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At least 451 records · Page 25
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1979

On the wavelength dependence of the effects of turbulence on average refraction angles in occultations by planetary atmospheres

The dependence of the effects of planetary atmospheric turbulence on radio or optical wavelength in occultation experiments is discussed, and the analysis of Hubbard and Jokipii (1977) is criticized. It is argued that in deriving a necessary condition for the applicability of their method, Hubbard and Jokipii neglect a factor proportional to the square of the ratio of atmospheric or local Fresnel zone radius and the inner scale of turbulence, and fail to establish sufficient conditions, thereby omitting the square of the ratio of atmospheric scale height and the local Fresnel zone radius. The total discrepancy is said to mean that the results correspond to geometrical optics instead of wave optics, as claimed, thus being inapplicable in a dicussion of wavelength dependence. Calculations based on geometrical optics show that the bias in the average bending angle depends on the wavelength in the same way as does the bias in phase path caused by turbulence in a homogeneous atmosphere. Hubbard and Jokipii comment that the criterion of Haugstad and Eshleman is incorrect and show that there is a large wave optical domain where the results are independent of wavelength.

Haugstad, B. S.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Hourly average values of solar wing parameters (flow rate and ion temperatures) according to data of measurements of the Venera-9 and Venera-10 automatic interplanetary stations on an Earth-Venus during the period June 1975 - April 1976

Four electrostatic analyzers with channel electron multipliers as detectors were used to measure solar wind ionic flow. The axes of the fields of vision of two of these analyzers were directed along the axis of the automatic interplanetary station, oriented towards the Sun, while the other two were turned in one plane at angles of +15 deg and -15 deg. The full hemisphere of the angular diagram of each analyzer was approximately 5 deg. The energetic resolution was approximately 6%, and the geometric energy was 0.002 sq cm ave. keV. Each analyzer covered an energetic range of approximately 10 in eight energetic intervals. Spectral distributions were processed in order to obtain the velocity and temperature of the protons. Tabular data show the hour interval (universal time) and the average solar wind velocity in kilometers per second.

Vaysberg, O. L.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Iterative methods based upon residual averaging

Iterative methods for solving boundary value problems for systems of nonlinear partial differential equations are discussed. The methods involve subtracting an average of residuals from one approximation in order to arrive at a subsequent approximation. Two abstract methods in Hilbert space are given and application of these methods to quasilinear systems to give numerical schemes for such problems is demonstrated. Potential theoretic matters related to the iteration schemes are discussed.

Neuberger, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Tradeoff between picture element dimensions and noncoherent averaging in side-looking airborne radar

An experiment was performed in which three synthetic-aperture images and one real-aperture image were successively degraded in spatial resolution, both retaining the same number of independent samples per pixel and using the spatial degradation to allow averaging of different numbers of independent samples within each pixel. The original and degraded images were provided to three interpreters familiar with both aerial photographs and radar images. The interpreters were asked to grade each image in terms of their ability to interpret various specified features on the image. The numerical interpretability grades were then used as a quantitative measure of the utility of the different kinds of image processing and different resolutions. The experiment demonstrated empirically that the interpretability is related exponentially to the SGL volume which is the product of azimuth, range, and gray-level resolution.

Moore, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1979

The 'Little Ice Age' - Northern Hemisphere average observations and model calculations

Numerical energy balance climate model calculations of the average surface temperature of the Northern Hemisphere for the past 400 years are compared with a new reconstruction of the past climate. Forcing with volcanic dust produces the best simulation, whereas expressing the solar constant as a function of the envelope of the sunspot number gives very poor results.

Robock, A.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Neutral cometary atmospheres. I - An average random walk model for photodissociation in comets

A method for constructing physically realistic photochemical models, taking into account the isotropic ejection of dissociated molecular fragments as well as radiation pressure acceleration, has been developed using Monte Carlo techniques. The effect of the isotropic ejection, as opposed to the radial motion arbitrarily assumed in Haser's model, is adequately described by a simple average random walk model. It is shown that measured radial (Haser) scale lengths are in fact only lower limits to a range of possible true scale lengths for a given brightness profile, which explains the current discrepancies between observed scale lengths and those predicted by photochemistry.

Combi, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

A simplified method for the calculation of diurnally averaged photodissociation rates

Expressions are given for the calculation of the diurnally averaged transmission of solar flux from a series summation involving relatively few terms and readily available mathematical functions. It is shown that these expressions can be scaled to remove much of the dependence on latitude and solar declination so that at large optical depth, they become asymptotic to a function which depends only on the optical depth at noon and displays an inverse-square-root variation. From this variation, a simple analytic form containing one adjustable parameter is proposed. The functional dependence of this parameter on latitude and solar declination is determined by numerical fitting procedures. The accuracy of the analytic approximation is better than 4.5% for all altitudes, latitudes and seasons of the year.

Boughner, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Variation of the average 'freezing-in' temperature of oxygen ions with solar wind speed

Observations of the average oxygen ionization equilibrium as a function of speed of the solar wind are presented. At low solar wind speeds they indicate a coronal temperature at the freezing-in point of (1.6 + or - 0.2) x 10 to the 6th K. At speeds above 450 km/sec the apparent temperature starts to rise rapidly. This rise is tentatively interpreted in terms of a lack of thermodynamic equilibrium in the source region.

Ogilvie, K. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The geographic bias in determining average variations of total ozone from ground-based observations

The mean monthly hemispheric total ozone values as determined from between the two sets of data indicates that the mean difference between the calculated total ozone amount as determined for the entire period from all the satellite data and that derived from the satellite data restricted to location of ground based stations is 1.3 m atm cm for the Northern Hemisphere and 0.7 m atm cm for the Southern Hemisphere (0.3 and 0.2 percent respectively of the average total ozone in each hemisphere).

London, J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Maximizing throughput over an average-power-limited and band-limited optical pulse position modulation channel

Given an optical pulse position modulation (PPM) channel, with an average power constraint and a bandwidth constraint, the word length needed to maximize the information throughput achievable by the channel is determined. It is shown that, to achieve the maximal capacity, the channel must be operated with a high erasure probability. This implies that coding schemes capable of compensating for a high percentage of erasures are needed for the PPM channel.

Zwillinger, D.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Effects of velocity averaging on the shapes of absorption lines

The velocity averaging of collision cross sections produces non-Lorentz line shapes, even at densities where Doppler broadening is not apparent. The magnitude of the effects will be described using a model in which the collision broadening depends on a simple velocity power law. The effect of the modified profile on experimental measures of linewidth, shift and amplitude will be examined and an improved approximate line shape will be derived.

Pickett, H. M.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Orbit-averaged behavior of magnetic control laws for momentum unloading

Analytical formulas are derived for orbit-averaged behavior of magnetic control laws for unloading the excess angular momentum of a spacecraft reaction wheel control system in the presence of secular environmental torques. The specific example of an axially symmetric spacecraft with an inertially fixed attitude for which the dominant environmental torque is the gravity-gradient torque is treated in detail, but extensions of the general approach to other inertially fixed and earth-pointing spacecraft are discussed. The analytical formulas are compared to detailed simulations performed for the Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft, and agreement to within 10% is found. The analytical formulas can be used in place of detailed simulations for preliminary studies, and can be used to find selected cases giving the most stringent tests of momentum unloading capability for which detailed simulations may be performed.

Camillo, P. J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

A unique method to study acoustic transmission through ducts using signal synthesis and averaging of acoustic pulses

An acoustic impulse technique using a loudspeaker driver is developed to measure the acoustic properties of a duct/nozzle system. A signal synthesis method is used to generate a desired single pulse with a flat spectrum. The convolution of the desired signal and the inverse Fourier transform of the reciprocal of the driver's response are then fed to the driver. A signal averaging process eliminates the jet mixing noise from the mixture of jet noise and the internal noise, thereby allowing very low intensity signals to be measured accurately, even for high velocity jets. A theoretical analysis is carried out to predict the incident sound field; this is used to help determine the number and locations of the induct measurement points to account for the contributions due to higher order modes present in the incident tube method. The impulse technique is validated by comparing experimentally determined acoustic characteristics of a duct-nozzle system with similar results obtained by the impedance tube method. Absolute agreement in the comparisons was poor, but the overall shapes of the time histories and spectral distributions were much alike.

Salikuddin, M.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Computational problems in autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models

The choice of the sampling interval and the selection of the order of the model in time series analysis are considered. Band limited (up to 15 Hz) random torque perturbations are applied to the human ankle joint. The applied torque input, the angular rotation output, and the electromyographic activity using surface electrodes from the extensor and flexor muscles of the ankle joint are recorded. Autoregressive moving average models are developed. A parameter constraining technique is applied to develop more reliable models. The asymptotic behavior of the system must be taken into account during parameter optimization to develop predictive models.

Agarwal, G. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Magnetic field measurements at Jupiter by Voyagers 1 and 2: Daily plots of 48 second averages

A series of 24 hour summary plots of the magnetic field, in 48-s average form, measured in the vicinity of Jupiter by the magnetometers onboard Voyagers 1 and 2 are presented. The Voyager 1 data cover the period from 27 February 1979 (day = 58) to 23 March (day = 82) inclusive, and the Voyager 2 data cover the period from 2 July 1979 (day = 183) to 14 August (day = 226) inclusive. Closest approach to the planet occurred on days 64 (AT 1205 UT) and 190 (AT 2230 UT) for Voyagers 1 and 2, respectively. Also included are: a description of the characteristics of the magnetometers, a brief description of the near-planet trajectories of the two spacecraft, a listing of the bow shock and magnetopause crossing times, and a bibliography containing Voyager-Jupiter related papers and reports.

Lepping, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Program for narrow-band analysis of aircraft flyover noise using ensemble averaging techniques

A package of computer programs was developed for analyzing acoustic data from an aircraft flyover. The package assumes the aircraft is flying at constant altitude and constant velocity in a fixed attitude over a linear array of ground microphones. Aircraft position is provided by radar and an option exists for including the effects of the aircraft's rigid-body attitude relative to the flight path. Time synchronization between radar and acoustic recording stations permits ensemble averaging techniques to be applied to the acoustic data thereby increasing the statistical accuracy of the acoustic results. Measured layered meteorological data obtained during the flyovers are used to compute propagation effects through the atmosphere. Final results are narrow-band spectra and directivities corrected for the flight environment to an equivalent static condition at a specified radius.

Gridley, D.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Ensemble averaging of acoustic data

A computer program called Ensemble Averaging of Acoustic Data is documented. The program samples analog data, analyzes the data, and displays them in the time and frequency domains. Hard copies of the displays are the program's output. The documentation includes a description of the program and detailed user instructions for the program. This software was developed for use on the Ames 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel's Dynamic Analysis System consisting of a PDP-11/45 computer, two RK05 disk drives, a tektronix 611 keyboard/display terminal, and FPE-4 Fourier Processing Element, and an analog-to-digital converter.

Stefanski, P. K.↗