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At least 451 records · Page 25

Copper Nanowire Production for Interconnect Applications

A method of fabricating metallic Cu nanowires with lengths up to about 25 micrometers and diameters in a range 20-100 nanometers, or greater if desired. Vertically oriented or laterally oriented copper oxide structures (CuO and/or Cu2O) are grown on a Cu substrate. The copper oxide structures are reduced with 99+ percent H or H2, and in this reduction process the lengths decrease (to no more than about 25 micrometers), the density of surviving nanostructures on a substrate decreases, and the diameters of the surviving nanostructures have a range, of about 20-100 nanometers. The resulting nanowires are substantially pure Cu and can be oriented laterally (for local or global interconnects) or can be oriented vertically (for standard vertical interconnects).

Han, Jin-Woo↗

New High-Entropy Perovskite Oxides with Increased Reducibility and Stability for Thermochemical Hydrogen Generation

This project aims to design, synthesize, and test a transformative class of High-Entropy Perovskite Oxides (HEPOs) as redox oxides to enable thermochemical hydrogen generation with improved stability, kinetics, and efficiency. These developed HEPOs are expected to demonstrate improved kinetics with oxygen surface exchange coefficient ( k > 7.5×10 -4 cm/s) in Budget Period (BP) 1, retain its structural stability in a broad range of oxygen non-stoichiometry (Δδ > 0.15) at a low operating reduction temperature of T red < 1400°C in BP 2, and deliver a H 2 yield of over 400 µmol per gram of oxide and high stability with less than 20% degradation after at least 50 cycles in BP 3. This project is feasible due to the unique thermodynamic properties (simultaneously increased reducibility and phase stability) and kinetic characters (stability against particle coarsening and potentially enhanced oxygen transport and surface reaction kinetics) of such HEPOs, and it is enabled by a unique active learning computational design approach. Computational studies have been conducted to investigate the oxygen vacancy formation in complex perovskite systems. * Accurate prediction of V O .. concentration with disordered A-site cations in Fe-based high-entropy perovskite oxides * Combined MC/DFT computation elucidates the mechanism of Co preference on the redox due to the strain introduced by local distortion. In this project, we explored a large number (~150) of perovskite compositions, which are listed in Tables 2 – 4). * All perovskite specimens have been synthesized through a high-throughput high-energy ball milling process, followed by the conventional sintering process. * XRD, SEM/EDS and TGA were performed to confirm the crystal structure, phase homogeneity and oxygen non-stoichiometry for compositionally complex perovskite oxides (CCPOs). * 110 compositions show single-phase from XRD * Unusual aliovalent doping effects in medium-entropy perovskite compositions. * V-shape relation between Δδ vs. x (La 1-x Sr x )(Mn 1/3 Fe 1/3 Ti 1/3 )O 3 * The highest reported hydrogen production for the CCPOs made in this project ( T re = 1350 ºC 30 min, T Ox = 1100 ºC 30 min) * B-site mixing (La 0.8 Sr 0.2 )(Mn 0.2 Fe 0.2 Co 0.4 Al 0.2 )O 3 : 89.97 ± 2.73 mmol H2 /mol oxide (395 ± 10 μmol/g oxide ) (i) No phase transformation during reactions when Co molar ratio is less than 61% (ii) Balance between intrinsic kinetics (oxygen surface exchange) and thermodynamics (oxygen non-stoichiometry) (iii) Preference of Co identified by in-situ XPS * A-site mixing (La 1/6 Pr 1/6 Nd 1/6 Gd 1/6 Ba 1/6 Sr1/6)MnO 3 : 98.48 mmol H2 /mol oxid e (~415 μmol/g oxide )

08 HYDROGEN↗

Biological methane production and accumulation under sulfate-rich conditions at Cape Lookout Bight, NC

Introduction: Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is hypothesized to occur through reverse hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in marine sediments because sulfate reducers pull hydrogen concentrations so low that reverse hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis is exergonic. If true, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis can theoretically co-occur with sulfate reduction if the organic matter is so labile that fermenters produce more hydrogen than sulfate reducers can consume, causing hydrogen concentrations to rise. Finding accumulation of biologically-produced methane in sulfate-containing organic-rich sediments would therefore support the theory that AOM occurs through reverse hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis since it would signal the absence of net AOM in the presence of sulfate. Methods: 16S rRNA gene libraries were compared to geochemistry and incubations in high depth-resolution sediment cores collected from organic-rich Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina. Results: We found that methane began to accumulate while sulfate is still abundant (6–8 mM). Methane-cycling archaea ANME-1, Methanosarciniales, and Methanomicrobiales also increased at these depths. Incubations showed that methane production in the upper 16 cm in sulfate-rich sediments was biotic since it could be inhibited by 2-bromoethanosulfonoic acid (BES). Discussion: We conclude that methanogens mediate biological methane production in these organic-rich sediments at sulfate concentrations that inhibit methanogenesis in sediments with less labile organic matter, and that methane accumulation and growth of methanogens can occur under these conditions as well. Our data supports the theory that H2 concentrations, rather than the cooccurrence of sulfate and methane, control whether methanogenesis or AOM via reverse hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis occurs. We hypothesize that the high amount of labile organic matter at this site prevents AOM, allowing methane accumulation when sulfate is low but still present in mM concentrations

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

H2@Scale 2.0: Realizing the Benefits of a Hydrogen-Based Energy System

Throughout the world, hydrogen is increasingly recognized as the critical, central component for a clean, sustainable, efficient, and economic energy system. Hydrogen is remarkable for its ability to carry, store, and interconvert energy - its chemical energy can be used for clean and efficient chemical conversions to products and fuels; electricity generation; and heat generation. Hydrogen can be used as a storage medium, even for seasonal storage, to enable larger-scale deployment and use of renewable electricity. As an energy carrier, hydrogen is central to cross-sector coupling and clean, efficient transportation fuels and industrial processes, enabling decarbonization of products and services while meeting customer expectations.

chemical conversions↗

Some Concepts in Reaction Dynamics

In 1929 London 1 published a very approximate solution of the Schroedinger equation for a system of chemical interest: H3. To the extent that chemistry can be regarded as existing separately from physics, this was a landmark in the history of chemistry, comparable in importance to the landmark in the history of physics marked by the appearance of the Heitler-London equation for H2. The expression for H3, was, of necessity, even less accurate than that for H2, but chemists, like the habitual poor, were accustomed to this sort of misfortune. Together with the physicists they enjoyed the sensation of living in a renaissance. The physicists still could not calculate a great deal that was of interest to them, and the chemists could calculate less, but both could now dream. It would be too easy to say that their dreams were dreams of unlimited computer time. Their dreams were a lot more productive than that. Two years after London published his equation, H. Eyring and M. Polanyi obtained the first numerical energy surface for H3. They infused the London equation with a measure of empiricism to produce an energy surface which, whether or not it was correct in its details, provided a basis for further speculations of an important sort. The existence of a tangible energy surface in 1931 stimulated speculation along two different lines. The following year Pelzer and Wigner used this London-Eyring-Polanyi (LEP) energy surface for a thermodynamic treatment of the reaction rate in H + H2. This important development reached its full flowering a few years later. In these remarks I shall be concerned with another line of development. A second more-or-less distinct category of speculation that began with (and, indeed, in) the 1931 paper has to do with the dynamics of individual reactive encounters under the influence of specified interaction potentials.

Polannyi, John C.↗

Lyman-alpha and Balmer-series fluorescence from hydrogen photofragments of H2O vapor

Production cross sections associated with the atomic hydrogen Lyman-alpha and Balmer-series (3-9 to 2) fluorescence observed in H2O photodissociation are measured, and maximum fluorescence production cross sections for the two series are reported. Repulsive potential energy curves corresponding to the respective pseudodiatomic OH-H(n) molecule are constructed according to the Franck-Condon principle, and the efficiencies for converting H(2S) to H(2P) by H2 collisions and by H2O collisions are estimated. The data are considered with reference to cometary photochemistry.

Wu, C. Y. R.↗

Temperature dependent electronic quenching of OH(A 2 Sigma +, v-prime = 0) between 230 and 310 K

The present study is concerned with the electronic quenching of OH(A 2 Sigma +, v-prime = 0) at and below room temperature, taking into account the use of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in a low pressure flow cell for H2, CO2, O2, and N2 colliders. The reasons for the selection of the temperature range and the collision partners are related to the quantitative calibration of OH detection techniques in the troposphere, and to considerations of electronic quenching dynamics. Attention is given to production and rotational distribution, temperature measurements, and temperature dependent quenching rate constants.

Copeland, R. A.↗

Stationary premixed flames in spherical and cylindrical geometries

Stationary source-free spherical flames ('flame balls') in premixed combustible gases were studied by employing low-gravity (micro-g) environments in a drop tower and an aircraft flying parabolic trajectories to diminish the impact of buoyancy-induced convective flow. Flame balls were found in all mixture families tested when: (1) the Lewis number Le of the deficient reactant was sufficiently low; and (2) the compositions were sufficiently close to the flammability limits. Probably as a consequence of the reduction in buoyant convection, the flammability limits at micro-g were significantly more dilute than those at Earth gravity; for example, 3.35% H2 vs 4.0% H2 in lean H2-air mixtures. By comparison with analytical and computational models, it is inferred that the phenomenon is probably related to diffusive-thermal effects in low-Le mixtures in conjunction with flame-front curvature and radiative heat losses from the combustion products. The chemical reaction mechanism appears to play no qualitative role. In the aircraft experiments, the gravity levels (approximately equal 10(exp -2)g(sub 0)) were found to cause noticeable motion of flame balls due to buoyancy, which in turn influenced the behavior of flame balls. At these g levels, a new type of transient, nearly cylindrical flame structure, termed 'flame strings,' was observed.

Ronney, P. D.↗

Photodissociation of cyanoacetylene: Application to the atmospheric chemistry of Titan

The quantum yield and reaction threshold for the photochemical dissociation of cyanoacetylene into a hydrogen atom and the cyanoethynyl radical have been determined. The quantum yield at 185 nm is approximately 0.09. The threshold is approximately 240 nm. Combination of this data with literature values shows that production of excited-state cyanoacetylene is the major primary process resulting from irradiation between 185 and 254 nm. Also determined are the relative rate constants for the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from hydrogen, methane, and ethane by the cyanoethynyl radical (k(H2):k(CH4):k(C2H6) = 1:9.3:63). Implications of these results for the proposal that hydrogen abstraction plays an important role in the conversion of methane to ethane and in the protection of unsaturated compounds from photoconsumption in the atmosphere of Titan are discussed.

Clarke, David W.↗

Laboratory Anion Chemistry: Implications for the DIBs, and a Potential Formation Mechanism for a Known Interstellar Molecule

Due to recent interest in molecular anions as possible interstellar species, we have carried out several laboratory studies of anion chemistry. The reactions of the series C(sub n)(sup -); and C(sub n)H(sup -) with H and H2 were studied to address the viability of such species in the diffuse interstellar medium and to address their ability to be carriers of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs). These same molecules were also reacted with N and O to show possible heteroatomic products. C(sub m)N(sup - was a particularly stable product from the reaction of C(sub n)(sup -) + N. C3N(sup -) was further reacted with H to study chemistry that could produce HC3N, a known interstellar species. The reactions were done in a flowing afterglow selected ion flow tube apparatus (FA-SIFT). The anions were generated in an electron impact or cold cathode discharge source and the anion of interest was then selected by a quadrupole mass filter. The selected ion was then reacted with the atomic or molecular species in the flow tube and products were detected by another quadrupole. While the C(sub n)(sup -) species do not appear to be viable DIB carriers, their possible presence could provide a mechanism for the formation of known heteroatomic neutral molecules detected in the interstellar medium (ISM).

Eichelberger, B.↗

Opportunities to Enable Electrolytic H2 Projects for Ammonia in the United States

Integration of large-scale electrolysis with the grid provides value to hydrogen and ammonia markets as well as the electricity system. Electrolysis has the potential to provide an alternative source of low-cost hydrogen by utilizing low-price electricity that may have limited availability, resulting in possible economic benefits for ammonia production. The use of that low-price electricity can simultaneously benefit the grid by reducing the price suppression that may occur with increased penetration of variable renewable generation. In addition, the rapid-response characteristics of electrolyzers enables them to provide ancillary services to the grid, such as operating reserves and frequency control. However, electrolyzer capital cost reductions, favorable electricity pricing structures, or other technology or market advancements are likely needed to achieve hydrogen prices competitive with incumbent production technologies. We discuss near-term, niche prospects where low-cost electrolytic hydrogen and ammonia could be produced, possible applications for those products, and further opportunities and drivers that might enable them.

39 EE - Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies (EE-3F↗

Mechanistic Tuning of Chemical Transformations for Coupling the Geo-mimicry of Acid Gas Storage with Design Strategies to Produce Clean Energy Carriers in Multi-Phase Reaction Environments (MATTER) (Final Report)

The need to diversify approaches to produce essential energy carriers such as H 2 motivate advances in thermodynamically downhill geo-inspired pathways. Currently, more than 80% of hydrogen is produced via steam methane reforming (SMR) followed by water gas shift reaction (WGSR) pathway with the co-production of CO 2 . As an alternative to introducing CO 2 separation strategies downstream such as the use of membranes, solvents, or sorbents, geo-inspired carbon mineralization is harnessed as an alternative crystallization pathway. The thermodynamically downhill carbon mineralization pathways are hypothesized to accelerate H2 conversion while separating CO 2 . The work conducted through this project discusses the mechanisms associated with coupling the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) with carbon mineralization. In addition to harnessing Ca- and Mg-bearing oxides or hydroxides that are known to be reactive for CO 2 capture, the use of earth abundant silicate minerals such as Ca- and Mg-bearing silicates, is also investigated. Key outcomes include approaches to architect Mg-silicate with well-controlled pore size distributions, probing the enhancement in H 2 yield with inherent CO 2 suppression using Ca- and Mg-bearing oxides, hydroxides, and silicates, elucidating the changes in silicate chemistry during carbon mineralization, and exploring direct integration of carbon mineralization with WGSR and the development of separate low temperature pathway for reactive CO 2 capture and mineralization are developed.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Parametric Study of High Frequency Pulse Detonation Tubes

This paper describes development of high frequency pulse detonation tubes similar to a small pulse detonation engine (PDE). A high-speed valve injects a charge of a mixture of fuel and air at rates of up to 1000 Hz into a constant area tube closed at one end. The reactants detonate in the tube and the products exit as a pulsed jet. High frequency pressure transducers are used to monitor the pressure fluctuations in the device and thrust is measured with a balance. The effects of injection frequency, fuel and air flow rates, tube length, and injection location are considered. Both H2 and C2H4 fuels are considered. Optimum (maximum specific thrust) fuel-air compositions and resonant frequencies are identified. Results are compared to PDE calculations. Design rules are postulated and applications to aerodynamic flow control and propulsion are discussed.

Cutler, Anderw D.↗

Bounding Pressure and Flammability Evaluations of Aluminum-Clad Spent Nuclear Fuel Department of Energy Standard Canisters

This paper presents bounding pressure and flammability evaluations for DOE Standard Canister loaded with DOE-managed aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuel (ASNF). The objective of these evaluations is to gain confidence in the safety and feasibility of possible loading configurations for extended (>50 years) periods of dry storage, with particular focus on the dry storage canister pressures and potential for formation of a flammable atmosphere. The primary concern about the extended dry storage of ASNF is radiolytic gas generation. The aluminum cladding of these materials tends to corrode, and these corrosion products—typically aluminum oxides, such as boehmite, bayerite, or gibbsite—could carry water. This makes ASNF dry storage canisters difficult to dry. The gamma radiation field in dry storage environments could cause a radiolytic breakdown of residual water, forming chemical species such as molecular hydrogen (H2). The release of these species could increase the canister pressure and lead to the generation of a flammable canister atmosphere. The bounding evaluations presented within this study surmise conservative, but credible, conditions and processes. This includes the assumption of a full breakdown of a large quantity of free, physisorbed, and chemisorbed water (bound in a trihydrate, i.e., Al2O3 • 3H2O, layer). The considered dry storage configurations include a ~3 m (10 ft) long, ~46 cm (18 in) diameter (10 x 18) DOE Standard Canister loaded with 32 Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) ASNF elements, and a ~3 m (10 ft) long, ~61 cm (24 in) (10 x 24) diameter DOE Standard Canister loaded with 40 ATR ASNF elements. While the results of this study indicate the possibility of atmospheric hydrogen concentrations above the lower flammability limit, insufficient concentrations of oxygen will prevent the formation of flammable atmospheres. The maximum credible pressures remain well within the structural limits of the DOE Standard Canister.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Michigan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Deployment Plan: H2 FCEV Roadmap 2022

This report describes a roadmap for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles in the state of Michigan. This plan provides links to relevant information to assess, plan, and initiate hydrogen and FCEV deployment to help meet the energy, economic, and environmental goals for the State of Michigan. Policies and incentives that support hydrogen and fuel cell technology will increase deployment, thus increasing production and creating jobs throughout the supply chain. As deployment increases, an economy of scale will develop and manufacturing costs will decline, positioning hydrogen and fuel cell technology to compete more effectively in a global market without incentives. Policies and incentives to purchase and support the deployment of FCEVs, FCEBs, and hydrogen refueling can be coordinated regionally to maintain this advanced clean transportation sector as a global exporter for long-term growth and economic development. Overall, the execution of this plan will maintain Michigan's role as a global showcase for regionally manufactured transportation technology while reducing NOx and CO 2 emissions and as new jobs are created for businesses and industry.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Scalable Electrolytic Systems for Renewable Hydrogen Production (Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-18-747)

The project focuses on offshore wind energy which is an emergent renewable energy source in the United States. Onsite hydrogen production for this sector is not available. The overall goal of GTA's work is development of scalable multi-megawatt water electrolysis systems that exclude platinum group metals, are constructed from readily available commodity materials and are mass produced using advanced manufacturing and robotics. They fabricated and successfully tested a scalable TRL 4 laboratory prototype that demonstrated promising results for achieving the goal. They further performed calculations and prepared scale drawings for an envisioned onsite TRL 8 electrolytic hydrogen production system at an offshore 8 MW wind turbine. The work plan of the CRADA proposal between NREL and GTA focuses on validation of the current TRL 4 prototype with potential development and refinement for advancement to a TRL 5 system. GTA, Inc. proposes joining the H2@Scale consortium to leverage DOE funds, benefit from and contribute to the common knowledge-base and work with NREL as a CRADA partner.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

Two-photon-excited fluorescence spectroscopy of atomic fluorine at 170 nm

Two-photon-excited fluorescence spectroscopy of atomic fluorine is reported. A doubled dye laser at 286-nm is Raman shifted in H2 to 170 nm (sixth anti-Stokes order) to excite ground-state 2P(0)J fluorine atoms to the 2D(0)J level. The fluorine atoms are detected by one of two methods: observing the fluorescence decay to the 2PJ level or observing F(+) production through the absorption of an additional photon by the excited atoms. Relative two-photon absorption cross sections to and the radiative lifetimes of the 2D(0)J states are measured.

Herring, G. C.↗

Three-dimensional calculations of supersonic reacting flows using an LU scheme

An implicit finite volume lower-upper time-marching method which efficiently solves the complete Navier-Stokes and specied equations in a fully coupled fashion is the basis of the present 3D numerical program for simulating the supersonic reacting flows of H2 in air. The chemistry model incorporated has nine species and 18 reaction steps. Calculations are presented for flowfields of underexpanded hydrogen jets that are transversely injected into the supersonic airstream within scramjet combustors; the shock structure, separated flow regions around the injector, and combustion-product distributions are clearly represented.

Yu, Sheng-Tao↗