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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Preparation of surface modified zinc oxide nanoparticle with high capacity dye removal ability

Highlights: ► Amine-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticle (AFZON) was synthesized. ► Isotherm and kinetics data followed Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model, respectively. ► Q{sub 0} of ZON for AB25, DR23 and DR31 was 20, 12 and 15 mg/g, respectively. ► Q{sub 0} of AFZON for AB25, DR23 and DR31 was 1250, 1000 and 1429 mg/g, respectively. ► AFZON was regenerated at pH 12. -- Abstract: In this paper, the surface modification of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZON) by amine functionalization was studied to prepare high capacity adsorbent. Dye removal ability of amine-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticle (AFZON) and zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZON) was also investigated. The physical characteristics of AFZON were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Acid Blue 25 (AB25), Direct Red 23 (DR23) and Direct Red 31 (DR31) were used as model compounds. The effect of operational parameters such as dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and salt on dye removal was evaluated. The isotherm and kinetic of dye adsorption were studied. The maximum dye adsorption capacity (Q{sub 0}) was 20 mg/g AB25, 12 mg/g DR23 and 15 mg/g DR31 for ZON and 1250 mg/g AB25, 1000 mg/g DR23 and 1429 mg/g DR31 for AFZON. It was found that dye adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption kinetic of dyes was found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics. Dye desorption tests (adsorbent regeneration) showed that the maximum dye release of 90% AB25, 86% for DR23 and 90% for DR31 were achieved in aqueous solution at pH 12. Based on the data of the present investigation, it can be concluded that the AFZON being an adsorbent with high dye adsorption capacity might be a suitable alternative to remove dyes from colored aqueous solutions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Electrochemical characterization of aminated acrylic conducting polymer

New attempt has been made to synthesize aminated acrylic conducting polymer (AACP) using precursor of phenylvinylsulfoxide (PVS). The process was conducted via the integration of microemulsion and photopolymerization techniques. It has been utilized for covalent immobilization of amino groups by the adding of N-achryiloxisuccinimide (NAS). Thermal eliminating of benzene sulfenic acids from PVS has been done at 250 °C to form electroactive polyacetylene (PA) segment. Characterization of AACP has been conducted using fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and linear sweep cyclic voltammetry (CV). A range of 0.3-1.25μm particle size obtained from SEM characterization. A quasi-reversible system performed as shown in electrochemical study.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

An Atlas-Based Electron Density Mapping Method for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-Alone Treatment Planning and Adaptive MRI-Based Prostate Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Prostate radiation therapy dose planning directly on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans would reduce costs and uncertainties due to multimodality image registration. Adaptive planning using a combined MRI-linear accelerator approach will also require dose calculations to be performed using MRI data. The aim of this work was to develop an atlas-based method to map realistic electron densities to MRI scans for dose calculations and digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) generation. Methods and Materials: Whole-pelvis MRI and CT scan data were collected from 39 prostate patients. Scans from 2 patients showed significantly different anatomy from that of the remaining patient population, and these patients were excluded. A whole-pelvis MRI atlas was generated based on the manually delineated MRI scans. In addition, a conjugate electron-density atlas was generated from the coregistered computed tomography (CT)-MRI scans. Pseudo-CT scans for each patient were automatically generated by global and nonrigid registration of the MRI atlas to the patient MRI scan, followed by application of the same transformations to the electron-density atlas. Comparisons were made between organ segmentations by using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and point dose calculations for 26 patients on planning CT and pseudo-CT scans. Results: The agreement between pseudo-CT and planning CT was quantified by differences in the point dose at isocenter and distance to agreement in corresponding voxels. Dose differences were found to be less than 2%. Chi-squared values indicated that the planning CT and pseudo-CT dose distributions were equivalent. No significant differences (p > 0.9) were found between CT and pseudo-CT Hounsfield units for organs of interest. Mean {+-} standard deviation DSC scores for the atlas-based segmentation of the pelvic bones were 0.79 {+-} 0.12, 0.70 {+-} 0.14 for the prostate, 0.64 {+-} 0.16 for the bladder, and 0.63 {+-} 0.16 for the rectum. Conclusions: The electron-density atlas method provides the ability to automatically define organs and map realistic electron densities to MRI scans for radiotherapy dose planning and DRR generation. This method provides the necessary tools for MRI-alone treatment planning and adaptive MRI-based prostate radiation therapy.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Engineering the quantum anomalous Hall effect in graphene with uniaxial strains

We theoretically investigate the manipulation of the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) in graphene by means of the uniaxial strain. The values of Chern number and Hall conductance demonstrate that the strained graphene in presence of Rashba spin-orbit coupling and exchange field, for vanishing intrinsic spin-orbit coupling, possesses non-trivial topological phase, which is robust against the direction and modulus of the strain. Besides, we also find that the interplay between Rashba and intrinsic spin-orbit couplings results in a topological phase transition in the strained graphene. Remarkably, as the strain strength is increased beyond approximately 7%, the critical parameters of the exchange field for triggering the quantum anomalous Hall phase transition show distinct behaviors—decrease (increase) for strains along zigzag (armchair) direction. Our findings open up a new platform for manipulation of the QAHE by an experimentally accessible strain deformation of the graphene structure, with promising application on novel quantum electronic devices with high efficiency.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Supercritical CO{sub 2} mediated synthesis and catalytic activity of graphene/Pd nanocomposites

Highlights: • RGO/Pd composite was efficiently prepared via a facile method in supercritical CO{sub 2}. • Graphene sheets were coated uniformly with Pd nanoparticles with a size of ∼8 nm. • Composites exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the Suzuki reaction even after 10 cycles. - Abstract: Graphene sheets were decorated with palladium nanoparticles using a facile and efficient method in supercritical CO{sub 2}. The nanoparticles were formed on the graphene sheets by the simple hydrogen reduction of palladium(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate precursor in supercritical CO{sub 2}. The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Highly dispersed nanoparticles with various sizes and shapes adhered well to the graphene sheets. The composites showed high catalytic activities for the Suzuki reaction under aqueous and aerobic conditions within 5 min. The effects of the different Pd precursor loadings on the catalytic activities of the composites were also examined.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Novel Extracellular Electron Transfer Channels in a Gram-Positive Thermophilic Bacterium

Biogenic transformation of Fe minerals, associated with extracellular electron transfer (EET), allows microorganisms to exploit high-potential refractory electron acceptors for energy generation. EET-capable thermophiles are dominated by hyperthermophilic archaea and Gram-positive bacteria. Information on their EET pathways is sparse. Here, we describe EET channels in the thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium Carboxydothermus ferrireducens that drive exoelectrogenesis and rapid conversion of amorphous mineral ferrihydrite to large magnetite crystals. Microscopic studies indicated biocontrolled formation of unusual formicary-like ultrastructure of the magnetite crystals and revealed active colonization of anodes in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) by C. ferrireducens . The internal structure of micron-scale biogenic magnetite crystals is reported for the first time. Genome analysis and expression profiling revealed three constitutive c -type multiheme cytochromes involved in electron exchange with ferrihydrite or an anode, sharing insignificant homology with previously described EET-related cytochromes thus representing novel determinants of EET. Our studies identify these cytochromes as extracellular and reveal potentially novel mechanisms of cell-to-mineral interactions in thermal environments.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Reliable, Cost-Effective Transformerless Medium-Voltage Inverter for Grid Integration of Combined Solar and Energy Storage

The goal of this project is to utilize an innovative holistic power electronic inverter design approach, which can leverage best-in-class silicon carbide (SiC) power modules, novel multi-level power electronic circuits, high frequency transformers, switching sequence based control and co-designed electro-thermal management methods, to realize a 300 kW transformerless medium-voltage (MV) inverter system. The system cost of the inverter is considered as a primary design objective alongside high power density, efficiency, low electromagnetic interference (EMI) and long lifespan. This design-oriented research activity, especially the proposed multi-objective optimization approach, will have broad impacts in holistic power electronic system design methods and in technologies that can be commercialized into a wide variety of wide bandgap power electronic applications.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nonlinear Raman forward scattering driven by a short laser pulse in a collisional transversely magnetized plasma with nonextensive distribution

Nonlinear Raman forward scattering of an intense short laser pulse with a duration shorter than the plasma period propagating through a homogenous collisional nonextensive distributed plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to both the direction of propagation and electric vector of the radiation field is investigated theoretically when ponderomotive, relativistic, and collisional nonlinearities are taken into account. The governing equations for nonlinear wave in the context of nonextensive statistics are given, the nonextensive coupled equations describing the nonlinear Raman forward scattering instability are solved by the Fourier transformation method, and the growth rate of the nonlinear Raman forward scattering instability is obtained. The results in the case q → 1 are consistent with those in the framework of the Maxwellian distribution. It is found that the instability growth rate first decreases on increasing electron thermal velocity, minimizes at a critical thermal velocity, and then increases steeply; the critical temperature dependents on the nonextensive parameter, and the greater nonextensive parameter, correspond to the greater critical temperature; when the thermal velocity of electron is less than the critical speed, the instability growth rate is found to be enhanced as the nonextensive parameter increases; but when the thermal velocity is greater than the critical speed, the instability growth rate decreases on increasing the nonextensive parameter.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Preparation and Determination of Antimicrobial Property of Cation-Exchanged Ecuadorian Natural Zeolite to be Used as Filler for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Matrices

Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates with nanoporous structure, tasteless and non-toxic materials. In this study, silver ion-exchanged zeolite, which was prepared from the natural Ecuadorian zeolites was used as reinforcement material in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP). Polymers were filled with 1, 2 and 3 wt% concentrations of natural zeolite (Z) and silver ion exchanged zeolite (ZA). Zeolites and composites were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis and mechanical analysis techniques. Microbiological analysis of silver ion exchanged zeolite showed effective antibacterial property against Escherichia coli bacteria. PP/ZA composites showed better tensile strengths in all mixes comparing to pure PP. ZAPE2 and ZAPP1 showed the best mechanical properties among all the composites based on polyethylene and PP, respectively. The composites prepared are potential candidates to be used in food packaging, and ZA type zeolites can be used as filler for the preparation of various composites.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanospheres for highly sensitive electrochemical sensing of nitrobenzene

Highlights: • NHCPs were prepared using MSM as a template and PDA as carbon and nitrogen precursor. • NHCPs-750 with high content of pyrindinic N showed good electrocatalytic performance. • A sensitive electrochemical sensor for NB was developed based on the NHCPs-750–GCE. - Abstract: Following hard template method, nitrogen–doped hollow carbon nanospheres (NHCPs) were successfully prepared by using monodisperse silica microspheres as a template and dopamine as carbon and nitrogen precursor. A series of NHCPs-x samples with different pyrolysis temperatures were reported. The composite material formation was characterized by detailed methods (e.g., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy). Results indicated that NHCPs treated at 750 °C with highest amounts of pyrindinic N showed improved electro-catalytic activity for nitrobenzene (NB) in neutral solution. NHCPs-750 can be developed as an effective sensing platform for the detection of NB, which showed high activity and superior analytical performance, such as a wide linear range of 5–2610 μM, a high sensitivity of 436 μAmM{sup −1}, and a low limit of detection of 2.29 μM.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Photoredox degradation of different water pollutants (MO, RhB, MB, and Cr(VI)) using Fe–N–S-tri-doped TiO{sub 2} nanophotocatalyst prepared by novel chemical method

Highlights: • TiO{sub 2} was synthesized through simple one-step hydrothermal method. • Photocatalytic activity for degradation of organic dyes and Cr(VI) are investigated. • The synergistic effect is shown in coexistence of MB and Cr(VI). - Abstract: Fe–N–S-tri-doped TiO{sub 2} (FeNS-TiO{sub 2}) was synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activities of as-synthesized samples were tested by the oxidation of methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB) and the reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) under visible-light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation, and compared with N-dope P25 (N-P25) and the undoped TiO{sub 2}. Besides, the effects of the coexistence of MO, RhB, and MB on FeNS-TiO{sub 2}-mediated photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) were also studied. The results indicated FeNS-TiO{sub 2} displayed higher visible-light-activated photocatalytic activity than N-P25 and the undoped TiO{sub 2}. Otherwise, FeNS-TiO{sub 2} showed the coexistence of MB enhanced the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI), whereas the coexistence of MO and RhB retarded the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) over FeNS-TiO{sub 2}. Moreover, a possible photocatalytic mechanism is discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Bubble nucleation and migration in a lead-iron hydr(oxide) core-shell nanoparticle

Iron hydroxide is found in a wide range of contexts ranging from biominerals to steel corrosion, and it can transform to anhydrous oxide via releasing O 2 gas and H 2 O. However, it is not well understood how gases transport through a crystal lattice. Here, we present in situ observation of the nucleation and migration of gas bubbles in iron (hydr)oxide using transmission electron microscopy. We create Pb–FeOOH model core–shell nanoparticles in a liquid cell. Under electron irradiation, iron hydroxide transforms to iron oxide, during which bubbles are generated, and they migrate through the shell to the nanoparticle surface. Geometric phase analysis of the shell lattice shows an inhomogeneous stain field at the bubbles. In conclusion, our modeling suggests that the elastic interaction between the core and the bubble provides a driving force for bubble migration.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Selective synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes by self-propagation high-temperature synthesis and annealing process

Four types of BN nanotubes are selectively synthesized by annealing porous precursor in flowing NH{sub 3} and NH{sub 3}/H{sub 2} atmosphere at temperature ranging from 1000 to 1200 deg. C in a vertical furnace. The as-synthesized BN nanotubes, including cylinder, wave-like, bamboo-like and bubble-chain, are characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM, TEM and HRTEM. Three phenomenological growth models are proposed to interpret growth scenario and structure features of the four types of BN nanotubes. Selectivity of nanotubes formation is estimated as approximately 80-95%. The precursor containing B, Mg, Fe and O prepared by self-propagation high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method plays a key role in selective synthesis of the as-synthesized BN nanotubes. Chemical reactions are also discussed. - Graphical Abstract: Four types of BN nanotubes are selectively synthesized by annealing porous precursor prepared by self-propagation high-temperature synthesis. Three phenomenological growth models are proposed to reveal growth scenario and characteristics of the as-synthesized BN nanotubes. Highlights: > Four types of BN nanotubes are selectively synthesized by annealing porous precursor. > Selectivity of BN nanotubes formation is estimated as approximately 80-95 wt%. > Three growth models are proposed to interpret growth of the as-synthesized BN nanotubes. > The precursor prepared by SHS method plays a key role in selective synthesis process.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1981

Preliminary design development of 100 KW rotary power transfer device

Contactless power transfer devices for transferring electrical power across a rotating spacecraft interface were studied. A power level of 100 KW was of primary interest and the study was limited to alternating current devices. Rotary transformers and rotary capacitors together with the required dc to ac power conditioning electronics were examined. Microwave devices were addressed. The rotary transformer with resonant circuit power conditioning was selected as the most feasible approach. The rotary capacitor would be larger while microwave devices would be less efficient. A design analysis was made of a 100 KW, 20 kHz power transfer device consisting of a rotary transformer, power conditioning electronics, drive mechanism and heat rejection system. The size, weight and efficiency of the device were determined. The characteristics of a baseline slip ring were presented. Aspects of testing the 100 KW power transfer device were examined. The power transfer device is a feasible concept which can be implemented using presently available technologies.

Weinberger, S. M.↗
DOE OSTI2020

CO 2 –Based Dual–Tone Resists for Electron Beam Lithography

The increasing global environmental and energy crisis has urgently motivated the advancement of sustainable materials. Significant effort has been focused on developing new materials to replace the fossil-based resists in the semiconductor industry based on greener sources such as ice, dry ice, small organic molecules, and proteins. Such resist materials, however, have yet to meet the stringent requirements of high sensitivity, high resolution, reliable repeatability, and good compatibility with the current protocols. To this end, CO 2 -based polycarbonates (CO 2 -PCs) obtained from the copolymerization of CO 2 and epoxides are demonstrated as sustainable dual-tone (positive & negative tone) resists for electron beam lithography. By adjusting the chemical structure, developing agent, and molecular weight, the CO 2 -PCs present high sensitivities to electron beam (1.3/120 μC cm -2 ), narrow critical dimensions (29/58 nm), and moderate line edge roughness (4.6/26.7 nm) for negative and positive resists, respectively. Here, a deep understanding of the exposure mechanism of CO 2 -PC resists is provided on the basis of the Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and electron ionization mass spectroscopy. 2D photonic crystal devices are fabricated using the negative and positive CO 2 -PC resists, respectively, and both devices show distinct colors derived from their well-defined nanostructures, indicating the great practical potential of CO 2 -derived electron beam resists.

nanofabrication↗
DOE OSTI2012

Photofunctional hybrid silica microspheres covalently functionalized with metalloporphyrins

The entrapment of metalloporphyrins (with Zn{sup 2+} and Yb{sup 3+}) in silica microspheres is achieved by modification of protoporphyrin IX (Pp-IX) molecules with three different organosilane precursors via the sol-gel method. The obtained hybrid materials are characterized by electronic absorption spectra, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), {sup 29}Si MAS NMR spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and their luminescence properties have also been determined. The results reveal that the obtained porphyrins networks are covalently bonded to the inorganic matrix through the bridging action of the functionalized silica microspheres. Furthermore, it has also been observed that porphyrins molecules located in different environments exhibit different photophysical properties in the visible and near-infrared regions. - Graphical abstract: The entrapment of metalloporphyrins (with Zn{sup 2+} and Yb{sup 3+}) in silica microspheres is achieved by modification of protoporphyrin IX (Pp-IX) molecules with three different organosilane precursors via the sol-gel method. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Novel functionalized silica microsphere is assembled. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Metal phorphyrin derivatives are used as a chemical linkage. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Luminescence is obtained in the visible and near infrared regions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

The growth mechanism of grain boundary carbide in Alloy 690

The growth mechanism of grain boundary M{sub 23}C{sub 6} carbides in nickel base Alloy 690 after aging at 715 °C was investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The grain boundary carbides have coherent orientation relationship with only one side of the matrix. The incoherent phase interface between M{sub 23}C{sub 6} and matrix was curved, and did not lie on any specific crystal plane. The M{sub 23}C{sub 6} carbide transforms from the matrix phase directly at the incoherent interface. The flat coherent phase interface generally lies on low index crystal planes, such as (011) and (111) planes. The M{sub 23}C{sub 6} carbide transforms from a transition phase found at curved coherent phase interface. The transition phase has a complex hexagonal crystal structure, and has coherent orientation relationship with matrix and M{sub 23}C{sub 6}: (111){sub matrix}//(0001){sub transition}//(111){sub carbide}, <112{sup ¯}>{sub matrix}//<21{sup ¯}10>{sub transition}//<112{sup ¯}>{sub carbide}. The crystal lattice constants of transition phase are c{sub transition}=√(3)×a{sub matrix} and a{sub transition}=√(6)/2×a{sub matrix}. Based on the experimental results, the growth mechanism of M{sub 23}C{sub 6} and the formation mechanism of transition phase are discussed. - Highlights: • A transition phase was observed at the coherent interfaces of M{sub 23}C{sub 6} and matrix. • The transition phase has hexagonal structure, and is coherent with matrix and M{sub 23}C{sub 6}. • The M{sub 23}C{sub 6} transforms from the matrix directly at the incoherent phase interface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Synthesis and characterization of supported heteropolymolybdate nanoparticles between silicate layers of Bentonite with enhanced catalytic activity for epoxidation of alkenes

Highlights: {yields} The PVMo and nanocomposite catalyst (PVMo/Bentonite) as catalyst for epoxidation of alkenes. {yields} The composite catalyst showed higher catalytic activity than parent heteropolymolybdate (PVMo). {yields}The use of ultrasonic irradiation increased the conversions and reduced the reaction times. {yields} The H{sub 2}O{sub 2} is a green and eco-friendly oxidant in this catalytic system. -- Abstract: A new heterogeneous catalyst (PVMo/Bentonite) consisting of vanadium substituted heteropolymolybdate with Keggin-type structure Na{sub 5}[PV{sub 2}Mo{sub 10}O{sub 40}].14H{sub 2}O (PVMo) supported between silicate layers of bentonite has been synthesized by impregnation method and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and elemental analysis. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that PVMo was finely dispersed into layers of bentonite as support. The PVMo/Bentonite used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for epoxidation of alkenes. Various cyclic and linear alkenes were oxidized into the corresponding epoxides in high yields and selectivity with 30% aqueous H{sub 2}O{sub 2}. The catalyst was reused several times, without observable loss of activity and selectivity. The obtained results showed that the catalytic activity of the PVMo/Bentonite was higher than that of pure heteropolyanion (PVMo).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗