Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “CEOS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Transformation of Highly Stable Pt Single Sites on Defect Engineered Ceria into Robust Pt Clusters for Vehicle Emission Control

Engineering surface defects on metal oxide supports could help promote the dispersion of active sites and catalytic performance of supported catalysts. Herein, a strategy of ZrO 2 doping was proposed to create rich surface defects on CeO 2 (CZO) and, with these defects, to improve Pt dispersion and enhance its affinity as single sites to the CZO support (Pt/CZO). The strongly anchored Pt single sites on CZO support were initially not efficient for catalytic oxidation of CO/C 3 H 6 . However, after a simple activation by H 2 reduction, the catalytic oxidation performance over Pt/CZO catalyst was significantly boosted and better than Pt/CeO 2 . Pt/CZO catalyst also exhibited much higher thermal stability. The structural evolution of Pt active sites by H 2 treatment was systematically investigated on aged Pt/CZO and Pt/CeO 2 catalysts. With H 2 reduction, ionic Pt single sites were transformed into active Pt clusters. Much smaller Pt clusters were created on CZO (ca. 1.2 nm) than on CeO 2 (ca. 1.8 nm) due to stronger Pt-CeO 2 interaction on aged Pt/CZO. Consequently, more exposed active Pt sites were obtained on the smaller clusters surrounded by more oxygen defects and Ce 3+ species, which directly translated to the higher catalytic oxidation performance of activated Pt/CZO catalyst in vehicle emission control applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Surface Lattice-Embedded Pt Single-Atom Catalyst on Ceria-Zirconia with Superior Catalytic Performance for Propane Oxidation

Tuning the metal–support interaction and coordination environment of single-atom catalysts can help achieve satisfactory catalytic performance for targeted reactions. Herein, via the facile control of calcination temperatures for Pt catalysts on pre-stabilized Ce 0.9 Zr 0.1 O 2 (CZO) support, Pt single atoms (Pt 1 ) with different strengths of Pt–CeO 2 interaction and coordination environment were successfully constructed. With the increase in calcination temperature from 350 to 750 °C, a stronger Pt–CeO 2 interaction and higher Pt-O-Ce coordination number were achieved due to the reaction between PtO x and surface Ce 3+ species as well as the migration of Pt 1 into the surface lattice of CZO. The Pt/CZO catalyst calcined at 750 °C (Pt/CZO-750) exhibited a surprisingly higher C 3 H 8 oxidation activity than that calcined at 550 °C (Pt/CZO-550). Here, through systematic characterizations and reaction mechanism study, it was revealed that the higher concentration of surface Ce 3+ species/oxygen vacancies and the stronger Pt–CeO 2 interaction on Pt/CZO-750 could better facilitate the activation of oxygen to oxidize C 3 H 8 into reactive carbonate/carboxyl species and further promote the transformation of these intermediates into gaseous CO 2 . The Pt/CZO-750 catalyst can be a potential candidate for the catalytic removal of hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

High-Performance Catalytic Four-Channel Hollow Fibers with Highly Dispersed Nickel Nanoparticles Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition for Dry Reforming of Methane

In this study, highly dispersed nickel (Ni) nanoparticles (NPs) with an average particle size of 4.3 nm were uniformly deposited on the outer surface, the inner channel surface, and inside the pores of 20-cm long 4-channel α-Al 2 O 3 hollow fibers (HFs) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) for dry reforming of methane (DRM). Cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) was added to promote the catalytic performance of Ni/Al 2 O 3 -HF catalysts. Rationally designed filling methods, by tuning the reactor size and inert fillings, can reduce the catalyst bed voidage in a fixed bed reactor for better reactant gas distribution, effectively utilize the Ni reactive sites, and achieve excellent catalytic performance. It was found that the CeO 2 -promoted Ni/Al 2 O 3 -HF catalyst was highly active and highly stable without deactivation during an overall 400-hr DRM test at 850 ºC. CeO 2 with reversible valence states could participate in surface reactions; especially, the formation of CeAlO 3 provided sufficient surface Ce 3+ for CO 2 activation and enhanced the stability and reusability of the HF catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Threshold Ionization Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations of LnO (Ln = La and Ce)

Mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy was used to measure the vibronic spectra of LnO (Ln = La and Ce). Single-reference coupled cluster and relativistic multireference configuration calculations were carried out to compare with the measured vibronic energies. The spectrum of LaO displays a single vibronic band system, while that of CeO shows multiple ones. The ionization energies of LaO and CeO are measured as 5.2446 (6) and 5.3332(6) eV, respectively, which are a hundredfold improvement over the literature values. The vibrational energies of the neutral molecule and corresponding ion reveal the charge effect on the metal-oxygen bond of both species. The single band system in the spectrum of LaO arises from the transition of the ground state of the neutral molecule with the La(6s 1 )O(2p 6 ) valence configuration to the ground state of the singly charged ion with the La(6s o )O(2p 6 ) configuration. Here, the multiple band systems in the spectrum of CeO are attributed to the spin-orbit coupling for the Ce(4f 1 6s 1 )O(2p 6 ) configuration of the neutral molecule and an excited state for the Ce(4f 1 )O(2p 6 ) configuration of the ion.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Exploring Atomic-Scale Interactions at the Interface of Reducible Oxide and Ruthenium Nanocatalyst for Ammonia Decomposition

Restructuring atomic-scale interfaces between noble metal nanoparticles and metal oxides provides a promising approach to enhancing catalytic properties. In this study, Ru nanoparticles were supported on CeO 2 , ZrO 2 , and HfO 2 via pyrolysis of MOFs under oxygen-suppressed high-temperature conditions. Despite its nearly ideal particle size (∼2.3 nm), the Ru–CeO 2 /C catalyst exhibited the lowest ammonia decomposition activity. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and DFT calculations revealed that electron transfer from Ru to CeO 2 formed positively charged Ru and partially reduced Ce 4+ , weakening the catalytic performance. In contrast, oxygen-deficient ZrO 2 and HfO 2 support donated electrons to Ru, preserving its metallic state. These findings demonstrate that the reducibility of oxide supports governs the direction and magnitude of interfacial charge transfer, directly tuning catalytic behavior. This study provides insights into the design of oxide-supported Ru catalysts for ammonia decomposition.

Catalysts↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pt Atomic Single-Layer Catalyst Embedded in Defect-Enriched Ceria for Efficient CO Oxidation

The local coordination structure of metal sites essentially determines the performance of supported metal catalysts. Here, using a surface defect enrichment strategy, we successfully fabricated Pt atomic single-layer (Pt ASL ) structures with 100% metal dispersion and precisely controlled local coordination environment (embedded vs adsorbed) derived from Pt single-atoms (Pt 1 ) on ceria-alumina supports. The local coordination environment of Pt 1 not only governs its catalytic activity but also determines the Pt 1 structure evolution upon reduction activation. For CO oxidation, the highest turnover frequency can be achieved on the embedded Pt ASL in the CeO 2 lattice, which is 3.5 times of that on the adsorbed Pt ASL on the CeO 2 surface and 10–70 times of that on Pt1. The favorable CO adsorption on embedded Pt ASL and improved activation/reactivity of lattice oxygen within CeO 2 effectively facilitate the CO oxidation. This work provides new insights for the precise control of the local coordination structure of active metal sites for achieving 100% atomic utilization efficiency and optimal intrinsic catalytic activity for targeted reactions simultaneously.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mechanistic study of the ceria supported, re-catalyzed deoxydehydration of vicinal OH groups

Deoxydehydration (DODH) is an emerging biomass deoxygenation process whereby vicinal OH groups are removed. Based on DFT calculations and microkinetic modeling, we seek to understand the mechanism of the Re-catalyzed deoxydehydration supported on CeO 2 (111). In addition, we aim at understanding the promotional effect of Pd in a heterogeneous ReO x –Pd/CeO 2 DODH catalyst system. We disentangle the contribution of the oxide support, the oxide-supported single ReO x species, and a co-adsorbed Pd promoter that has no direct interaction with the Re species. In the absence of a nearby Pd cluster, a Re site is able to reduce subsurface Ce-ions of a hydroxylated CeO 2 (111) surface, leading to a catalytically active Re +6 species. The effect of Pd is twofold: (i) Pd catalyzes the hydrogen dissociation and spillover onto CeO 2 , which is an indispensable process for the regeneration of the Re catalyst, and (ii) Pd adsorbed in close proximity to Re on CeO2(111) facilitates the oxidation of Re to a +7 oxidation state, which leads to an even more active Re species than the Re +6 site present in the absence of Pd. The latter promotional effect of Pd (and change in oxidation state of Re) disappears with increasing Pd–Re distance and in the presence of oxygen defects on the ceria support. Under these conditions, the ReO x –Pd/CeO 2 catalyst system exhibits appreciable activity consistent with recent experiments. The established mechanism and role of various species in the catalyst system help to better understand the deoxydehydration catalysis. Also, the importance of the Re oxidation state and the identified oxidation state modification mechanisms suggest a new pathway for tuning the properties of metal-oxide supported catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Nanoparticle surface charge influences translocation and leaf distribution in vascular plants with contrasting anatomy

Root uptake and translocation of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) by plants are dependent on both plant species and NP physicochemical properties. To evaluate the influence of NP surface charge and differences in root structure and vasculature on cerium distribution and spatial distribution within plants, two monocotyledons (corn and rice) and two dicotyledons (tomato and lettuce) were exposed hydroponically to positively-charged, negatively-charged, and neutral ~4 nm CeO 2 NPs. Here, leaves were analyzed using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy to provide lateral Ce spatial distribution. Surface charge mediated CeO 2 NP interactions with roots for all plant species. Positively charged CeO 2 NPs associated to the roots more than the negatively charged NPs due to electrostatic attraction/repulsion to the negatively charged root surfaces, with the highest association for the tomato, likely due to higher root surface area. The positive NPs remained primarily adhered to the roots untransformed, while the neutral and negative NPs were more efficiently translocated from the roots to shoots. This translocation efficiency was highest for the tomato and lettuce compared to corn and rice. Across all plant species, the positive and neutral treatments resulted in the formation of Ce clusters outside of the main vasculature in the mesophyll, while the negative treatment resulted in Ce primarily in the main vasculature of the leaves. Comparing leaf vasculature, Ce was able to move much further outside of the main vasculature in the dicot plants than monocot plants, likely due to the larger airspace volume in dicot leaves compared to monocot leaves. These results provide valuable insight into the influence of plant structure and NP properties on metal transport and distribution of NPs in plants.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electrochemical production of H 2 O 2 on palladium-based clusters driven by metal–support interaction

Utilizing palladium (Pd) clusters as active sites offers a promising route to minimize noble metal consumption in electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production. In this work, we present a synthesis approach for anchoring Pd-based clusters onto carbon-supported CeO 2 nanosubstrates to enable efficient H 2 O 2 generation via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathway. By systematically adjusting Pd loading, we evaluated its impact on H 2 O 2 yield and production rate. The catalyst with the lowest Pd content (0.027 wt%) exhibited outstanding performance, achieving 97% H 2 O 2 selectivity, 94.2 faradaic efficiency at 0.7 V vs. RHE, and a peak production rate of 195.8 mol g Pd −1 h −1 . A formulation containing 0.35 wt% Pd delivered a peak ORR mass activity nearly three times as high as that of commercial 10 wt% Pd/C, while retaining comparable electrochemical stability. These enhancements are attributed to synergistic effects among isolated PdO clusters, CeO 2 nanocrystals, and the conductive carbon support, which together facilitate oxygen adsorption and promote the two-electron ORR pathway. Analysis after accelerated durability testing further revealed a tendency toward cluster agglomeration and mass transfer from smaller to larger nanocrystals, indicative of a coarsening mechanism. Overall, this study underscores the promise of low-Pd PdO–CeO 2 –carbon hybrid catalysts for scalable and efficient H 2 O 2 electrosynthesis, while highlighting stability as a critical area for future improvement.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Generation and reactivity of putative support systems, Ce-Al neutral binary oxide nanoclusters: CO oxidation and C–H bond activation

Both ceria (CeO{sub 2}) and alumina (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) are very important catalyst support materials. Neutral binary oxide nanoclusters (NBONCs), Ce{sub x}Al{sub y}O{sub z}, are generated and detected in the gas phase and their reactivity with carbon monoxide (CO) and butane (C{sub 4}H{sub 10}) is studied. The very active species CeAlO{sub 4}{sup •} can react with CO and butane via O atom transfer (OAT) and H atom transfer (HAT), respectively. Other Ce{sub x}Al{sub y}O{sub z} NBONCs do not show reactivities toward CO and C{sub 4}H{sub 10}. The structures, as well as the reactivities, of Ce{sub x}Al{sub y}O{sub z} NBONCs are studied theoretically employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The ground state CeAlO{sub 4}{sup •} NBONC possesses a kite-shaped structure with an O{sub t}CeO{sub b}O{sub b}AlO{sub t} configuration (O{sub t}, terminal oxygen; O{sub b}, bridging oxygen). An unpaired electron is localized on the O{sub t} atom of the AlO{sub t} moiety rather than the CeO{sub t} moiety: this O{sub t} centered radical moiety plays a very important role for the reactivity of the CeAlO{sub 4}{sup •} NBONC. The reactivities of Ce{sub 2}O{sub 4}, CeAlO{sub 4}{sup •}, and Al{sub 2}O{sub 4} toward CO are compared, emphasizing the importance of a spin-localized terminal oxygen for these reactions. Intramolecular charge distributions do not appear to play a role in the reactivities of these neutral clusters, but could be important for charged isoelectronic BONCs. DFT studies show that the reaction of CeAlO{sub 4}{sup •} with C{sub 4}H{sub 10} to form the CeAlO{sub 4}H•C{sub 4}H{sub 9}{sup •} encounter complex is barrierless. While HAT processes have been previously characterized for cationic and anionic oxide clusters, the reported study is the first observation of a HAT process supported by a ground state neutral oxide cluster. Mechanisms for catalytic oxidation of CO over surfaces of Al{sub x}O{sub y}/M{sub m}O{sub n} or M{sub m}O{sub n}/Al{sub x}O{sub y} materials are proposed consistent with the presented experimental and theoretical results.

2-METHYLPROPANE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Comparative study of structural, optical and impedance measurements on V{sub 2}O{sub 5} and V-Ce mixed oxide thin films

Vanadium pentoxide (V{sub 2}O{sub 5}) and Vanadium-Cerium mixed oxide thin films at different molar ratios of V{sub 2}O{sub 5} and CeO{sub 2} have been deposited at 200 W rf power by rf planar magnetron sputtering in pure argon atmosphere. The structural and optical properties were studied by taking X-ray diffraction and transmittance and absorption spectra respectively. The amorphous thin films show an increase in transmittance and optical bandgap with increase in CeO{sub 2} content in as-prepared thin films. The impedance measurements for as-deposited thin films show an increase in electrical conductivity with increase in CeO{sub 2} material.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Characteristics and mechanism study of cerium oxide based random access memories

In this work, low operating voltage and high resistance ratio of different resistance states of binary transition metal oxide based resistive random access memories (RRAMs) are demonstrated. Binary transition metal oxides with high dielectric constant have been explored for RRAM application for years. However, CeO{sub x} is considered as a relatively new material to other dielectrics. Since research on CeO{sub x} based RRAM is still at preliminary stage, fundamental characteristics of RRAM such as scalability and mechanism studies need to be done before moving further. Here, we show very high operation window and low switching voltage of CeO{sub x} RRAMs and also compare electrical performance of Al/CeO{sub x}/Au system between different thin film deposition methods and discuss characteristics and resistive switching mechanism.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling plasma-induced surface charge effects on CO 2 activation by single atom catalysts supported on reducible and irreducible metal oxides

Abstract The accumulation of negative surface charge on catalytic surfaces in the presence of low-temperature plasma (LTP) could influence catalytic performance. However, it is difficult to disentangle the role of surface charging and other LTP catalytic effects in experiment. Herein, we use density functional theory (DFT) modeling to understand the effect of plasma-induced surface charging on CO 2 activation by atomically dispersed single atom (SA) catalysts on both reducible and irreducible metal oxide supports. We model CO 2 adsorption strength and CO 2 dissociation barriers for Co 1 , Ni 1 , Cu 1 , Rh 1 , Pd 1 , and Ag 1 SAs on both reducible and irreducible supports, namely, CeO 2 (100), TiO 2 (101), and γ -Al 2 O 3 (110), to elucidate trends. We find that accumulated surface charge on the SA increases the CO 2 adsorption strength and decreases the CO 2 dissociation barrier for all studied SA/support combinations. For both charged and uncharged (neutral) systems, SAs on the reducible CeO 2 (100) support generally adsorb CO 2 more weakly compared to when on irreducible supports like γ -Al 2 O 3 (110). SAs on γ -Al 2 O 3 (110) typically have larger barriers for CO 2 dissociation for both charged and uncharged systems compared to TiO 2 (101) and CeO 2 (100). The magnitude of surface charging effects on CO 2 binding energies and dissociation barriers depends sensitively on both the SA and the support. In some cases, the CO 2 activation trends qualitatively change between neutral and charged systems for a fixed SA across different supports. This DFT modeling study demonstrates that surface charging should be considered in strong electric fields because it can have a large effect on molecule adsorption and bond-breaking on catalytic surfaces.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Stabilizing new bismuth compounds in thin film form [Stabilizing new thin film materials in bismuth compounds]

Growth of unexpected phases from a composite target of BiFeO 3 :BiMnO 3 and/or BiFeO 3 :BiCrO 3 has been explored using pulsed laser deposition. The Bi 2 FeMnO 6 tetragonal phase can be grown directly on SrTiO 3 (STO) substrate, while two phases (S1 and S2) were found to grow on LaAlO 3 (LAO) substrates with narrow growth windows. However, introducing a thin CeO 2 buffer layer effectively broadens the growth window for the pure S1 phase, regardless of the substrate. Moreover, we discovered two new phases (X1 and X2) when growing on STO substrates using a BiFeO 3 :BiCrO 3 target. Pure X2 phase can be obtained on CeO 2 -buffered STO and LAO substrates. This work demonstrates that some unexpected phases can be stabilized in a thin film form by using composite perovskite BiRO 3 (R = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) targets. Moreover, it also indicates that CeO 2 can serve as a general template for the growth of bismuth compounds with potential room-temperature multiferroicity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Nanostructured cerium oxide: preparation, characterization, and application in energy and environmental catalysis

Nanostructured cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) with outstanding physical and chemical properties has attracted extensive interests over the past few decades in environment and energy-related applications. With controllable synthesis of nanostructured CeO 2 , much more features were technologically brought out from defect chemistry to structure-derived effects. This paper highlights recent progress on the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured ceria-based materials as well as the traditional and new applications. Specifically, several typical applications based on the desired ceria nanostructures are focused to showcase the importance of nanostructure-derived effects. Moreover, some challenges and perspectives on the nanostructured ceria are presented, such as defects controlling and retainment, scale-up fabrication, and monolithic devices. Hopefully, this paper can provide an improved understanding of nanostructured CeO 2 and offer new opportunities to promote the further research and applications in the future.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Materials Data on Ce2Zn(SeO)2 by Materials Project

(CeO)2ZnSe2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ibam space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two CeO sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction and two ZnSe2 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. In each CeO sheet, there are three inequivalent Ce3+ sites. In the first Ce3+ site, Ce3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.36 Å. In the second Ce3+ site, Ce3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.36 Å. In the third Ce3+ site, Ce3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Ce–O bond lengths are 2.35 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to four equivalent Ce3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OCe4 tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ce3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OCe4 tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ce3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OCe4 tetrahedra. In each ZnSe2 sheet, there are three inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four Se2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ZnSe4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.50 Å) and two longer (2.53 Å) Zn–Se bond lengths. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four Se2- atoms to form corner-sharing ZnSe4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.50 Å) and two longer (2.51 Å) Zn–Se bond lengths. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four equivalent Se2- atoms to form corner-sharing ZnSe4 tetrahedra. All Zn–Se bond lengths are 2.51 Å. There are three inequivalent Se2- sites. In the first Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Zn2+ atoms. In the second Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the third Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Zn2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ce2Mn(SeO)2 by Materials Project

(CeO)2MnSe2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P-4m2 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one CeO sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction and one MnSe2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the CeO sheet, Ce3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Ce–O bond lengths are 2.35 Å. O2- is bonded to four equivalent Ce3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OCe4 tetrahedra. In the MnSe2 sheet, Mn2+ is bonded to four equivalent Se2- atoms to form corner-sharing MnSe4 tetrahedra. All Mn–Se bond lengths are 2.61 Å. Se2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mn2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗