Rf). Fourteen observers evaluated the colour differences of eight physical colour samples under three pairs of light sources, which had similar IES Rf but different Ra values. IES Rf was found to perform better than CIE Ra.
Huang, Hsin-Pou↗
Detection of Rare Earth Elements Enhanced by Bio-Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Using UV LED
Presented at Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2019 (CLEO 2019)
Lan, Hui↗
Light management in perovskite solar cells and organic LEDs with microlens arrays
Not Available
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Inverse design optimization for efficient coupling of an electrically injected optical antenna-LED to a single-mode waveguide
Not Available
Andrade, Nicolas M.↗
Evolution of RNA-Protein Interactions: Non-Specific Binding Led to RNA Splicing Activity of Fungal Mitochondrial Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetases
The Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (mtTyrRS; CYT-18 protein) evolved a new function as a group I intron splicing factor by acquiring the ability to bind group I intron RNAs and stabilize their catalytically active RNA structure. Previous studies showed: (i) CYT-18 binds group I introns by using both its N-terminal catalytic domain and flexibly attached C-terminal anticodon-binding domain (CTD); and (ii) the catalytic domain binds group I introns specifically via multiple structural adaptations that occurred during or after the divergence of Peziomycotina and Saccharomycotina. However, the function of the CTD and how it contributed to the evolution of splicing activity have been unclear. Here, small angle X-ray scattering analysis of CYT-18 shows that both CTDs of the homodimeric protein extend outward from the catalytic domain, but move inward to bind opposite ends of a group I intron RNA. Biochemical assays show that the isolated CTD of CYT-18 binds RNAs non-specifically, possibly contributing to its interaction with the structurally different ends of the intron RNA. Finally, we find that the yeast mtTyrRS, which diverged from Pezizomycotina fungal mtTyrRSs prior to the evolution of splicing activity, binds group I intron and other RNAs non-specifically via its CTD, but lacks further adaptations needed for group I intron splicing. Our results suggest a scenario of constructive neutral (i.e., pre-adaptive) evolution in which an initial non-specific interaction between the CTD of an ancestral fungal mtTyrRS and a self-splicing group I intron was ‘‘fixed’’ by an intron RNA mutation that resulted in protein-dependent splicing. Once fixed, this interaction could be elaborated by further adaptive mutations in both the catalytic domain and CTD that enabled specific binding of group I introns. Our results highlight a role for non-specific RNA binding in the evolution of RNA-binding proteins.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NREL-Led Team Improves and Accelerates Battery Design [Fact Sheet]
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is leading some of the best minds from U.S. auto manufacturers, battery developers, and automotive simulation tool developers in a $\$$20 million project to accelerate the development of battery packs and thus the wider adoption of electric-drive vehicles. The Computer-Aided Engineering for Electric Drive Vehicle Batteries (CAEBAT) collaboration is developing sophisticated software tools to help improve and accelerate battery design and boost the performance and consumer appeal of electric-drive vehicles with the ultimate goal of diminishing petroleum consumption and polluting emissions.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Cubic Gallium Nitride on Micropatterned Si (001) for Longer Wavelength LEDs
GaInN/GaN heterostructures of cubic phase have the potential to overcome the limitations of wurtzite structures commonly used for light emitting and laser diodes. Wurtzite GaInN suffers from large internal polarization fields, which force design compromises ( 0001 ) towards ultra-narrow quantum wells and reduce recombination volume and efficiency. Cubic GaInN microstripes grown at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy on micropatterned Si , with {111} v-grooves oriented along Si ( 001 ) , offer a system free of internal polarization fields, wider quantum wells, and smaller <00$\bar1$> bandgap energy. We prepared 6 and 9 nm Ga x In 1-x N/GaN single quantum well structures with peak wavelength ranges from 520 to 570 nm with photons predominately polarized perpendicular to the grooves. We estimate a cubic InN composition range of 0 < x < 0.5 and an upper limit of the internal quantum efficiency of 50%. Stripe geometry and polarization may be suitable for mode confinement and reduced threshold stimulated emission.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
CALiPER Report 23: Photometric Testing of White-Tunable LED Luminaires (Addendum)
This addendum to CALiPER Report 23 provides additional analysis of error induced by testing fewer color points during photometric testing of white-tunable luminaires.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗