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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 451 records · Page 25
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1989

Advanced single crystal for SSME turbopumps

The objective of this program was to evaluate the influence of high thermal gradient casting, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and alternate heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a single crystal nickel base superalloy. The alloy chosen for the study was PWA 1480, a well characterized, commercial alloy which had previously been chosen as a candidate for the Space Shuttle Main Engine high pressure turbopump turbine blades. Microstructural characterization evaluated the influence of casting thermal gradient on dendrite arm spacing, casting porosity distribution and alloy homogeneity. Hot isostatic pressing was evaluated as a means of eliminating porosity as a preferred fatigue crack initiation site. The alternate heat treatment was chosen to improve hydrogen environment embrittlement resistance and for potential fatigue life improvement. Mechanical property evaluation was aimed primarily at determining improvements in low cycle and high cycle fatigue life due to the advanced processing methods. Statistically significant numbers of tests were conducted to quantitatively demonstrate life differences. High thermal gradient casting improves as-cast homogeneity, which facilitates solution heat treatment of PWA 1480 and provides a decrease in internal pore size, leading to increases in low cycle and high cycle fatigue lives.

Fritzemeier, L. G.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Coronal abundances and their variation

This contract supports the investigation of elemental abundances in the solar corona, principally through analysis of high-resolution soft x ray spectra from the Flat Crystal Spectrometer on NASA's Solar Maximum Mission. The goals of the study are a characterization of the mean values of relative abundances of elements accessible in the FCS data, and information on the extent and circumstances of their variability. A summation of the data analysis and reporting activities which occurred during the months of June to December 1993 is reported.

Saba, Julia L. R.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Coronal abundances and their variation

This contract supports the investigation of elemental abundances in the solar corona, principally through analysis of high-resolution soft x-ray spectra from the Flat Crystal Spectrometer (FCS) on the Solar Maximum Mission. The goals of the study are a characterization of the mean values of relative abundances of elements accessible in the FCS data, and information on the extent and circumstances of their variability. This report is a summation of the data analysis and reporting activities which occurred during the first ten months of the contract, 15 Jun. 1993 to 15 Apr. 1994.

Saba, Julia L. R.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Redetermination of piperidinium hydrogen sulfide structure

The presence of adventitious water in a reaction between dicyclopentamethylene thiuram-disulfide (C5H10NCS2)(sub 2) and a picoline solution of tricyclopentadienyl indium(III) (C5H5)(sub 3). It resulted in the formation of piperidinium hydrogen sulfide (C5H13NS). The piperidinium hydrogen sulfide produced in this way was unambiguously characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structure determination showed that the piperidinium hydrogen sulfide crystal (MW = 119.23 g/mol) has an orthorhombic (Pbcm) unit cell whose parameters are: a = 9.818(2), b = 7.3720(1), c = 9.754(1) A, V = 706.0(3) A(exp 3), Z=4. D(sub chi) = 1.122 g cm(exp -3), Mo K(alpha) (lamda = 0.71073), mu= 3.36 cm(exp -1), F(000) = 264.0, T =293 K, R = 0.036 for 343 reflections with F(sub O)(sup 2) greater than 3 sigma (F(sub O)(sup 2)) and 65 variables. The compound consists of (C5H10NH2)(+) cations and (SH)(-) anions with both species residing on crystallographic mirror planes. N-H -- S hydrogen bonding contributes to the interconnection of neighboring piperidinium components of the compound.

Andras, Maria T.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Coronal abundances and their variation

This contract supports the investigation of elemental abundances in the solar corona, principally through analysis of high-resolution software X-ray spectra from the Flat Crystal Spectrometer on NASA's Solar Maximum Mission. The goals of the study are a characterization of the mean values of relative abundances of elements accessible in the FCS data, and information on the extent and circumstances of their variability. This report is a summation of the data analysis and reporting activities which occurred since the last report, submitted two months early, in April 1994, to facilitate evaluation of the first year's progress for contract renewal. Hence this report covers the period 15 April 1994 - 15 December 1994. A list of publications resulting from this research is included.

Saba, Julia L. R.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Coronal Abundances and Their Variation

This contract supported the investigation of elemental abundances in the solar corona, principally through analysis of high-resolution soft X-ray spectra from the Flat Crystal Spectrometer on NASA's Solar Maximum Mission. The goals of the study were a characterization of the mean values of relative abundances of elements accessible in the FCS data, and information on the extent and circumstances of their variability. This is the Final Report, summarizing the data analysis and reporting activities which occurred during the period of performance, June 1993 - December 1996.

Saba, Julia L. R.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Numerical Modeling and In-Situ Observations of the Dynamics of the Solid/Liquid Interface Morphology During Directional Solidification of Alloys

The departure from interface planarity and the subsequent evolution to a periodic array of cells or dendrites is a fundamental process that characterizes most microstructures in solidified alloys. The growing demand for high quality alloys and semiconductor crystals requires a precise methodology to predict and subsequently control both the interface morphology and the distribution of impurities, additives, and phases in the grown crystal. Apart from its practical significance, the study of morphological evolution has also been viewed as a means to unearth a general paradigm for pattern formation in nature. A previously developed 2D numerical model for the solid/liquid interface tracking has been further refined and used to simulate the time-evolution of the perturbations on the interface. The dynamics of the local growth velocity, interface undercooling and solute concentration at the interface has been theoretically predicted by means of the numerical model for Al-Cu and Pb-Sn alloys. The model shows that perturbations with a wavelengths, lambda greater than a critical wavelength lambda(sub c) continue to grow in time whereas perturbations with lambda < lambda(sub c) cease to propagate. The model further predicts that under certain conditions perturbation can also propagate along the interface. Comparison of these predictions with existing theories of pattern formation and experimental results will be discussed.

Catalina, Adrian V.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Analytical Instrument

BEEM (Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy) was invented at Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Center for Microelectronics Technology. It is a significant research instrument for microelectronics research because it is able to image underlying layers or interfaces of surface structures. A tiny current is injected into a metal layer and the electrons travel ballistically through the metal allowing the researcher to study the operation and performance of a structure. Other advantages include nondestructive imaging of barrier heights and electronic characterization of devices, as well as the potential to observe processes like molecular beam epitaxy (crystal growth) in situ.

Source record↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Nanomechanical Characterization of Additive Manufactured GRCop-42 Alloy Developed by Directed Energy Deposition Methods

Propulsion applications such as combustion chambers and nozzles for liquid rocket engines require the use of unique materials with superior mechanical and thermal properties. GRCop-42(Cu-4 wt.% Cr-2 wt.% Nb) is one such candidate material developed by NASA and is now being manufactured using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. AM offers a unique processing environment different from traditional metal fabrication processes. This study characterized the mechanical and structural properties of as-deposited and heat-treated GRCop-42manufactured with Blown Powder Directed Energy Deposition (BPD)based on preliminary testing. The materials were characterized using several techniques including surface profiling by laser microscopy, mechanical stiffness by instrumented indentation, crystal structure, residual stress measurements using XRD and residual XRD, and chemical composition and microstructural evaluation using SEM with EBSD. The results of the study are compared using the BPD techniques for samples in the as-deposited and heat-treated conditions.

GRCop-42↗
NASA NTRS1983

Growth and characterization of Czochralski-grown n and p-type GaAs for space solar cell substrates

Progress in LEC (liquid encapsulated Czochralski) crystal growth techniques for producing high-quality, 3-inch-diameter, n- and p-type GaAs crystals suitable for solar cell applications is described. The LEC crystals with low dislocation densities and background impurities, high electrical mobilities, good dopant uniformity, and long diffusion lengths were reproducibly grown through control of the material synthesis, growth and doping conditions. The capability for producing these large-area, high-quality substrates should positively impact the manufacturability of highly efficiency, low cost, radiation-hard GaAs solar cells.

Chen, R. T.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Samples for estimating primary volatiles in Martian magmas and ancient atmospheric pressures on Mars

Inclusions of glass are likely to be present in phenocrysts in volcanic rocks from Mars, because these occur in volcanic rocks from both Earth and Moon. The usefulness of the inclusions depends upon their size and composition. The compositions of tiny inclusions may be modified by diffusion during growth of the enclosing crystal, the modifications increasing with melt viscosity (silica). Slow cooling results in crystallization and possible redistribution of volatiles, the effects increasing with decreasing silica. Primary volatile concentrations are best sought in inclusions larger than about 50 micrometer diameter in olivine or chromite crystals from quickly cooled basaltic scoria. Such crystals may be present in sands, but it would be preferable to extract them from individual rocks which could be dated and compositionally characterized. This would allow eventual understanding of the role of time and place in outgassing and volcanism on Mars. Analyses of volatiles in inclusions of more siliceous glass in non-basaltic rocks will reveal whether deep outgassing occurs and whether surface volatiles are recycled. Most volcanic crystals contain inclusions, but large inclusions can be uncommon. In the case of terrestrial basalts sample masses of several hundred grams are generally sufficient.

Anderson, A. T., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Growth of a single crystal ribbon in space

Three critical technological areas associated with adapting the method of pulling signal crystal silicon ribbon to a space environment were investigated. Basic parameters such as the magnitude of the forces required and the coupling between thermal and force are discussed. The design of a ribbon puller is described, and the problems encountered are also discussed. The force fields in the vicinity of a coil were characterized and results of attempts to pull ribbon are described. The results of the one experiment to grow a conventional float zone crystal in an external static magnetic field are presented.

Padovani, F. A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Plagioclase feldspars - Visible and near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra as applied to remote sensing

Visible and near IR diffuse reflectance spectra of plagioclase feldspars are characterized by absorption features caused by minor amounts of Fe(2+) that occur bound in the crystal structure. It is found that identification of terrestrial feldspars by remote sensing appears to be feasible for the compositional range An50 to An80, providing that other minerals do not mask the feldspar signatures. Determination of plagioclase composition using the wavelength of the Fe(2+) band may be possible for lunar samples, where the plagioclase can be assumed to be more calcic than An65.

Adams, J. B.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Low-cost single-crystal turbine blades, volume 1

The exothermic casting process was successfully developed into a low cost nonproprietary method for producing single crystal (SC) castings. Casting yields were lower than expected, on the order of 20 percent, but it is felt that the casting yield could be significantly improved with minor modifications to the process. Single crystal Mar-M 247 and two derivative SC alloys were developed. NASAIR 100 and SC Alloy 3 were fully characterized through mechanical property testing. SC Mar-M 247 shows no significant improvement in strength over directionally solidified (DS) Mar-M 247, but the derivative alloys, NASAIR 100 and Alloy 3, show significant tensile and fatigue improvements. The 1000 hr/238 MPa (20 ksi) stress rupture capability compared to DS Mar-M 247 was improved over 28 C. Firtree testing, holography, and strain gauge rig testing were used to evaluate the effects of the anisotropic characteristics of single crystal materials. In general, the single crystal material behaved similarly to DS Mar-M 247. Two complete engine sets of SC HP turbine blades were cast using the exothermic casting process and fully machined.

Strangman, T. E.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Role of Hydrogen and Structure on CMSX-2

The goal was to characterize and understand the detailed effect of hydrogen on the tensile and fatigue behavior of single crystals of CMSX-2. Specimens were solutionized, air cooled, and then aged in one of two ways. The resultant macro and microstructure included a pronounced dendritic structure with numerous low angle boundaries in the interdendritic region and on the average a high level of porosity with a large variation in size and distribution. Hydrogen permeability and diffusivity in this material was found to be very low at room temperature. Hydrogen concentration studies on thin samples yielded values significantly higher than found for similar charging conditions in nickel and stainless steels. The tensile mechanical properties were found to depend on hydrogen concentration. SEM observations of the brittle subsurface zone revealed a strong correlation between crack initiation sites and voids just beneath the surface. The hollow and solid samples were compared to better understand the influence of increased charged volume on the fatigue behavior.

Baker, C. L.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Titanium carbide and titania phases on Antarctic ice particles of probable extraterrrestrial origin

Two unique titania-rich particles, found within ancient Antarctic ice have been discovered and characterized, and are believed to be of extraterrestrial origin. Both particles contain abundant submicron-sized crystals of Magneli phases (Ti(n)O(2n-1). In addition, one particle contains a core of TiC. Whereas the Magneli phases would have been stable in the early solar nebula, and so probably formed there, the TiC is more likely to have condensed in the cool, dusty, carbon-rich outer shell of a red giant star. It is suggested that both particles are interplanetary dust particles whose Magneli phases carry a record of the PO2-T conditions of the early solar nebula. It is further suggested that the TiC grain in particle 705 is remnant interstellar dust.

Zolensky, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Single Crystal Synthesis and STM Studies of High Temperature Superconductors

This is a final report for the work initiated in September of 1994 under the grant NAG8-1085 - NASA/OMU, on the fabrication of bulk and single crystal synthesis, specific heat measuring and STM studies of high temperature superconductors. Efforts were made to fabricate bulk and single crystals of mercury based superconducting material. A systematic thermal analysis on the precursors for the corresponding oxides and carbonates were carried out to synthesized bulk samples. Bulk material was used as seed in an attempt to grow single crystals by a two-step self flux process. On the other hand bulk samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility, We studied the specific heat behavior in the range from 80 to 300 K. Some preliminary attempts were made to study the atomic morphology of our samples. As part of our efforts we built an ac susceptibility apparatus for measuring the transition temperature of our sintered samples.

Barrientos, Alfonso↗