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At least 451 records · Page 25

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DOE OSTI2021

Ultra-Fast Laser Fabrication of Alumina Micro-Sample Array and High-Throughput Characterization of Microstructure and Hardness

In the light of recent advances in material informatics, there is a great demand for high-throughput approaches of sample fabrication and property characterization. Currently, no high-throughput approach has been demonstrated for the fast sampling of the microstructure and the correlated properties. In this paper, we demonstrate the ultra-fast fabrication of an alumina sample array and the high-throughput hardness characterization of these sample units. The alumina sample array was fabricated using picosecond (PS) laser micromachining and CO2 laser sintering within a short time (i.e., less than a few minutes). After laser sintering, the hardness of these sample units was characterized using micro-indentation, and the microstructure was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In each sample unit, the microstructure was uniform for the entire top surface and within about 20 µm depth from the top surface. The relative density (RD) and corresponding micro-hardness of the sample units was found to continuously vary over a wide range from 89% RD with 600 kgf/mm2 hardness to 99% RD with 1609 kgf/mm2 hardness. For these laser-sintered samples, the correlation of hardness and relative density of the alumina matched well with the literature reports on sintered alumina obtained using conventional low-throughput furnace sintering experiments.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Influence of Time and Frequency Domain Wave Forcing on the Power Estimation of a Wave Energy Converter Array

Industry-specific tools for analyzing and optimizing the design of wave energy converters (WECs) and associated power systems are essential to advancing marine renewable energy. This study aims to quantify the influence of phase information on the device power output of a virtual WEC array. We run the phase-resolving wave model FUNWAVE-TVD (Total Variation Diminishing) to generate directional waves at the PacWave South site offshore from Newport, Oregon, where future WECs are expected to be installed for testing. The two broad cases presented correspond to mean wave climates during warm months (March–August) and cold months (September–February). FUNWAVE-TVD time series of sea-surface elevation are then used in WEC-Sim, a time domain numerical model, to simulate the hydrodynamic response of each device in the array and estimate their power output. For comparison, WEC-Sim is also run with wave energy spectra calculated from the FUNWAVE-TVD simulations, which do not retain phase information, and with wave spectra computed using the phase-averaged model Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN). The use of spectral data in WEC-Sim requires a conversion from frequency to time domain by means of random superposition of wave components, which are not necessarily consistent because of the linear assumption implicit in this method. Thus, power response is characterized by multiple realizations of the wave climates.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Using Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Arrays on Rigid or Flexible Substrates for Delivery of Biomolecules and Dyes to Plants

The delivery of biomolecules and impermeable dyes to intact plants is a major challenge. Nanomaterials are up-and-coming tools for the delivery of DNA to plants. As exciting as these new tools are, they have yet to be widely applied. Nanomaterials fabricated on rigid substrate (backing) are particularly difficult to successfully apply to curved plant structures. This study describes the process for microfabricating vertically aligned carbon nanofiber arrays and transferring them from a rigid to a flexible substrate. We detail and demonstrate how these fibers (on either rigid or flexible substrates) can be used for transient transformation or dye (e.g., fluorescein) delivery to plants. We show how VACNFs can be transferred from rigid silicon substrate to a flexible SU-8 epoxy substrate to form flexible VACNF arrays. Further, to overcome the hydrophobic nature of SU-8, fibers in the flexible film were coated with a thin silicon oxide layer (2-3 nm). To use these fibers for delivery to curved plant organs, we deposit a 1 µL droplet of dye or DNA solution on the fiber side of VACNF films, wait 10 min, place the films on the plant organ and employ a swab with a rolling motion to drive fibers into plant cells. With this method, we have achieved dye and DNA delivery in plant organs with curved surfaces.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

MIRC-X: A Highly Sensitive Six-telescope Interferometric Imager at the CHARA Array

Michigan InfraRed Combiner-eXeter (MIRC-X) is a new highly sensitive six-telescope interferometric imager installed at the CHARA Array that provides an angular resolution equivalent of up to a 330 m diameter baseline telescope in J- and H-band wavelengths ((λ/(2B))∼0.6 mas). We upgraded the original Michigan InfraRed Combiner (MIRC) instrument to improve sensitivity and wavelength coverage in two phases. First, a revolutionary sub-electron noise and fast-frame-rate C-RED ONE camera based on an SAPHIRA detector was installed. Second, a new-generation beam combiner was designed and commissioned to (i) maximize sensitivity, (ii) extend the wavelength coverage to J band, and (iii) enable polarization observations. A low-latency and fast-frame-rate control software enables high-efficiency observations and fringe tracking for the forthcoming instruments of the CHARA Array. Since mid-2017, MIRC-X has been offered to the community and has demonstrated best-case H-band sensitivity down to 8.2 correlated magnitude. MIRC-X uses single-mode fibers to coherently combine the light from six telescopes simultaneously with an image-plane combination scheme and delivers a visibility precision better than 1%, and closure phase precision better than 1°. MIRC-X aims at (i) imaging protoplanetary disks, (ii) detecting exoplanets with precise astrometry, and (iii) imaging stellar surfaces and starspots at an unprecedented angular resolution in the near-infrared. In this paper, we present the instrument design, installation, operation, and on-sky results, and demonstrate the imaging capability of MIRC-X on the binary system ι Peg. The purpose of this paper is to provide a solid reference for studies based on MIRC-X data and to inspire future instruments in optical interferometry.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Commissioning the H i Observing Mode of the Beam Former for the Cryogenically Cooled Focal L-band Array for the GBT (FLAG)

We present the results of commissioning observations for a new digital beam-forming back end for the Focal plane L-band Array for the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (FLAG), a cryogenically cooled Phased Array Feed (PAF) with the lowest measured T {sub sys}/η of any PAF outfitted on a radio telescope to date. We describe the custom software used to apply beam-forming weights to the raw element covariances to create research-quality spectral-line images for the new fine-channel mode, study the stability of the beam weights over time, characterize FLAG’s sensitivity over a frequency range of 150 MHz, and compare the measured noise properties and observed distribution of neutral hydrogen emission from several extragalactic and Galactic sources with data obtained with the current single-pixel L-band receiver. These commissioning runs establish FLAG as the preeminent PAF receiver currently available for spectral-line observations on the world’s major radio telescopes.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2019

BICEP2/Keck Array XI: Beam Characterization and Temperature-to-Polarization Leakage in the BK15 Data Set

Precision measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization require extreme control of instrumental systematics. In a companion paper we have presented cosmological constraints from observations with the BICEP2 and Keck Array experiments up to and including the 2015 observing season (BK15), resulting in the deepest CMB polarization maps to date and a statistical sensitivity to the tensor-to-scalar ratio of σ ( r ) = 0.020. In this work we characterize the beams and constrain potential systematic contamination from main beam shape mismatch at the three BK15 frequencies (95, 150, and 220 GHz). Herein far-field maps of 7360 distinct beam patterns taken from 2010–2015 are used to measure differential beam parameters and predict the contribution of temperature-to-polarization leakage to the BK15 B -mode maps. In the multifrequency, multicomponent likelihood analysis that uses BK15, Planck , and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe maps to separate sky components, we find that adding this predicted leakage to simulations induces a bias of Δ r = 0.0027 ± 0.0019. Future results using higher-quality beam maps and improved techniques to detect such leakage in CMB data will substantially reduce this uncertainty, enabling the levels of systematics control needed for BICEP Array and other experiments that plan to definitively probe large-field inflation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Acoustic MEMS Sensor Array for Quench Detection of CICC Superconducting Cables

A novel quench detection method using microelectro- mechanical system (MEMS) sensor technology has been investigated in use for high temperature superconducting (HTS) conductors such REBCO tape cables. The sensor array along a superconducting cable, such as a cable-in-conduit-conductor (CICC), is installed in a cooling channel. It will allow sensitive and quick detection for a local quench of a superconducting cable. This work has confirmed that a quench of a single REBCO tape can be detected in liquid nitrogen by a MEMS piezoelectric microphone sensor. The quench detection design utilizing a MEMS sensor array method is discussed for the case of a toroidal field (TF) magnets of a fusion Tokamak device.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

Infinite Array Comparison for Fast and Slow Systems in KENO V.a for SCALE 6.1.3

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively calculate the difference between reflective boundary condition (mirror) and large finite arrays in SCALE 6.1.3. The conclusions reached during this project are based on analysis of data calculated for the modeled base unit. These conclusions can be expanded to other systems; however, each unique system must be analyzed to determine the precise effectively infinite array size for that system.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2019

Flexure-based, tip-tilt-piston actuation micro-array

A flexure-based micro-array having a plurality of micro-assemblies, each comprising: an object; and at least three electrostatic actuation modules for tipping, tilting, and/or piston-actuating the object, each actuation module comprising: a base with first and second electrodes electrically isolated from each other; an electrically conductive lever arm; a first flexure bearing suspending the lever arm adjacent the first and second electrodes so that electrical activation of at least one of the first and second electrodes produces an electrostatic moment of force on the lever arm to resiliently bias the first flexure bearing and pivot the lever arm about a fulcrum; and a second flexure bearing connecting the lever arm to the object at a connection location that is different from other connection locations of the other actuation modules so that pivoting the lever arm about the fulcrum induces the second flexure bearing to pivot the object about an object pivot axis defined between two of the other connection locations while the second flexure bearing decouples the lever arm from object displacements induced by two of the other actuation modules connected to the two other connection locations defining the object pivot axis, wherein the plurality of micro-assemblies are arranged with the objects juxtaposed in a substantially 2D array.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2019

Driver circuitry and systems for high current laser diode arrays

Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed to drive pumping laser diode arrays. In implementations, an integrated system can be constructed to in a compact, efficient and cost-effective manner and to meet the needs of driving laser diode arrays in various diode pumped solid state laser applications. The disclosed implementations include individual laser diode drivers or pulsers, methods of communicating with laser diode drivers, and methods of controlling the pulse shape of each laser diode driver.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2020

Tailored nanopost arrays (NAPA) for laser desorption ionization in mass spectrometry

The production and use of semiconducting nanopost arrays made by nanofabrication is described herein. These nanopost arrays (NAPA) provide improved laser ionization yields and controllable fragmentation with switching or modulation capabilities for mass spectrometric detection and identification of samples deposited on them.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

High-power ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamps with micro-cavity plasma arrays

A plasma lamp includes plates that are approximately parallel, with at least one array of microcavities formed in a surface of at least one plate. When desirable, the plates are separated a fixed distance by spacers with at least one spacer being placed near the plate's edge to form a hermetic seal therewith. A gas makes contact with the microcavity array. Electrodes capable of delivering a time-varying voltage are located on the surface of each plate. At least one electrode is located on an exterior surface of at least one interior plate. Optionally, protective windows may be placed over the electrodes. The application of the time-varying voltage interacts with the gas to form a glow discharge plasma in the microcavities and the fixed volume between the plates (when present). The glow discharge plasma efficiently and uniformly emits UV/VUV radiation over the entire surface of the lamp.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Droplet array for single-cell analysis

Techniques, systems, and devices are described for implementing a droplet array for single-cell analysis. A method of conducting single-cell analysis comprises generating a plurality of droplets, wherein each of the plurality of droplets contains a core material surrounded by a protective shell; loading the plurality of droplets, via a carrying fluid, onto an array including a plurality of trap structures, wherein the plurality of droplets are held by the plurality of trap structures; selecting a target droplet, held by a trap structure, from the plurality of droplets; and releasing the target droplet from the trap structure.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Tailored nanopost arrays (NAPA) for laser desorption ionization in mass spectrometry

Vertes, Akos↗

DOE OSTI2021

High-power ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamps with micro-cavity plasma arrays

A product having at least one plasma lamp that includes plates that are approximately parallel, with at least one array of microcavities formed in a surface of at least one plate. When desirable, the plates are separated a fixed distance by spacers with at least one spacer being placed near the plate's edge to form a hermetic seal therewith. A gas makes contact with the microcavity array. Electrodes capable of delivering a time-varying voltage are located such that the application of the time-varying voltage interacts with the gas to form a glow discharge plasma in the microcavities and the fixed volume between the plates. The glow discharge plasma efficiently and uniformly emits radiation that is predominantly in the UV/VUV spectral range with at least a portion of the radiation being emitted from the plasma lamp.

Park, Sung-Jin↗

DOE OSTI2022

Panel-Segmentation: A Python Package for Automated Solar Array Metadata Extraction Using Satellite Imagery

The NREL Python Panel-Segmentation package is a toolkit that automates the process of extracting accurate and valuable metadata related to solar array installations, using publicly available Google Maps satellite imagery. Previously published work includes automated azimuth estimation for individual solar installations in satellite images. Our continued research focuses on automated detection and classification of solar installation mounting configuration (tracking or fixed-tilt; rooftop, ground, or carport). Specifically, a Faster-RCNN Resnet-50 feature pyramid network (FPN) model was trained and validated on 862 manually labeled satellite images. This model was used to perform object detection on satellite imagery, locating and classifying individual solar installations' mounting configuration and type. Model results showed a mean average precision score (mAP) of 77.79%, with the model strongest at detecting fixed-tilt ground mount and fixed-tilt carport installations. The object detection model and its outputs have been incorporated into the Panel-Segmentation package's automated metadata extraction pipeline, which returns the mounting configuration and azimuth for individual solar arrays in satellite imagery. The complete image data set with labels has been released on the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) DuraMAT DataHub, to encourage further research in this area.

deep learning↗

DOE OSTI2022

Cylindrical microelectrode array for neural stimulation and recording

A cylindrical microelectrode array having an elongated cylindrical core, and a multilayer structure conformally folded around and affixed to the cylindrical core so as to extend between opposite ends of the core. The multilayer structure has integrated sections including an electrode section with electrodes exposed through electrically insulating layers, a connector section with conductive bond pads for interfacing with external electronics, and a cable section with conductive traces encapsulated in electrically insulating layers and which connect between the electrodes and their corresponding bond pads. The array may be fabricated using a planar multilayer structure having the electrode, connector, and cable sections, and conformally folding the multilayer structure around and affixing to the cylindrical core. The cable section in particular may be conformally coiled around and affixed to the cylindrical core so that the electrical conduits helically extend between the connector and electrode sections.

Shah, Kedar G.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Sub-electrode microlens array for organic light emitting devices

Substrates are disclosed that include an embedded or partially-embedded microlens array. Devices are disclosed that include an OLED disposed over a substrate having an embedded or partially embedded micro lens array. Devices as disclosed herein redirect up to 100% of the light that otherwise would be confined in organic and electrode layers toward the substrate and thus provide improved light extraction and device efficiency.

Forrest, Stephen R.↗