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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Slashing Platinum Group Metals (PGM) in Catalytic Converters: An Atoms-to-Autos Approach

Platinum group metals (PGMs) are used in three-way catalysts (TWCs) for stoichiometric gasoline engine vehicles to simultaneously convert carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. For US light duty gasoline vehicles, about 3-8 grams of PGMs are used in each catalytic converter system and the PGM loading is expected to increase for future vehicles, driven by increasingly stringent emissions standards, potentially lower engine exhaust temperatures, and higher emission control system durability requirements. The technical necessity for the current high PGM loadings is largely driven by: 1) poor atomic efficiency (or metal dispersion) of PGMs on catalyst supports with the current synthesis approaches, and 2) severe deactivation of unstable PGM nanoparticles in high temperature engine exhaust. Therefore, the project team will develop catalyst technologies that not only maximize the PGM atom efficiency and intrinsic activity in the fresh state, but also maintain the benefits during aging with extended exposure in engine exhaust.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nitrate Removal Across Ecogeomorphic Zones in Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana (USA)

Human activities have increased nitrate export from rivers, degrading coastal water quality. At deltaic river mouths, the flow of water through wetlands increases nitrate removal, and the spatial organization of removal rates influences coastal water quality. To understand the spatial distribution of nitrate removal in a river-dominated delta, in this study we deployed 23 benthic chambers across ecogeomorphic zones with varying elevation, vegetation, and sediment properties in Wax Lake Delta (Louisiana, USA) in June 2018. Regression analyses indicate that normalized difference vegetation index is a useful predictor of summertime nitrate removal. Mass transfer velocity were approximately three times greater on a vegetated submerged levee (13 mm hr –1 ), where normalized difference vegetation index was greatest, compared to other locations (4.6 mm hr –1 ). Two methods were developed to upscale nitrate removal across the delta. The flooded-delta method integrates spatially explicit potential removal rates across submerged portions of the delta and suggests that intermediate elevations on the delta—including submerged levees—are responsible for 70% of potential nitrate removal despite covering only 33% of the flooded area. The channel network method treats the delta as a network of river channels and suggests that although secondary channels are more efficient than primary channels at removing received nitrate, primary channels collectively contribute more to overall removal because they convey more of the total nitrate load. The two upscaling methods predict similar rates of nitrate removal, equivalent to less than 4% of nitrate entering the delta. To protect coastal waters against high nitrate loads, management policies should aim to reduce upstream nutrient loads.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Defect–Concentration–Mediated T–Nb 2 O 5 Anodes for Durable and Fast–Charging Li–Ion Batteries

Metastable orthorhombic niobium pentoxide (T-Nb 2 O 5 ) is a promising anode to fulfill the requirements for high-rate Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Stoichiometric T-Nb 2 O 5 is plagued by low electric conductivity and particle pulverization after repeated charge/discharge processes. In this work, oxygen vacancies are implanted into T-Nb 2 O 5 particles via acid immersion of Nb 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O with the formation of Lewis acid sites. The multiple characterizations and simulations reveal the lengthening of Nb–O bonds, and the transformation from NbO 7 pentagonal bipyramids and NbO 6 tetragonal bipyramids in T-Nb 2 O 5–x . The enrichment of oxygen vacancies endows T-Nb 2 O 5–x with higher electric conductivity, better electrochemical kinetics, larger pseudocapacitive contribution. O-doped graphitic C 3 N 4 is creatively proposed as a trace oxygen pump to repair excessive oxygen vacancies, and it also serves as a sacrifice template for Nb 2 O 5–x growth to construct a porous and monolithic electrode network. Defect-modulated Nb 2 O 5–x displays extraordinary cycling stability (164 mAh g –1 at 5 C after 1100 cycles), high capacity retention (104 mAh g –1 ) at an ultrahigh rate (25 C), and large areal capacity (0.74 mAh cm –2 ) under high mass loading (4 mg cm –2 ). The practical prospect is proved by Nb 2 O 5–x /LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 full cells with high average platform (2.12 V) and high specific capacity (229 mAh g –1 ). Finally, the oxygen-defect modulation strategy on oxide anodes provides an alternative solution to fast-charging and durable LIBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Novel Zwitterionic Polyurethane-in-Salt Electrolytes with High Ion Conductivity, Elasticity, and Adhesion for High-Performance Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

This study presents a novel polymer-in-salt (PIS) zwitterionic polyurethane-based solid polymer electrolyte (zPU-SPE) that offers high ionic conductivity, strong interaction with electrodes, and excellent mechanical and electrochemical stabilities, making it promising for high-performance all solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). The zPU-SPE exhibits remarkable lithium-ion (Li+) conductivity (3.7 × 10⁻⁴ S cm−1 at 25 °C), enabled by exceptionally high salt loading of up to 90 wt.% (12.6 molar ratio of Li salt to polymer unit) without phase separation. It addresses the limitations of conventional SPEs by combining high ionic conductivity with a Li+ transference number of 0.44, achieved through the incorporation of zwitterionic groups that enhance ion dissociation and transport. The high surface energy (338.4 J m−2) and elasticity ensure excellent adhesion to Li anodes, reducing interfacial resistance and ensuring uniform Li+ flux. When tested in Li||zPU||LiFePO₄ and Li||zPU||S/C cells, the zPU-SPE demonstrated remarkable cycling stability, retaining 76% capacity after 2000 cycles with the LiFePO4 cathode, and achieving 84% capacity retention after 300 cycles with the S/C cathode. Molecular simulations and a range of experimental characterizations confirm the superior structural organization of the zPU matrix, contributing to its outstanding electrochemical performance. The findings strongly suggest that zPU-SPE is a promising candidate for next-generation ASSLBs.

Wang, Kun↗
DOE OSTI2022

Colloidal Quantum Shells: An Emerging 2D Semiconductor for Energy Applications

Low-dimensional semiconductors hold strong promise for future energy applications. These nanomaterials are inexpensive to process and offer a broad spectrum of attractive quantum-mechanical properties. The notorious problem of low-dimensional nanostructures, however, lies in their limited performance under high energetic loads, when more than one exciton per particle is created. Multiple excitons undergo fast annihilation, causing efficiently roll-off in energy-intensive applications, including high-brightness LEDs, X-ray scintillators, and solar cells. In this prospective, we will highlight an emerging type of low-dimensional semiconductors that allows avoiding such multi-exciton (MX) energy losses. Recently demonstrated colloidal quantum shells benefit from the spatial separation of multiple excitons, which leads to extraordinary improvements to MX lifetimes and MX quantum yield. This makes quantum shell morphology an attractive candidate for solution-processed optical and electrical devices. In this Focus Review, we compare the optoelectronic properties of quantum shells against other low-dimensional semiconductors and discuss their emerging opportunities in solid-state lighting and energy-harvesting applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Central Ethiopia: a multi-center retrospective cohort study

Background: Globally, loss to follow-up (LTFU) remains a significant public health concern despite the rapid expansion of antiretroviral medication programs. It is a significant cause of treatment failure and threatens the enhancement of HIV treatment outcomes among patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, there is a paucity of evidence on its incidence and predictors in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to examine the incidence and predictors of LTFU among adult HIV patients receiving ART at hospitals in Central Ethiopia. Methods: A multi-centered facility-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 432 randomly selected adult patients who received antiretroviral therapy. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to Stata version 14 for analysis. The Kaplan–Meier failure function was employed to determine the overall failure estimates, and the log-rank test was used to compare the probability of failure among the different categories of variables. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify independent predictors of LTFU. Results: Overall, 172 (39.8%) study participants were lost to follow-up over the 10-year follow-up period with an incidence rate of 8.12 (95% CI: 7.11, 9.09) per 1,000 person-months. Undisclosed HIV status (AHR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.14, 3.36), not able to work (AHR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.22), opportunistic infections (AHR: 3.13, 95% CI: 2.17, 4.52), CD4 < 200 cell/mL (AHR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.21), not receiving isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) (AHR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.62, 4.06), not participating in clubs (AHR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.22), side effects of drugs (AHR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.04), and high viral load (AHR: 3.15, 95% CI: 1.81, 5.47) were identified as significant predictors of loss to follow-up. Conclusion: In this study, the incidence of LTFU was high. The focus should be on creating awareness and prevention programs that aim to reduce loss to follow-up by continuing counseling, especially on the negative effects of loss to follow-up and the benefits of ART care.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Techno-economic assessment and life cycle assessment of three potential pathways for biomass liquefaction

Biomass liquefaction can enhance corn-stover slurry transportation by reducing yield stress and overall viscosity, easing biomass handling, especially for slurries at high solids loading (≥30 % (w/v). Implementing a liquefaction process at the front-end of the biorefinery could reduce downtime caused by equipment fouling. Furthermore, liquefaction reduces process complexity by transforming high fiber mass into a pumpable slurry. Three scenarios for liquefaction of corn stover pellets: enzyme process, enzyme mimetic process, and a combined process of enzyme and enzyme mimetic were assessed. The ideal process will have the best performance-to-cost ratio, with minimal impact on the environment. Techno-economic and life-cycle analyses were used to understand the economic and environmental effects of the three liquefaction scenarios and to determine if one or more can achieve cost parity. Here, results show that the enzyme process had the best performance in terms of cost and emissions (gCO 2 -equivalent/kg slurry)compared to the other scenarios.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

On Road vs. Off Road Low Load Cycle Comparison

Reducing criteria pollutants while reducing greenhouse gases is an active area of research for commercial on-road vehicles as well as for off-road machines. The heavy duty on-road sector has moved to reducing NOx by 82.5% compared to 2010 regulations while increasing the engine useful life from 435,000 to 650,000 miles by 2027 in the United States (US). An additional certification cycle, the Low Load Cycle (LLC), has been added focusing on part load operation having tight NOx emissions levels. In addition to NOx, the total CO2 emissions from the vehicle will also be reduced for various model years. The off-road market is following with a 90% NOx reduction target compared to Tier 4 Final for 130-560 kW engines along with greenhouse gas targets that are still being established. The off-road market will also need to certify with a Low Load Application Cycle (LLAC), a version of which was proposed for evaluation in 2021. Since the LLAC has not been finalized, this study is being conducted to compare and contrast the LLC for on-road with the LLAC for off-road as there might be some shared learnings. A US off-road production 2023 Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system was chosen for this work. This engine is used in production for both off-road and on-road products, so it is a good choice for this study. The associated off-road aftertreatment system was aged for more relevant comparisons. The engine calibration was not altered for either of the low load cycles. This study shows that the cycles are quite different in nature as the market needs are different. The LLC includes a large fraction of operation at idle and lower speeds, representing products that use the engine primarily for motive power, where lower vehicle speed means a lower engine speed and load. The LLAC has more time and load spent at high speeds and slightly higher loads. The off-road products represented by this cycle often use the engine to drive auxiliary equipment which means higher parasitic loads and hand/fixed throttle. The comparison will include the use profiles, tailpipe NOx and greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O).

McCarthy, James↗
DOE OSTI2022

Load‐Balancing Intense Physics Calculations to Embed Regionalized High‐Resolution Cloud Resolving Models in the E3SM and CESM Climate Models

Abstract We design a new strategy to load‐balance high‐intensity sub‐grid atmospheric physics calculations restricted to a small fraction of a global climate simulation's domain. We show why the current parallel load balancing infrastructure of Community Earth System Model (CESM) and Energy Exascale Earth Model (E3SM) cannot efficiently handle this scenario at large core counts. As an example, we study an unusual configuration of the E3SM Multiscale Modeling Framework (MMF) that embeds a binary mixture of two separate cloud‐resolving model grid structures that is attractive for low cloud feedback studies. Less than a third of the planet uses high‐resolution (MMF‐HR; sub‐km horizontal grid spacing) relative to standard low‐resolution (MMF‐LR) cloud superparameterization elsewhere. To enable MMF runs with Multi‐Domain cloud resolving models (CRMs), our load balancing theory predicts the most efficient computational scale as a function of the high‐intensity work's relative overhead and its fractional coverage. The scheme successfully maximizes model throughput and minimizes model cost relative to precursor infrastructure, effectively by devoting the vast majority of the processor pool to operate on the few high‐intensity (and rate‐limiting) high‐resolution (HR) grid columns. Two examples prove the concept, showing that minor artifacts can be introduced near the HR/low‐resolution CRM grid transition boundary on idealized aquaplanets, but are minimal in operationally relevant real‐geography settings. As intended, within the high (low) resolution area, our Multi‐Domain CRM simulations exhibit cloud fraction and shortwave reflection convergent to standard baseline tests that use globally homogenous MMF‐LR and MMF‐HR. We suggest this approach can open up a range of creative multi‐resolution climate experiments without requiring unduly large allocations of computational resources.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Self-supported MoO 2 /MoS 2 nano-sheets embedded in a carbon cloth as a binder-free substrate for high-energy lithium–sulfur batteries

As one of the most prospective candidates for next-generation rechargeable batteries, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries currently still encounter great challenges associated with the low conductivity, severe shuttle effects, and sluggish redox kinetics. Herein, a self-supported sulfur host is fabricated by an in-situ growth of MoO 2 /MoS 2 nano-sheets on a carbon cloth (CC). First, carbon cloth serves as a good template for the morphology-controlled synthesis of nanostructured materials, which not only alleviates the agglomeration of MoO2/MoS2, but also enhances the flexibility and mechanical strengthen of the hybrid architecture as a free-standing host. Second, the polysulfide-trapping ability can be greatly enhanced by both physical and chemical adsorption from the MoO 2 /MoS 2 -anchored carbon cloth. Moreover, the partially sulfurized MoO 2 /MoS 2 nano-sheets integrate the benefits of conductive MoO 2 and sulfiphilic MoS 2 , thus facilitating fast charge transfer and redox kinetics of polysulfide conversion. As a result, these attributes enable the host to hold a high sulfur loading (up to 7.6 mg cm -2 ), which exceeds most of the reported carbon cloth-related cathode work in the literature. Furthermore, the Li-S cells can achieve a high peak capacity of 1350 mA h g -1 , excellent rate capability (C/20 - 2C rate), impressive areal capacity (up to 6.3 mA h cm -2 ), and a high capacity retention of 85% after 100 cycles.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Shock-induced transformation of nitinol shape memory alloy: Effect of stress state on transformation

Due to its numerous practical applications and intriguing phase transformation behavior, shape memory alloys (SMAs) have garnered significant research and development interests. In the past, most studies on the mechanical behavior of SMAs have been conducted under uniaxial stress loadings. Limited research on SMAs under shock loading has not provided conclusive results regarding their transformation behavior and transformation stress under such loading. Additionally, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the effects of different stress states on transformation behavior. The main objectives of this study are to address these issues. To achieve these objectives, a series of shock wave experiments were designed and conducted. Additionally, quasi-static and dynamic uniaxial stress experiments were carried out to establish a baseline for comparison. The results revealed that the transformation stress under dynamic uniaxial strain shock loading was approximately 1.92 GPa in contrast to 0.5 GPa (quasi-static) to 0.8 GPa (dynamic) observed in uniaxial stress loading. The transformation behavior exhibited noticeable rate sensitivity for both types of loading. There appeared to be a critical strain rate above which the austenite phase was driven to a metastable state. This estimated critical axial strain rate along the loading direction was approximately 2 × 10 3 /s–4 × 10 3 /s for uniaxial stress loading and approximately 2 × 10 6 /s for uniaxial strain loading. The apparent high transformation stress for uniaxial strain loading can likely be attributed to a combination of high-pressure confinement and high strain rate. Furthermore, determining their relative contributions remains an open issue.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Achieving an 80% carbon-free electricity system in China by 2035

Dramatic reductions in solar, wind, and battery storage costs create new opportunities to reduce emissions and costs in China’s electricity sector, beyond current policy goals. This study examines the cost, reliability, emissions, public health, and employment implications of increasing the share of non-fossil fuel (“carbon free”) electricity generation in China to 80% by 2035. The analysis uses state-of-the-art modeling with high resolution load, wind, and solar inputs. The study finds that achieving an 80% carbon free electricity system in China by 2035 could reduce wholesale electricity costs, relative to a current policy baseline, while maintaining high levels of reliability, reducing deaths from air pollution, and increasing employment. In our 80% scenario, wind and solar generation capacity reach 3 TW and battery storage capacity reaches 0.4 TW by 2035, implying a rapid scale up in these resources that will require changes in policy targets, markets and regulation, and land use policies.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Collective Nanoparticle Dynamics Associated with Bridging Network Formation in Model Polymer Nanocomposites

The addition of nanoparticles (NPs) to polymers is a powerful method to improve the mechanical and other properties of macromolecular materials. Such hybrid polymer–particle systems are also rich in fundamental soft matter physics. Among several factors contributing to mechanical reinforcement, a polymer-mediated NP network is considered to be the most important in polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). Here, we present an integrated experimental–theoretical study of the collective NP dynamics in model PNCs using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and microscopic statistical mechanics theory. Silica NPs dispersed in unentangled or entangled poly(2-vinylpyridine) matrices over a range of NP loadings are used. Static collective structure factors of the NP subsystems at temperatures above the bulk glass transition temperature reveal the formation of a network-like microstructure via polymer-mediated bridges at high NP loadings above the percolation threshold. The NP collective relaxation times are up to 3 orders of magnitude longer than the self-diffusion limit of isolated NPs and display a rich dependence with observation wavevector and NP loading. A mode-coupling theory dynamical analysis that incorporates the static polymer-mediated bridging structure and collective motions of NPs is performed. It captures well both the observed scattering wavevector and NP loading dependences of the collective NP dynamics in the unentangled polymer matrix, with modest quantitative deviations emerging for the entangled PNC samples. Here, we identify an unusual and weak temperature dependence of collective NP dynamics, in qualitative contrast with the mechanical response. Hence, the present study has revealed key aspects of the collective motions of NPs connected by polymer bridges in contact with a viscous adsorbing polymer medium and identifies some outstanding remaining challenges for the theoretical understanding of these complex soft materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Sludge Removal: Success and Partnership with T Plant - 20510

U.S. DOE contractor CH2M Hill Plateau Remediation Company (CHPRC) has safely and efficiently managed the removal of highly radioactive sludge from the 105-K West Reactor fuel storage basin (105- KW Basin) near the Columbia River. In mid-September 2019, sludge retrieval was completed after 21 storage containers were safely loaded with highly radioactive sludge and transported approximately 13 miles from the 105-KW Basin to T Plant, located in the 200 West Area on the Central Plateau of the Hanford Site. Sludge removal represents the last major source term reduction necessary before the K West Reactor and fuel storage basin can transition to closure activities in preparation for final deactivation and demolition. The technical complexity of the sludge retrieval process, coupled with the challenging physical and radiological characteristics of the waste, necessitated a methodical and deliberate approach using unique design and operational solutions to safely conduct the work. This challenge was further complicated by the need to plan and conduct the work in two separate facilities, each subject to the controls and requirements of its own nuclear facility safety basis. The project overcame these challenges through creating an integrated team that actively engaged, communicated and coordinated each phase of the project to ensure successful completion. This paper will cover how these key elements of the Sludge Removal Project led to its success: - Integrating project planning and management; - Lessons learned from design and construction; - Preparing for a successful campaign (lessons learned from testing and start-up); - Lessons learned from operating in two separate facilities, transporting sludge containers on the Hanford Site and ensuring compliance with a range of regulatory and safety basis requirements. The establishment of an integrated group spanning two facilities and multiple organizations created a team capable of overcoming the challenges necessary to successfully plan and execute the sludge retrieval mission. Sharing lessons learned from this successful project can enhance the ability of teams across the DOE complex to successfully plan and execute complex projects. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Extreme Water Uptake of Hygroscopic Hydrogels through Maximized Swelling‐Induced Salt Loading

Abstract Hygroscopic hydrogels are emerging as scalable and low‐cost sorbents for atmospheric water harvesting, dehumidification, passive cooling, and thermal energy storage. However, devices using these materials still exhibit insufficient performance, partly due to the limited water vapor uptake of the hydrogels. Here, the swelling dynamics of hydrogels in aqueous lithiumchloride solutions, the implications on hydrogel salt loading, and the resulting vapor uptake of the synthesized hydrogel–salt composites are characterized. By tuning the salt concentration of the swelling solutions and the cross‐linking properties of the gels, hygroscopic hydrogels with extremely high salt loadings are synthesized, which enable unprecedented water uptakes of 1.79 and 3.86 gg −1 at relative humidity (RH) of 30% and 70%, respectively. At 30% RH, this exceeds previously reported water uptakes of metal–organic frameworks by over 100% and of hydrogels by 15%, bringing the uptake within 93% of the fundamental limit of hygroscopic salts while avoiding leakage problems common in salt solutions. By modeling the salt‐vapor equilibria, the maximum leakage‐free RH is elucidated as a function of hydrogel uptake and swelling ratio. These insights guide the design of hydrogels with exceptional hygroscopicity that enable sorption‐based devices to tackle water scarcity and the global energy crisis.

Graeber, Gustav↗
DOE OSTI2025

Stable single-site organonickel catalyst preferentially hydrogenolyses branched polyolefin C–C bonds

Current methods of processing accumulated polyolefin waste typically require harsh conditions, precious metals or high metal loadings to achieve appreciable activities. Here, in this work, we examined supported, single-site organonickel catalysts for polyolefin upcycling. Chemisorption of Ni(COD) 2 (COD, 1,5-cyclooctadiene) onto Brønsted acidic sulfated alumina (AlS) yields a highly electrophilic Ni(I) precatalyst, AlS/Ni(COD) 2 , which is converted under H 2 to the active AlS/Ni II H catalyst. This single-site system exhibits unique hydrogenolysis selectivity that favours cleaving branched polyolefin C–C linkages, enabling the hydrogenolytic separation of polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) mixtures. Moreover, AlS/Ni II H remains highly selective and active for hydrogenolysis of iPP admixed with polyvinyl chloride, and the spent catalyst can be repeatedly regenerated by AlEt3 treatment. Experimental mechanistic analysis and density functional theory modelling reveal a turnover-limiting C–C scission pathway featuring β-alkyl transfer and strong olefin binding. These results highlight the potential of nickel-based systems for the selective upcycling of complex plastic waste streams.

green chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2023

Optimal Power Sharing Speed Compensation in On-road Wireless EV Charging Systems

Dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles (EV) is an emerging technology with the potential to address range anxiety and reduce the size of batteries or provide charge-sustaining operation. Charging demand for dynamic wireless charging systems (DWCS) varies greatly in response to location-specific traffic behaviors including the number and speed of vehicles. This paper highlights the potential reduction of load variation with speed compensation and simulates opportunities to maximize the number of cars charged concurrently through “power sharing” or altering power output to slower cars while maintaining a maximum delivered energy. An improved sub-minute model for synthetic traffic is proposed to effectively model DWCS load on high speed roadways and a power electronics model is created based on an existing prototype developed by ORNL to investigate the potential for power sharing. Reductions in the average speed of traffic can greatly increase instantaneous DWCS load by as much as 26%, complicating capacity sizing. Parametric studies with a LCC-S power electronics model shows feasible power reduction of more than 20%, while maintaining a maximum achievable efficiency greater than 90%. Speed compensation on a roadway with large speed variation can reduce average power expected by 21% and increase the maximum number of cars charged simultaneously by 30%. The application of power sharing may significantly reduce load variability due to speed, allow for increased car hosting capability, and guarantee a maximum energy delivered.

Lewis, Donovin D.↗