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At least 433 records · Page 24

Analysis of planetary evolution with emphasis on differentiation and dynamics

In order to address the early stages of nebula evolution, a three-dimensional collapse code which includes not only hydrodynamics and radiative transfer, but also the effects of ionization and, possibly, magnetic fields is being addressed. As part of the examination of solar system evolution, an N-body code was developed which describes the latter stages of planet formation from the accretion of planetesimals. To test the code for accuracy and run-time efficiency, and to develop a stronger theoretical foundation, problems were studied in orbital dynamics. A regional analysis of the correlation in the gravity and topography fields of Venus was performed in order to determine the small and intermediate scale subsurface structure.

Kaula, William M.↗

Ion Chemistry in Atmospheric and Astrophysical Plasmas

There are many differences and also remarkable similarities between the ion chemistry and physics of planetary ionospheres and the ion chemistry and physics of astronomical environments beyond the solar system. In the early Universe, an expanded cooling gas of hydrogen and helium was embedded in the cosmic background radiation field and ionized by it. As the Universe cooled by adiabatic expansion, recombination occurred and molecular formation was driven by catalytic reactions involving the relict electrons and protons. Similar chemical processes are effective in the ionized zones of gaseous and planetary nebulae and in stellar winds where the ionization is due to radiation from the central stars, in the envelopes of supernovae where the ionization is initiated by the deposition of gamma-rays, in dissociative shocks where the ionization arises from electron impacts in a hot gas and in quasar broad-line region clouds where the quasar is responsible for the ionization. At high altitudes in the atmospheres of the Jovian planets, the main constituents are hydrogen and helium and the ion chemistry and physics is determined by the same processes, the source of the ionization being solar ultraviolet radiation and cosmic rays. After the collapse of the first distinct astronomical entities to emerge from the uniform flow, heavy elements were created by nuclear burning in the cores of the collapsed objects and distributed throughout the Universe by winds and explosions. The chemistry and physics became more complicated. Over 90 distinct molecular species have been identified in interstellar clouds where they are ionized globally by cosmic ray impacts and locally by radiation and shocks associated with star formation and evolution. Complex molecules have also been found in circumstellar shells of evolved stars. At intermediate and low altitudes in the Jovian atmospheres, the ion chemistry is complicated by the increasing abundance of heavy elements such as carbon, and an extensive array of complex molecules has been predicted. Reactions involving heavy elements dominate the structure of the ionspheres of the terrestrial planets and the satellites Titan and Triton.

Dalgarno, A.↗

Consequences of contamination of the spacecraft environment: immunologic consequences

Long-term space voyages pose numerous known and unknown health hazards, to the human immune system. Well-studied clinical examples of secondary immunodeficiencies created on Earth, lead one to predict that the conditions of prolonged space flight would weaken the human immune responses that normally hold infection and cancer in check. From evidence gathered from humans flown for prolonged periods in space and from human models of space flight studied on Earth it is reasonable to suspect that space travelers to the planet Mars would experience a weakening of immunity. Subtle defects of immune cell structure and function have been observed in astronauts, such as weakening of specific T-lymphocyte recall of specific antigens. Ground-based models also have demonstrated alterations of immune function, such as the elevation of neuroendocrine immune system messengers, interleukin-6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor in sleep deprivation. Since severe immune compromise the clinical consequences of reactivation of latent virus infections and the development of cancer, has yet to be seen in space flight or in the Earth models, it is extremely important to begin to quantify early changes in immunity to predict the development of immune system collapse with poor clinical outcomes. This approach is designed to validate a number of surrogate markers that will predict trouble ahead. Inherent in this research is the development of countermeasures to reduce the risks of infection and cancer in the first humans going to Mars.

Non-NASA Center↗

Performing Mineral Hydration Experiments in the CheMin Diffractometer on Mars

Laboratory work is the cornerstone of experimental planetary geochemistry, mineralogy, and petrology, but much is to be gained by "experiments" while on a planet surface. Earth-bound experiments are often limited in ability to control multiple conditions relevant to planetary bodies (e.g. cycles in temperature and vapor pressure of water), but observations on-planet provide a unique opportunity where conditions are native to the planet and those affected by sampling and analysis can be constrained. The CheMin XRD instrument on Mars Science Laboratory has been able to test mineral hydration in samples held for up to 300 Mars days (sols). Clay minerals sampled at Yellowknife Bay early in the mission had both collapsed (10 Å) and expanded (13.2 Å) basal spacing. Collapsed interlayers were expected, but larger spacing was not; it was uncertain whether larger basal spacing would collapse on prolonged exposure to warmer conditions inside CheMin. Observation over several hundred sols showed no collapse, with the conclusion that expanded interlayer spacing was due to partial intercalation by metal-hydroxyl groups that resist dehydration. More recently, a sample of the Murray Formation, Oudam, provided the first XRD detection of gypsum and a chance to observe gypsum stability. Laboratory work suggests gypsum should be stable at Mars surface conditions, and indeed gypsum has been observed from orbit at higher latitudes and in thick veins at Yellowknife Bay by Mastcam reflectance spectra. Laboratory experiments have shown that on dehydration the gypsum would not become X-ray amorphous but would rather transform to a water-deficient bassanite structure. Over a period of 37 sols, it was observed that the Oudam sample in CheMin transformed from an assemblage of gypsum+anhydrite, to gypsum+bassanite+anhydrite, and finally to bassanite+anhydrite. Mg-sulfates were also anticipated but have not been observed in CheMin despite chemical evidence for their presence. Unlike gypsum, hydrated Mg-sulfates can transition to an X-ray amorphous form. Crystalline Mg-sulfates are expected higher in the section on Mount Sharp, where it should be possible to determine whether they persist or are destabilized after sampling, providing further insight into hydrous mineral stability at Mars near-equatorial conditions.

Vaniman, D. T.↗

Numerical Modelling of the Deep Impact Mission Experiment

NASA s Deep Impact Mission (launched January 2005) will provide, for the first time ever, insights into the interior of a comet (Tempel 1) by shooting a approx.370 kg projectile onto the surface of a comets nucleus. Although it is usually assumed that comets consist of a very porous mixture of water ice and rock, little is known about the internal structure and in particular the constitutive material properties of a comet. It is therefore difficult to predict the dimensions of the excavated crater. Estimates of the crater size are based on laboratory experiments of impacts into various target compositions of different densities and porosities using appropriate scaling laws; they range between 10 s of meters up to ~250 m in diameter [1]. The size of the crater depends mainly on the physical process(es) that govern formation: Smaller sizes are expected if (1) strength, rather than gravity, limits crater growth; and, perhaps even more crucially, if (2) internal energy losses by pore-space collapse reduce the coupling efficiency (compaction craters). To investigate the effect of pore space collapse and strength of the target we conducted a suite of numerical experiments and implemented a novel approach for modeling porosity and the compaction of pores in hydrocode calculations.

Wuennemann, K.↗

Nonaxisymmetric evolution in protostellar disks

We present a two-dimensional, multigridded hydrodynamical simulation of the collapse of an axisymmetric, rotating, 1 solar mass protostellar cloud, which forms a resolved, hydrotastic disk. The code includes the effects of physical viscosity, radiative transfer and radiative acceleration but not magnetic fields. We examine how the disk is affected by the inclusion of turbulent viscosity by comparing a viscous simulation with an inviscid model evolved from the same initial conditions, and we derive a disk evolutionary timescale on the order of 300,000 years if alpha = 0.01. Effects arising from non-axisymmetric gravitational instabilities in the protostellar disk are followed with a three-dimensional SPH code, starting from the two-dimensional structure. We find that the disk is prone to a series of spiral instabilities with primary azimulthal mode number m = 1 and m = 2. The torques induced by these nonaxisymmetric structures elicit material transport of angular momentum and mass through the disk, readjusting the surface density profile toward more stable configurations. We present a series of analyses which characterize both the development and the likely source of the instabilities. We speculate that an evolving disk which maintains a minimum Toomre Q-value approximately 1.4 will have a total evolutionary span of several times 10(exp 5) years, comparable to, but somewhat shorter than the evolutionary timescale resulting from viscous turbulence alone. We compare the evolution resulting from nonaxisymmetric instabilities with solutions of a one-dimensional viscous diffusion equation applied to the initial surface density and temperature profile. We find that an effective alpha-value of 0.03 is a good fit to the results of the simulation. However, the effective alpha will depend on the minimum Q in the disk at the time the instability is activated. We argue that the major fraction of the transport characterized by the value of alpha is due to the action of gravitational torques, and does not arise from inherent viscosity within the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method.

Laughlin, Gregory↗

The life cycle of the Interstellar Medium in other galaxies

Gas in spiral galaxies cycles between the diffuse and dense phases as clouds collapse, form stars and are dispersed back into the ISM. Far infrared observations of continuum emission from interstellar dust and line emission from interstellar gas have revealed a wealth of information on the state of the ISM in galaxies of different morphological types. The analysis of these observations gives us information about the processes of star formation and about the evolution of the ISM. Star formation rates vary widely from galaxy to galaxy, with the rates in starburst galaxies being 10 - 100 times those in quiescent spiral galaxies. Far infrared spectroscopy of star-forming galaxies shows that the interstellar pressure increases with star formation rate. The structure of the interstellar medium in starburst galaxies is quite different from that of quiescent galaxies - much of the mass and volume are in HII regions and photodissociation regions. The size distribution of dust grains seems to depend on environment; small grains are abundant in the diffuse interstellar medium but not in dense molecular star forming regions. Quiescent spiral and elliptical galaxies contain a significant population of small grains, but starburst galaxies do not. Dwarf irregular galaxies also seem to contain few small grains; this may be the result of the higher UV flux in these galaxies. The star forming regions in dwarf irregulars also have a higher ratio of atomic to molecular gas than do those in the Galaxy. These results show that the ISM in galaxies of different morphological types reaches different equilibria, resulting in different modes of star formation and global galaxy evolution.

Knapp, G. R.↗

Partially Chloritized Smectites: Analogues of Smectites at Gale Crater, Mars

Characterizing the structure and composition of phyllosilicates is important for interpreting the aqueous history of Mars and identifying potential habitable environments. Smectites and chlorites are the most dominant clay types on Mars, and there is evidence of the presence of smectite/chlorite intergrades. Smectite has been detected at Gale Crater, Mars, via orbital observations and in-situ measurements, in abundances up to approximately 25 weight percentage of bulk rock. John Klein (JK) and Cumberland (CB) were analyzed by the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) and Samples Analysis at Mars (SAM) evolved gas analysis experiment (EGA) instruments, onboard Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), Curiosity, to distinguish clay mineralogy. John Klein has a collapsed 2:1 smectite with a d-spacing of 10 Angstroms, whereas Cumberland smectite did not fully collapse and has a d-spacing of approximately 13.2 Angstroms. It has been suggested that partial chloritization or ‘pillaring’ could be responsible for the expanded Cumberland smectite because pillaring inhibits the collapse of smectites down to 10 Angstrom, even under the desiccating conditions on the martian surface. Clay minerals have been detected in ancient fluvio-lacustrine rocks throughout Curiosity’s traverse and catalog the changes of the lake water chemistry and diagenetic conditions at Gale Crater, Mars. Investigating clay minerals is important for identifying them on the Martian surface, in particular as Curiosity proceeds into the upcoming Clay-bearing Unit.

Tu, V. M.↗

Modification of multi-ring basins - The Imbrium model

It is shown that the gross variations in wall height around Imbrium result largely from intersection of the Imbrium basin with pre-existing basins and faulting: angle of impact and slumping played a lesser modifying role. The gross irregularities in plan of the northern part of Imbrium is hypothesized to result from the collapse of large crustal blocks into the Imbrium and Serenitatis cavities. Lithosphere thickness is believed to play an important role in the mechanisms of formation and modification of large craters and basins. The deduction of slow sub-lithospheric flow of material toward the cavity centers does not lend support to the tsunami model, requires a minor modification of the nested-crater model and provides a mechanism for the production of megaterraces. Spatial and temporal lithosphere variations satisfy constraints requiring the overlap of morphology/diameter characteristics, variable onset diameters between planets, variable ring spacings from planet to planet and provide a mechanism for producing local irregularities in ring structures.

Whitford-Stark, J. L.↗

Surface Instability of Liquid Propellant under Vertical Oscillatory Forcing

Fluid motion in a fuel tank produced during thrust oscillations can circulate sub-cooled hydrogen near the liquid-vapor interface resulting in increased condensation and ullage pressure collapse. The first objective of this study is to validate the capabilities of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool, CFD-ACE+, in modeling the fundamental interface transition physics occurring at the propellant surface. The second objective is to use the tool to assess the effects of thrust oscillations on surface dynamics. Our technical approach is to first verify the CFD code against known theoretical solutions, and then validate against existing experiments for small scale tanks and a range of transition regimes. A 2D axisymmetric, multi-phase model of gases, liquids, and solids is used to verify that CFD-ACE+ is capable of modeling fluid-structure interaction and system resonance in a typical thrust oscillation environment. Then, the 3D mode is studied with an assumed oscillatory body force to simulate the thrust oscillating effect. The study showed that CFD modeling can capture all of the transition physics from solid body motion to standing surface wave and to droplet ejection from liquid-gas interface. Unlike the analytical solutions established during the 1960 s, CFD modeling is not limited to the small amplitude regime. It can extend solutions to the nonlinear regime to determine the amplitude of surface waves after the onset of instability. The present simulation also demonstrated consistent trends from numerical experiments through variation of physical properties from low viscous fluid to high viscous fluids, and through variation of geometry and input forcing functions. A comparison of surface wave patterns under various forcing frequencies and amplitudes showed good agreement with experimental observations. It is concluded that thrust oscillations can cause droplet formation at the interface, which results in increased surface area and enhanced heat transfer between the liquid and gas phases as the ejected droplets travel well into the warmer gas region.

Yang, H. Q.↗

Higher-order derivative correlations and the alignment of small-scale structures in isotropic numerical turbulence

In a three dimensional simulation higher order derivative correlations, including skewness and flatness factors, are calculated for velocity and passive scalar fields and are compared with structures in the flow. The equations are forced to maintain steady state turbulence and collect statistics. It is found that the scalar derivative flatness increases much faster with Reynolds number than the velocity derivative flatness, and the velocity and mixed derivative skewness do not increase with Reynolds number. Separate exponents are found for the various fourth order velocity derivative correlations, with the vorticity flatness exponent the largest. Three dimensional graphics show strong alignment between the vorticity, rate of strain, and scalar-gradient fields. The vorticity is concentrated in tubes with the scalar gradient and the largest principal rate of strain aligned perpendicular to the tubes. Velocity spectra, in Kolmogorov variables, collapse to a single curve and a short minus 5/3 spectral regime is observed.

Kerr, R. A.↗

A hydrodynamic treatment of the cold dark matter cosmological scenario

The evolution of structure in a postrecombination Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe containing both gaseous baryons and cold dark matter (CDM) is studied by means of an Eulerian code coupled with a standard particle-mesh code. Ionization state and radiative opacity are calculated in detail, and the hydrodynamic simulations make it possible to compute properties of gas distribution on scales larger than three cell sizes. The model yields a soft X-ray background consistent with the latest cosmic nucleosynthesis values, and can accurately reproduce the galaxy-galaxy two-point correlation. The rate of galaxy formation peaks at a relatively late epoch. With regard to mass function, the smallest objects are stabilized against collapse by thermal energy: the mass-weighted mass spectrum peaks in the vicinity of m(b) = 10 exp 9.2 solar masses with a reasonable fit to the Schecter luminosity function if the baryon mass to blue light ratio is approximately 4. Overall, the simulations provide strong support for the CMD scenario. Of particular interest is that, while the baryons are not biased on scales greater than 1/h Mpc, the galaxies are, and that the 'galaxies' have a correlation function of the required slope and the correct amplitude.

Cen, Renyue↗

Validation of a Pseudo-Sound Theory for the Pressure-Dilatation in DNS of Compressible Turbulence

The results of an asymptotic theory for statistical closures for compressible turbulence are explored and validated with the direct numerical simulation of the isotropic decay and the homogeneous shear. An excellent collapse of the data is seen. The slow portion is found to scale, as predicted by the theory, with the quantity M(sub t)(sup 2) and epsilon(sub s). The rapid portion has an unambiguous scaling with alpha(sup 2)M(sub t)(sup s)epsilon(sub s)[P(sub k)/epsilon - l](Sk/epsilon)(sup 2). Implicit in the scaling is a dependence, as has been noted by others, on the gradient Mach number. A new feature of the effects of compressibility, that of the Kolmogorov scaling coefficient, alpha, is discussed. It is suggested that alpha may contain flow specific physics associated with large scales that might provide further insight into the structural effects of compressibility.

Ristorcelli, J. R.↗

A numerical investigation of severe thunderstorm gust fronts

A numerical model was developed to simulate the evolution and structure of severe thunderstorm gust fronts. The model is a non-hydrostatic, fine resolution, cross-sectional primitive equation model. Two-dimensional horizontal and vertical equations of motion, the continuity equation, and the thermodynamic energy equation were utilized. It was shown that two dominant factors influencing gust front configuration are surface friction and the solenoidal field coincident with the front. It is suggested that solenoidal accelerations oppose the deceleration of surface friction. After a downdraft is initiated in the model, these opposing tendencies soon reach a balance and the gust front achieves a quasi-steady configuration. Thus, the experiments indicate that surface friction does not induce a cycle of front formation and collapse. In addition, the effect of evaporative cooling in producing a vigorous downdraft was parameterized by a local cooling function. Greater cooling in the downdraft results in a more intense gust front that exhibits stronger wind maximums and greater shears. The ambient air stability was shown to be an important factor influencing the depth of the cold outflow.

Mitchell, K. E.↗

A Moving Grid Capability for NPARC

Version 3.1 of the NPARC computational fluid dynamics flow solver introduces a capability to solve unsteady flow on moving multi-block, structured grids with nominally second-order time accuracy. The grid motion is due to segments of the boundary grid that translate and rotate in a rigid-body manner or deform. The grid is regenerated at each time step to accommodate the boundary grid motion. The flow equations and computational models sense the moving grid through the grid velocities, which are computed from a time-difference of the grids at two consecutive time levels. For three-dimensional flow domains, it is assumed that the grid retains a planar character with respect to one coordinate. The application and accuracy of NPARC v3.1 is demonstrated for flow about a flying wedge, rotating flap, a collapsing bump in a duct, and the upstart / restart flow in a variable-geometry inlet. The results compare well with analytic and experimental results.

Slater, John W.↗

The evolution of massive stars including mass loss - Presupernova models and explosion

The evolution of massive stars of 35, 40, 60, and 85 solar masses is followed through all stages of nuclear burning to the point of Fe core collapse. Critical nuclear reaction and mass-loss rates are varied. Efficient mass loss during the Wolf-Rayet (WR) stage is likely to lead to final masses as small as 4 solar masses. For a reasonable parameterization of the mass loss, there may be convergence of all WR stars, both single and in binaries, to a narrow band of small final masses. Our representative model, a 4.25 solar-mass WR presupernova derived from a 60 solar mass star, is followed through a simulated explosion, and its explosive nucleosynthesis and light curve are determined. Its properties are similar to those observed in Type Ib supernovae. The effects of the initial mass and mass loss on the presupernova structure of small mass WR models is also explored. Important properties of the presupernova star and its explosion can only be obtained by following the complete evolution starting on the main sequence.

Woosley, S. E.↗

Evolution of dynamo-generated magnetic fields in accretion disks around compact and young stars

Geometrically thin, optically thick, turbulent accretion disks are believed to surround many stars. Some of them are the compact components of close binaries, while the others are throught to be T Tauri stars. These accretion disks must be magnetized objects because the accreted matter, whether it comes from the companion star (binaries) or from a collapsing molecular cloud core (single young stars), carries an embedded magnetic field. In addition, most accretion disks are hot and turbulent, thus meeting the condition for the MHD turbulent dynamo to maintain and amplify any seed field magnetic field. In fact, for a disk's magnetic field to persist long enough in comparison with the disk viscous time it must be contemporaneously regenerated because the characteristic diffusion time of a magnetic field is typically much shorter than a disk's viscous time. This is true for most thin accretion disks. Consequently, studying magentic fields in thin disks is usually synonymous with studying magnetic dynamos, a fact that is not commonly recognized in the literature. Progress in studying the structure of many accretion disks was achieved mainly because most disks can be regarded as two-dimensional flows in which vertical and radial structures are largely decoupled. By analogy, in a thin disk, one may expect that vertical and radial structures of the magnetic field are decoupled because the magnetic field diffuses more rapidly to the vertical boundary of the disk than along the radius. Thus, an asymptotic method, called an adiabatic approximation, can be applied to accretion disk dynamo. We can represent the solution to the dynamo equation in the form B = Q(r)b(r,z), where Q(r) describes the field distribution along the radius, while the field distribution across the disk is included in the vector function b, which parametrically depends on r and is normalized by the condition max (b(z)) = 1. The field distribution across the disk is established rapidly, while the radial distribution Q(r) evolves on a considerably longer timescale. It is this evolution that is the subject of this paper.

Stepinski, Tomasz F.↗

Oceanic structures of the Earth and the North Depression of Mars: A comparison of the formation mechanisms

The system of contemporary oceans on Earth and the North Depression of Mars are quasi-symmetrical in reference to the centers of of the hemispheres. Both systems had been formed over the common megacycle of evolution of planets and their origin is likely to have similar features. The formation of the Earth's oceanic system within the South Hemisphere seems to have proceeded in three stages: (1) the formation of a network of passive rifts at the center of the Gondwana; (2) the formation of the system of active rifts at the zones of forthcoming spreading; and (3) the spreading of the oceanic crust. The formation of the Mar's North Depression seems to have proceeded in two stages: (1) a formation of a dense network of grabens and faults at the center of the North Hemisphere over the upper mantle zone characterized by an anomalous warm-up and a density decrease; and (2) a collapse of the ancient crust and it's overflowing by basalts. The first stage of the ocean formation on Earth and Mars is similar. But there seems to have been a thinner lithosphere on Mars. The dense areal rifting was immediately followed by a total collapse.

Milanovsky, E. E.↗