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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1985

Radio wave emitted by an extensive air showers in 10KHz to 1MHz region

The importance of radio waves in a frequency range of less than 1MHz in an EAS shower is discussed. Estimates of radio intensities at 10KHz, 100KHz and 1MHz in EAS showers made on the basis of the Kahn-Lerche theory. Negative charge excess in a shower is the main source of low frequency radio emission, in spite of the importance of the contribution of transverse current in the geomagnetic field in a higher frequency range. An estimate is also made for radio intensity produced when the shower hits the ground. The contribution of this process seems to be important at a large distance, i.e., beyond 1km from the shower axis.

Nichimura, J.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Testing Fundamental Properties of Space with the Fermilab Holometer

Precision length measurements provide valuable insights about the fundamental properties of space-time. The Holometer is a research program to both experimentally probe signatures of the Planck scale and to extend the accessible frequency range from kHz up to MHz for gravitational wave searches. The instrument consists of separate yet identical 39-meter Michelson interferometers operated at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, which can reach length sensitivities better than ${10}^{-20}\mathrm{m/}\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ within the 1-10 MHz frequency range. Lastly, the Holometer is fully operational with 130 of hours of science quality data obtained during the first observational campaign.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1985

Wave/particle interactions in the plasma sheet

The most frequent and intense waves observed in the geomagnetic tail region are short wavelength electrostatic broadband emissions. Early observations of these waves were made by using IMP 7 and 8 respectively. A broad frequency range for the waves was found, from about 10Hz to several kHz, with an average r.m.s. electric field amplitude of about 1mV/m was found. Other less frequent and less intense wave modes were also identified: magnetic noise bursts and electrostatic electron-cyclotron waves. The highest frequency of occurrence of the electrostatic noise as found in the region near the plasma sheet boundary when anisotropic fluxes of ions streaming either earthward or antiearthward were present. It was confirmed, by using ISEE data that the waves were usually observed during times of ion streaming and that the intensity and frequency range was maximum in the plasma sheet boundary layer and fell off dramatically in the tail lobe and central plasma sheet regions. It is suggested that increases in the electron and ion temperature in going from the tail lobe to the central plasma sheet are a result of scattering of resonant, boundary layer plasma.

Dusenberry, P. R.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Development of Broadband Microwave Absorber and Measurement of Its Magnetic and Microwave Properties

Toroid shape Co-doped barium hexaferrites of composition (BaFe{sub 11}CoO{sub 19}) are prepared by standard sintering technology as a sample. In this work, XRD is used to identify the structure of synthesized sample. Vibrating sample magnetometer is used to obtain magnetic hysteresis loop of sample. Scanning electron microscope is used for surface morphology of sample. The complex permeability and permittivity are measured with commercial automation measurement set up in the 2–18 GHz frequency range. As a result of measurement, the calculation of reflection loss of the synthesized samples has been carried out. Investigation of microwave absorption properties revealed that the maximum reflection loss of Co-doped barium hexaferrite sample is around −20 dB and almost flat in the measurement frequency band. From these results, it was concluded that Co-doped barium hexaferrites of composition had a good potential as microwave absorber in the broadband frequency range.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS2003

TerraHertz Free Electron Laser Applications for Satellite Remote Sensing

The development of a Free Electron Laser (EL) operating in the terahertz frequency regime by the group at the University of Hawaii (Elias et al.) represents a significant new opportunity in the area of atmospheric remote sensing. The FEL has 2 salient features that create a unique opportunity. First of all it represents the only source in this frequency range with sufficient power to enable lidar instrumentation. Secondly its very high electrical efficiency (several times more efficient than any currently employed spaceborne laser) renders it a strong candidate for use in satellite remote sensing. On the negative side the atmosphere is rather strongly absorbing throughout this frequency range due primarily to the water vapor continuum absorption. This means that the instruments using this laser will not be able to access the lower troposphere because of its very high water concentration.. However the instrument will be very capable of measurements in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. A passive instrument, the Microwave Limb Sounder on the UARS satellite operated by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has already demonstrated that this wavelength region can be used for chemical species with strong emission lines. A lidar would complement the capabilities of this instrument by providing the capability to measure absorbing species in the upper atmosphere. I will discuss the design of such an instrument in greater detail and estimate its performance in measuring a number of chemical species of interest to the Earth Science community.

Heaps, William S.↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Pockels cell enabled heterodyne phase contrast imaging diagnostic for detection of ion cyclotron emission

This work describes a novel optical heterodyne detection scheme that significantly extends the frequency response of the phase contrast imaging method to detect electron density fluctuations in tens of megahertz frequency range. The system employs a variable frequency electro-optic modulator to allow operation at any frequency in the range 10–40 MHz without the need to realign the system. The frequency coverage of the system makes it suitable to measure the radial structure of the electron density component of ion cyclotron emission on devices having confining magnetic field of a few tesla, thus extending the purely temporal measurements provided so far by magnetic probes.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2014

Ultra-broadband terahertz time-domain ellipsometric spectroscopy utilizing GaP and GaSe emitters and an epitaxial layer transferred photoconductive detector

We present a reflection-type ultra-broadband terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopic ellipsometry system covering the frequency range of 0.5–30 THz. GaP (110) and z-cut GaSe crystals are used as emitters to generate the THz and mid-infrared pulses, respectively, and a photoconductive antenna switch using a low-temperature grown GaAs epitaxial layer transferred on Si substrate was used as a detector. By changing the emitter between the GaP and GaSe crystals, the measurable frequency range can be easily switched from the 0.5–7.8 THz range to the 7.8–30 THz range without additional optical alignment. We demonstrated the measurement of the dielectric function in a p-type InAs wafer and the optical conductivity of an indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film. The obtained carrier density and the mobility of the ITO thin film show good agreement with that obtained by the Hall measurement.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Measurement Adequacy for Monitoring Data Center Oscillations

Artificial intelligence (AI) training data centers with periodic load profiles can induce sustained grid oscillations across a wide frequency range, making accurate monitoring essential for reliable power system operation. This report evaluates the adequacy of existing measurement systems for monitoring such oscillations, focusing on phasor measurement units (PMUs) and point-on-wave (POW) measurement systems. The analysis shows that while PMUs are highly effective for monitoring low-frequency electromechanical oscillations, they have inherent limitations in accurately representing higher-frequency oscillations due to constraints imposed by reporting rates and the bandwidth of phasor estimation filters. Even when configured with higher reporting rates, the filtering inherent in the phasor estimation process can significantly attenuate oscillation magnitudes, potentially leading to underestimation of oscillatory behavior. This has important implications for compliance and performance monitoring of large loads. To address the limitations associated with PMU-based monitoring, the report examines the use of high-resolution POW measurements, which can capture oscillations across a broader frequency range. However, continuous POW monitoring introduces practical challenges related to large data volumes, communication bandwidth, and real-time data processing. For this reason, the report also discusses emerging approaches that use POW measurements as a complementary capability alongside PMUs to improve observability of oscillations from large data center loads.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2012

0.22 THz wideband sheet electron beam traveling wave tube amplifier: Cold test measurements and beam wave interaction analysis

In this paper, we describe micro-fabrication, RF measurements, and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation modeling analysis of the 0.22 THz double-vane half period staggered traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) circuit. The TWTA slow wave structure comprised of two sections separated by two sever ports loaded by loss material, with integrated broadband input/output couplers. The micro-metallic structures were fabricated using nano-CNC milling and diffusion bonded in a three layer process. The 3D optical microscopy and SEM analysis showed that the fabrication error was within 2-3 {mu}m and surface roughness was measured within 30-50 nm. The RF measurements were conducted with an Agilent PNA-X network analyzer employing WR5.1 T/R modules with a frequency range of 178-228 GHz. The in-band insertion loss (S{sub 21}) for both the short section and long section (separated by a sever) was measured as {approx}-5 dB while the return loss was generally around {approx}-15 dB or better. The measurements matched well with the S-matrix simulation analysis that predicted a 3 dB bandwidth of {approx}45 GHz with an operating frequency at 220 GHz. However, the measured S{sub 21} was {approx}3 dB less than the design values, and is attributed to surface roughness and alignment issues. The confirmation measurements were conducted over the full frequency band up to 270 GHz employing a backward wave oscillator (BWO) scalar network analyzer setup employing a BWO in the frequency range 190 GHz-270 GHz. PIC simulations were conducted for the realistic TWT output power performance analysis with incorporation of corner radius of 127 {mu}m, which is inevitably induced by nano-machining. Furthermore, the S{sub 21} value in both sections of the TWT structure was reduced to correspond to the measurements by using a degraded conductivity of 10% International Annealed Copper Standard. At 220 GHz, for an elliptic sheet electron beam of 20 kV and 0.25 A, the average output power of the tube was predicted to be reduced from 90 W (for ideal conductivity/design S-parameters) to 70 W (for the measured S-parameters/inferred conductivity) for an average input power of 50 mW. The gain of the tube remains reasonable: {approx}31.4 dB with an electronic efficiency of {approx}1.4%. The same analysis was also conducted for several frequencies between 190 GHz-260 GHz. This detailed realistic PIC analysis demonstrated that this nano-machined TWT circuit has slightly reduced S-parameters and output power from design, but within an acceptable range and still have promising output power, gain, and band width as required. Thus, we expect to meet the specifications of 1000 W-GHz for the darpa program goals.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS2013

A 75-116-Ghz LNA with 23-K Noise Temperature at 108 Ghz

In this paper we present the design and measurement results, both on-wafer and in package, of an ultra-low-noise and wideband monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier in the frequency range of 75 to 116 GHz. The three-stage amplifier packaged in a WR10 waveguide housing and fabricated using a 35-nm InP HEMT technology achieves a record noise temperature of 23 K at 108 GHz when cryogenically cooled to 27 K. The measured gain is 22 to 27 dB for frequency range of 75 to 116 GHz. Furthermore, the amplifier utilizes four finger devices with total gate width of 60 um resulting for improved linearity.

monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC)↗
DOE OSTI2016

Detection of electromagnetic radiation using nonlinear materials

An apparatus for detecting electromagnetic radiation within a target frequency range is provided. The apparatus includes a substrate and one or more resonator structures disposed on the substrate. The substrate can be a dielectric or semiconductor material. Each of the one or more resonator structures has at least one dimension that is less than the wavelength of target electromagnetic radiation within the target frequency range, and each of the resonator structures includes at least two conductive structures separated by a spacing. Charge carriers are induced in the substrate near the spacing when the resonator structures are exposed to the target electromagnetic radiation. A measure of the change in conductivity of the substrate due to the induced charge carriers provides an indication of the presence of the target electromagnetic radiation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Electrical and electrochemical performance of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method

Hausmannite Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method at low temperature. The microstructural, electrical and dielectric properties were studied. The XRD data exhibited different diffraction peaks along with predominant (211) orientation corresponds to tetragonal structure of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} with crystallite size of 65 nm. The SEM analysis reveals that the octahedral shape of grains with average grain size of 250 nm. The vibrational studies from Raman measurements confirmed the formation of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4}. The impedance response of the Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} sample was studied over the frequency range of 1 Hz – 1 MHz in the temperature range from room temperature to 373 K. The conductivity of the sample was observed to be increased (1.86 × 10{sup −5} S/m at 373 K) with temperature following the Arrhenius behavior with an estimated activation energy of 0.37 eV. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were examined from 333 K to 373 K in the frequency range of 1 Hz – 1 MHz. The electrochemical performance of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} electrode was examined in 1M K{sub 2}SO{sub 4} aqueous electrolyte which exhibited a high specific capacitance of 356 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s over a potential range −0.1 V – +0.9 V and showed excellent electrochemical stability during cycling.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2017

An experimental topographic amplification study at Los Alamos National Laboratory using ambient vibrations

An experimental study aimed at investigating potential topographic amplification of seismic waves was conducted on a 50-m-tall and 185-m-wide soft-rock ridge located at Los Alamos National Laboratory near Los Alamos, New Mexico. Ten portable broadband seismograph stations were placed in arrays across the ridge and left to record ambient vibration data for ~9 hours. Clear evidence of topographic amplification was observed by comparing spectral ratios calculated from ambient noise recordings at the toe, slope, and crest of the instrumented ridge. The inferred resonance frequency of the ridge obtained from the experimental recordings was found to agree well with several simple estimates of the theoretical resonance frequency based on its geometry and stiffness. Results support the feasibility of quantifying the frequency range of topographic amplification solely using ambient vibrations, rather than strong or weak ground motions. Additionally, comparisons have been made between a number of widely used experimental methods for quantifying topographic effects, such as the standard spectral ratio, median reference method, and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio. As a result, differences in the amplification and frequency range of topographic effects indicated by these methods highlight the importance of choosing a reference condition that is appropriate for the site-specific conditions and goals associated with an experimental topographic amplification study.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2013

Einstein@Home All-Sky Search for Periodic Gravitational Waves in LIGO S5 Data

This paper presents results of an all-sky search for periodic gravitational waves in the frequency range [50, 1 190] Hzand and with frequency derivative range of approx. [-20,1.1] x 10(exp-10) H(sub 0)z s(exp-1) for the fifth LIGO science run (S5). The search uses a noncoherent Hough-transform method to combine the information from coherent searches on time scales of about one day. Because these searches are very computationally intensive, they have been carried out with the Einstein@Home volunteer distributed computing project. Postprocessing identifies eight candidate signals; deeper follow-up studies rule them out. Hence, since no gravitational wave signals have been found, we report upper limits on the intrinsic gravitational wave strain amplitude ho. For example, in the 0.5 Hz-wide band at 152.5 Hz, we can exclude the presence of signals with h(exp 0) greater than 7.6 x 10(exp-25) at a 90% confidence level. This search is about a factor 3 more sensitive than the previous Einstein@Home search of early S5 LIGO data.

J Aasi↗
NASA NTRS1975

Test plan and preliminary report of airborne electromagentic environment survey over USA urban areas 0.4 to 18.0 GHz

An airborne electromagnetic environment survey is described of five urban areas where terrestrially-generated radio-frequency interference was measured over the frequency range from 0.4 to 18.0 GHz. A chartered Cessna 402 aircraft contained necessary measurement test equipment, including the receiving antennas mounted beneath the fuselage. Urban areas including Washington, D.C.; Baltimore, MD; Philadelphia, PA; New York, NY; Chicago, ILL; and Palestine, TX were surveyed. A flight test plan and preliminary test results for the 0.4 to 1.4 GHz frequency range, are included; a final test report describes more detailed results.

Taylor, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Timing analysis of binary X ray pulsars observed by HEAO 1

Timing analysis of the pointed observations of 5 selected binary X ray pulsars, in two categories of disk-fed and wind-fed sources, by HEAO 1 A-2 is reported. The power spectral analysis was performed on the data in the frequency range from approx. 1 MHz to 6.25 Hz. The coherent signal of the pulsation, the continuum of the power spectrum, varies in time and differs among sources. Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO) is probably related to a fast spinning but weakly magnetized neutron star in the low mass X ray binaries. QPO was searched for in this frequency range to see if scaling laws exist among these two systems which may have possessed different order of magnitude of magnetic field strengths and the inner disk radii. One possible QPO is found centering at 0.062 Hz in 4U0115+63 during a flare.

Soong, Y.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Investigation of Magnetic and Microwave Absorption Properties of Ba{sub (1−2x)}La{sub x}Na{sub x}Fe{sub 10}CoTiO{sub 19} Hexaferrites in 18.0–26.5 GHz Band

A series of Ba{sub (1−2x)}La{sub x}Na{sub x}Fe{sub 10}CoTiO{sub 19} hexaferrite samples with x = 0.00–0.25 (step size 0.05) were prepared by using conventional solid-state reaction technique. The magnetic properties of the hexaferrites have been investigated at room temperature by employing a vibrating sample magnetometer. There is an overall decrease in saturation magnetization from 70.64 to 57.83 emu/g with an increase in doping concentration from x = 0.00–0.25. The microwave measurements were done utilizing vector network analyzer in the k-band (18.0–26.5 GHz) frequency range. The electromagnetic measurements revealed that the gross tangent loss is maximum for x = 0.10 sample. The microwave absorption measurements show that sample x = 0.10 with 1.4 mm thickness exhibits a reflection loss of − 26.59 dB (99.78% signal absorption) and 7.65 GHz bandwidth. Thus, it is considered for thin single-layer broadband microwave absorber applications in 18.0–26.5 GHz frequency range.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1994

Effects of vibration (G-jitters) on convection in micro-gravity

To obtain high quality crystals, it is desirable to maintain a diffusion-limited transport process in a planar solidification surface between the solid and the melt during the crystal growth process. Due to the presence of buoyancy-driven convection, however, this situation is difficult to maintain on Earth. The microgravity environment of an orbiting space laboratory presents an alternative worth pursuing. With reduced gravity, convections very much suppressed in a space laboratory, making the environment more conducive for growing crystals with better quality. However, a space laboratory is not immune from any undesirable disturbances. Nonuniform and transient accelerations such as vibrations, g-jitters, and impulsive accelerations exist as a result of crew activities, space maneuvering, and the operations of on-board equipment. Measurements conducted on-board a U.S. Spacelab mission showed the existence of vibrations in the frequency range of 1 to 100 Hz. It was reported that a dominant mode of 17 Hz and harmonics of 54 Hz were observed and these were attributed to antenna operations. The vibration is not limited to any single plane but exists in all directions. Some data from the Russian MIR space station indicates the existence of vibration also at this frequency range.

Wang, Francis C.↗