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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 451 records · Page 25
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

Flight and ground tests of a very low density elastomeric ablative material

A very low density ablative material, a silicone-phenolic composite, was flight tested on a recoverable spacecraft launched by a Pacemaker vehicle system; and, in addition, it was tested in an arc heated wind tunnel at three conditions which encompassed most of the reentry heating conditions of the flight tests. The material was composed, by weight, of 71 percent phenolic spheres, 22.8 percent silicone resin, 2.2 percent catalyst, and 4 percent silica fibers. The tests were conducted to evaluate the ablator performance in both arc tunnel and flight tests and to determine the predictability of the albator performance by using computed results from an existing one-dimensional numerical analysis. The flight tested ablator experienced only moderate surface recession and retained a smooth surface except for isolated areas where the char was completely removed, probably following reentry and prior to or during recovery. Analytical results show good agreement between arc tunnel and flight test results. The thermophysical properties used in the analysis are tabulated.

Olsen, G. C.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Petrologic and mineralogic investigation of some crystalline rocks returned by the Apollo 14 mission.

Apollo 14 crystalline rocks (14053 and 14310) and crystalline rock fragments (14001,7,1; 14001,7,3; 14073; 14167,8,1 and 14321,191,X-1) on which Rb/Sr, Ar-40/Ar-39, or cosmic ray exposure ages have been determined by our colleagues were studied with the electron microprobe and the petrographic microscope. Rock samples 14053 and 14310 are mineralogically and petrologically distinct from each other. On the basis of mineralogic and petrologic characteristics all of the fragments, except 14001,7,1, are correlative with rock 14310. Sample 14073 is an orthopyroxene basalt with chemical and mineralogic affinities to ?KREEP,' the ?magic' and ?cryptic' components. Fragment 14001,7,1 is very similar to Luny Rock I.

Gancarz, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Mixing models and the recognition of end-member groups in Apollo 11 and 12 soils.

Lunar soils returned from the Apollo 11 and 12 sites appear to consist of more than one source material. Investigators have suggested that the soil can be described by as few as two end members and possibly as many as five or six. In the present study Q-mode factor analysis is used to establish the end members more rigorously and suggests that major-element chemistry of Apollo 11 and 12 lunar soils can be adequately explained in terms of a three-component mixing system. The end members isolated by Q-mode factor analysis can be regarded as basaltic, anorthositic, and noritic (or KREEP) components. Three-component mixing models fitted by least squares to the eight major oxides indicate that six of the Apollo 12 soils investigated are dominated by the basaltic component, whereas the other five are dominated by the noritic or KREEP component. Anorthosite is present in all soils except sample 12033, which is a simple two-component mixture of basalt and KREEP. The Apollo 11 soil is also a three-component mixture but is more basaltic than the Apollo 12 soils. Anorthositic and KREEP materials are important components of the lunar lithosphere and may be distributed on the lunar surface areally in an independent manner.

Lindsay, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Geochemical aspects of some Japanese lavas.

K, Rb, Sr, Ba and rare-earth concentrations in some Japanese lavas have been determined by mass-spectrometric stable-isotope dilution. The samples fall into three rare-earth groups corresponding to tholeiitic, high alumina and alkali basalts. Japanese tholeiites have trace element characteristics similar to those of oceanic ridge tholeiites except for distinctly higher relative concentrations of Ba. Japanese lavas may result from various degrees of partial fusion of amphibole eclogite.

Philpotts, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1971

The nature of Becklin's star.

The IR point source in the Orion Nebula commonly known as Becklin's star appears to be exceptional because of its extreme colors and the lack of any associated optical object. Characteristics of the spectrum of Becklin's object are examined. It is found that the spectrum is consistent with that of a highly reddened early-type supergiant, in which weak absorption has been masked by low resolution.

Penston, M. V.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Moonquakes.

Although the average rate of seismic energy release within the moon appears to be far below that of the earth, over 100 events believed to be moonquakes have been recorded by the two seismic stations installed on the lunar surface during Apollo missions 12 and 14. With few exceptions, the moonquakes occur at monthly intervals near times of perigee and apogee and show correlations with the longer-term (7-month) lunar gravity variations. The repeating moonquakes are believed to occur at not less than 10 different locations. However, a single focal zone accounts for 80 per cent of the total seismic energy detected. This active zone appears to be 600 kilometers south-southwest of the Apollo 12 and 14 sites and deep within the moon. Each focal zone must be small (less than 10 kilometers in linear dimension) and fixed in location over a 14-month period. Cumulative strain at each location is inferred. Thus, the moonquakes appear to be releasing internal strain of unknown origin, the release being triggered by tidal stresses.

Latham, G.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Vacuum ultraviolet radiometry with a stabilized hydrogen arc.

Use of the spectral radiation emitted from a dense hydrogen plasma of at least 12,000 K, which is in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), as a light source for vacuum UV radiometry. Its spectroscopic qualities are exactly known, and except for a few strongly Stark-broadened Lyman lines, its spectrum in the vacuum UV is essentially continuous. The calculated continuum output of this source for typical operating conditions is compared with the UV output of the tungsten strip lamp and the carbon arc.

Ott, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1971

The production rate of Al/26/ from target elements in the Bruderheim chondrite.

A specimen of the Bruderheim chondrite was subjected to magnetic and heavy-liquid mineral separation procedures, resulting in a number of chemically distinct samples. These samples were analyzed for cosmogenic Al(26) by nondestructive gamma-gamma coincidence counting. The observed Al(26) specific activities were correlated with the chemical composition of potential target elements by a weighted least-squares fitting technique. The calculated Al(26) production rates from Al, Si, S, Mg, and Ca are presented. Most meteorite classes are shown to have a distribution of observed Al(26) vs calculated Al(26) primarily between 0.80 and 1.10, with the only exception of the eucrites. Two Apollo 12 samples, from mean depths of 15-20 cm, have approximately 0.78 of the Al(26) activities calculated for their chemical composition. A depletion in Al(26) in lunar samples shielded from solar radiation is in accord with a reduced cosmic-ray flux near the earth's orbit, relative to that experienced by most meteorites.

Cressy, P. J., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Radiative transfer effects on reflected shock waves. I - Transparent gas.

Analytical and numerical calculation of the effects of radiative cooling on the flow field and heat transfer behind a reflected shock wave. The analytical solutions are developed by an expansion procedure about the Newtonian limit - i.e., the flow variables are expanded in the small parameter epsilon representing the initial density ratio across the shock front. Solutions carried out through the zeroth- and first-orders in epsilon show an accuracy to the order of epsilon squared - namely, for the specific conditions considered the analytically calculated enthalpy changes agree to within 2% with the numerically computed changes. The numerical procedure consists of a finite-difference calculation with pressure gradients neglected. The analytical calculations show that pressure-gradient effects may be neglected, except at very long times when the shocked gas has cooled by a large amount. The present calculations show much greater shock-wave attenuation than does a previous numerical computation. This difference is attributed to a better representation of the thermodynamic properties in the present calculations.

Su, F. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Ultraviolet photometry from the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. II Interstellar extinction.

Evaluation of interstellar extinction curves over the region from 3600 to 1100 A for 17 stars. The observations were made by the two Wisconsin spectrometers on board the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2, with spectral resolutions of 10 and 20 A. The extinction curves generally show a pronounced maximum at 2175 plus or minus 25 A, a broad minimum in the region from 1800 to 1350 A, and finally a rapid rise to the far-ultraviolet. Large extinction variations from star to star are found, especially in the far-ultraviolet; however, with only two possible exceptions in this sample, the wavelength at the maximum of the extinction bump is essentially constant. These data are combined with visual and infrared observations to display the extinction behavior over a range in wavelength of about a factor of 20. The observations appear to require a multicomponent model of the interstellar dust.

Bless, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Comets and nongravitational forces. IV.

Orbital elements and nongravitational parameters are derived from observations at every apparition of the periodic comets Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova, Faye, Tempel 2, Biela, Brorsen, and Tempel-Swift. For all except the first comet, the observations go back a century and more, although the last three comets have failed to reappear for some considerable time. The circumstances of the splitting of P/Biela are studied, and it is shown that the motion of the primary component was scarcely affected; it is also demonstrated that, if the primary still exists, it may pass only 0.05 AU from the earth in November 1971. An up-to-date list of mass-loss rates from comets is presented. It is found that, while most of the reliable determinations indicate that the cometary nongravitational effects decrease with time, there are a few cases where the effects increase slightly. The former situation is discussed in terms of a nuclear core-mantle model, implying that these comets will eventually evolve into inert, asteroidal objects, while the nuclei of the other comets are interpreted as coreless, eventually to disappear completely (or almost completely).

Marsden, B. G.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Dissipative effects in the expansion of the universe. I, II.

Consideration of dissipative processes in anisotropic homogeneous world models, showing that dissipation reduces the anisotropy. The viscosity approximation and its range of applicability is discussed. Examples are presented which have been calculated by the use of a simple approximation to the collision-time method, using the cross section appropriate to weak interaction neutrino scattering. It is found that such dissipation is quite effective except for one particular cosmological model which is axisymmetric and in which the entire expansion of the model is taken up by expansion along the axis. A detailed multicomponent model is developed for dissipative processes in Euclidean homogeneous cosmological models. These processes involve neutrinos which might have long mean free times in interaction with other constituents which are thermalized by electromagnetic interactions, and whose weak interactions produce thermal neutrinos.

Matzner, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Rocket spectroscopy of zeta Orionis.

Analysis of a spectrum of zeta Ori extending from 922 to 1453 A with approximately 0.8 A resolution recorded at rocket altitudes. All lines used in existing models of stellar atmospheres appear in the recorded spectrum with the exception of those masked by telluric N2 or strong P Cygni-type profiles and by an O V line at 1371.29 A. Fifteen multiplets of subordinate lines have been reliably identified, indicating an approximate range of excitation from 0 to 50 eV. Transitions in C III (1176 A), N III (991 A), N V (1239, 1243 A), O VI (1032, 1038 A), Si IV (1394, 1403 A), S IV (1063, 1074 A), and S VI (933, 944 A) have been observed as P Cygni-type profiles presumably arising in a circumstellar envelope. The degree of ionization, transitions present, and mean radial velocities are all consistent with viewing the envelope as a hot (about 100,000 K), rarefied plasma in which collisional ionization is important. Interstellar lines in C I (1277, 1280 A), C II (1036, 1334 A), N I (1134-1135 A), N I (1200-1201 A), N II (1084-1086 A), O I (1302, 1305 A), Si II (1190, 1193 A), Si II (1260 A), and Si II (1304 A) have been definitely identified. Other transitions in Ar II, S I, C I, and Fe II are tentatively identified. The equivalent width of the L alpha line is found to be 10.4 plus or minus 1.6 A, corresponding to a columnar density of 2.0 plus or minus 0.7 x 10 to the 20th per cu cm.

Smith, A. M.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Fe I oscillator strengths determined from anomalous dispersion of shock-heated gases.

Determination of Fe I oscillator strengths by the hook method on shock-heated gases. Within the given errors these values agree with oscillator strengths obtained by other methods, including wall-stabilized arc and shock-tube emission, the beam-foil technique, and delayed-coincidence measurements, except that the data reported in the present article tend to be somewhat higher. If it is assumed that no change occurs in atmospheric models, the authors' f-value scale would suggest a solar abundance at the lower limit of the recently published values - namely, log (A sub Fe/A sub H) + 12 = 7.4. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the hook method for quantitative spectroscopy on shock-heated gases and points up its usefulness for gas diagnostics on optically thick lines.

Huber, M. C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Effect of a 30-day isolation stress on calcium, phosphorus and other excretory products in an unrestrained chimpanzee.

An unrestrained chimpanzee was studied in an isolation chamber and in his home cage environment. The study consisted of 49 urine collection days (14 days pre-, 5 days post- and 30 days of isolation), and then of 10 days in the home cage. Dietary intake, urine and fecal data were obtained. The effect of isolation on various excretory parameters was studied. Urine samples were analyzed for volume, osmolarity, creatinine, creatine, urea-N, 17-hydroxy corticosteroids, VMA, calcium and inorganic phosphorus. One way analyses of variance performed on the urinary excretion parameters showed all except creatinine excretion to vary significantly during periods of the study. The changes observed in calcium and phosphorus were highly significant. The data suggests that the calcium to phosphorus excretion ratio might serve as a physiological stress indicator of Selye's adaptation syndrome (period of resistance).

Sabbot, I. M.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Average solar wind proton properties from Pioneers 6 and 7.

Distributions and average values for the proton speed, azimuthal and polar flow directions, and the proton temperature and density in the solar wind are presented. The data are obtained from the Ames plasma probes on Pioneers 6 and 7. The time periods covered include Dec. 18, 1965 to mid-February 1966, and mid-August to mid-October 1966. The distributions of the parameters, except for the polar flow direction, are skewed, partially because of stream-stream interactions in the solar wind. The average values of the basic plasma parameters from the two spacecraft are different which could be due partially to different solar activity at the two times, and partially to sector and beam structure dependence.

Mihalov, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Electronic characteristics of 'real' CdS surfaces.

Photovoltage spectroscopy (including photovoltage inversion and photovoltage quenching) was used to determine the electronic characteristics of real (basal and prismatic) surfaces of CdS. In room atmosphere, surface states with the following positions were found in the cadmium surfaces: Ec - Et equal to 0.05, 0.4, and 0.8 eV, and Ev - Et equal to 0.83 eV. The same surface states were present in the sulfur surfaces, with the exception of those at Ec - Et equal to 0.4 eV. In the prismatic and unetched basal surfaces, states at Ec - Et equal to 1.1 eV were found in addition to all of those found on the cadmium surfaces.

Lagowski, J.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Optimal and suboptimal methods of satellite surveillance for traffic control of transoceanic flights.

Description of a system which uses two synchronous equatorial satellites. Aircraft location is determined by measuring the range of the aircraft to each satellite as well as aircraft altitude, and transmitting this information periodically to a ground station. There, the aircraft's geographic position at the time of transmission is computed. This information is then combined with past position measurements in a suboptimal filter to determine aircraft position and velocity (the velocity being used to estimate aircraft position between transmissions). The suboptimal filter is a simplification of the optimal Kalman filter. Except for altitude information, the system is independent of the aircraft navigation system.

Winter, H.↗