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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Improved Performance of Silicon-Containing Anodes with Organic Solvent-Solubilized Lithium Nitrate

Three different organic solvents (dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) were used to improve the solubility of LiNO 3 in a standard carbonate-based electrolyte with lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) as the salt. Together, the LiDFOB and organic-solvent solubilized LiNO 3 preferentially reduce on the surface of silicon-containing anodes to create an SEI rich in oxalates, nitrate decomposition species, and B-F species. The improved stability of the SEI throughout the first 100 cycles results in silicon and silicon/graphite composite anodes with better capacity retention than observed with standard electrolytes or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) containing electrolytes. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the use of non-traditional electrolyte solvents in the improvement and optimization of lithium ion-battery electrolytes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Guidelines for Making, Interpreting, and Quantifying Activity Measurements of Molten Salts Containing Mixed Cations and Anions Using Cation-Based Electrodes by Electromotive Force

Measurements of thermochemical properties in molten salt electrolytes with mixtures of cations and anions are difficult to interpret. Electromotive force measurements of salts containing common anions were driven by the least stable anion compound (e.g., LiCl in LiCl-KCl), while measurements in common cation salts were driven by the most noble anion half-cell reaction (e.g., F − /F 2 in LiCl-LiF). Measurements in mixed cation and anion salts were driven by the least stable anion compound for the most noble anion half-cell reaction (e.g., KF in KCl-LiF). These guidelines enable quantification of the activity of electroactive species in salts containing multiple cations or anions.

Lichtenstein, Timothy [Argonne National Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2026

static-subid: Deterministic subordinate UID/GID assignment for unprivileged containers

static-subid calculates predictable subordinate UID and GID ranges for Linux users based on their UID, ensuring consistent ID mappings across multiple systems. Unlike shadow-utils' sequential allocation (which depends on creation order), static-subid uses a deterministic formula that guarantees the same user UID always receives the same subordinate ID range. Subordinate IDs enable user namespaces for unprivileged container runtimes (Podman, Docker rootless mode, LXC) by mapping container UIDs/GIDs to host subordinate IDs without requiring root privileges.

Riehecky, Pat [Fermi National Accelerator Laborato↗
DOE OSTI2022

Thermal conductivity of crack-containing media: A numerical study

The present study aims to evaluate the effective thermal conduction behavior of crack-containing media through micromechanical modeling. Numerical analyses were performed using the finite element method, first using periodic arrays of elliptical pores and then reducing the elliptical minor axis to reach the crack limit. This parametric approach was seen to be able to capture the effect of discontinuity across the crack face in a straightforward manner. The overall thermal conductivity of the model structures, encompassing a range of crack densities and spatial distributions, was investigated. It was found that, for cracks with mixed orientations, the effective thermal conductivity is insensitive to the actual crack alignment and can be uniquely represented by the crack density. The mixed-orientation periodic crack configurations are also representative of random sizes, orientations, and spatial distributions of cracks, thus exhibiting a high degree of generality. The modeling analyses can also be used to determine simple empirical expressions for two- and three-dimensional media containing random cracks.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Methanosarcina acetivorans contains a functional ISC system for iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis

Abstract Background The production of methane by methanogens is dependent on numerous iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins; yet, the machinery involved in Fe-S cluster biogenesis in methanogens remains largely unknown. Methanogen genomes encode uncharacterized homologs of the core components of the ISC (IscS and IscU) and SUF (SufBC) Fe-S cluster biogenesis systems found in bacteria and eukaryotes. Methanosarcina acetivorans contains three iscSU and two sufCB gene clusters. Here, we report genetic and biochemical characterization of M. acetivorans iscSU2 . Results Purified IscS2 exhibited pyridoxal 5′- phosphate-dependent release of sulfur from L-cysteine. Incubation of purified IscU2 with IscS2, cysteine, and iron (Fe 2+ ) resulted in the formation of [4Fe-4S] clusters in IscU2. IscU2 transferred a [4Fe-4S] cluster to purified M. acetivorans apo-aconitase. IscU2 also restored the aconitase activity in air-exposed M. acetivorans cell lysate. These biochemical results demonstrate that IscS2 is a cysteine desulfurase and that IscU2 is a Fe-S cluster scaffold. M. acetivorans strain DJL60 deleted of iscSU2 was generated to ascertain the in vivo importance of IscSU2. Strain DJL60 had Fe-S cluster content and growth similar to the parent strain but lower cysteine desulfurase activity. Strain DJL60 also had lower intracellular persulfide content compared to the parent strain when cysteine was an exogenous sulfur source, linking IscSU2 to sulfur metabolism. Conclusions This study establishes that M. acetivorans contains functional IscS and IscU, the core components of the ISC Fe-S cluster biogenesis system and provides the first evidence that ISC operates in methanogens.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Copper-containing layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries

Layered transition metal oxides are among the most promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity, structural tunability, and cost-effectiveness. However, conventional Ni- and Co-based layered oxides are hindered by high raw material costs, limited elemental abundance, and phase instability during electrochemical cycling. Recently, copper has emerged as an attractive alternative transition metal, offering significant advantages in terms of redox activity, structural stabilization, voltage regulation, and rate performance. Unlike Ni and Co, Cu can facilitate unique redox mechanisms and enable more sustainable material design. This review systematically summarizes recent progress on Cu-containing layered sodium oxides, with emphasis on their structural characteristics, electrochemical behavior, and the critical roles that Cu plays within the host lattice. The insights provided herein aim to highlight the potential of Cu-substituted or Cu-containing layered oxides as a viable pathway toward high-performance and resource-accessible SIB cathodes for future energy storage applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Index tests for geosynthetic clay liners containing bentonite–polymer composites

The hydraulic conductivity of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) containing bentonite–polymer composites (BPCs) is controlled by a pore clogging mechanism related to the swelling of sodium bentonite (NaB) granules and formation of polymer gel in the pore space. Three index testing procedures that are influenced by bentonite swelling and rheology of the polymer gel were evaluated in this study for screening BPC GCLs for hydraulic conductivity: viscosity, liquid limit by fall-cone penetration and active water content. Experiments were conducted using polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer, dry-blended mixtures of PAM and NaB and a BPC from a commercially available GCL. These materials were contacted with inorganic solutions representing leachates from a range of waste containment scenarios. For the BPC that was evaluated, hydraulic conductivities less than 10 -10 m/s were obtained when the viscosity exceeded 220 mPa s and the active water content exceeded 300%. Hydraulic conductivities less than 10 -11 m/s were achieved for viscosity exceeding 350 mPa s, fall-cone liquid limit exceeding 190 and active water content exceeding 300%. Additional testing is needed to assess the generality of these index tests and the identified thresholds when applied to other BPC GCLs and other permeant liquids.

Engineering↗
DOE OSTI2021

Seaborgite, LiNa6K2(UO2)(SO4)5(SO3OH)(H2O), the First Uranyl Mineral Containing Lithium

Abstract Seaborgite (IMA2019-087), LiNa6K2(UO2)(SO4)5(SO3OH)(H2O), is a new mineral species from the Blue Lizard mine, Red Canyon, San Juan County, Utah, U.S.A. It is a secondary phase found on gypsum in association with copiapite, ferrinatrite, ivsite, metavoltine, and römerite. Seaborgite occurs in sprays of light-yellow, long flattened prisms or blades, up to about 0.2 mm in length. Crystals are elongated on [100], flattened on {010}, and exhibit the forms {100}, {010}, {001}, and {101}. The mineral is transparent with vitreous luster and very pale-yellow streak. It exhibits bright lime-green fluorescence under a 405 nm laser. The Mohs hardness is ~2½. The mineral has brittle tenacity, curved or conchoidal fracture, and one good cleavage on {100}. The measured density is 2.97(2) g/cm3. The mineral is immediately soluble in H2O at room temperature. The mineral is optically biaxial (–), α = 1.505(2), β = 1.522(2), γ = 1.536(2) (white light); 2Vmeas = 85(1)°; moderate r < ν dispersion; orientation X ^ a ≈ 10°; pleochroic X colorless, Y and Z light green-yellow; X < Y ≈ Z. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses of seaborgite undermeasured its Li, K, and Na. The empirical formula using Li, Na, and K based on the structure refinement is Li1.00Na5.81K2.19(UO2)(SO4)5(SO3OH)(H2O). Seaborgite is triclinic, P1, a = 5.4511(4), b = 14.4870(12), c = 15.8735(15) Å, α = 76.295(5), β = 81.439(6), γ = 85.511(6)°, V = 1203.07(18) Å3, and Z = 2. The structure (R1 = 0.0377 for 1935 I = 2σI) contains [(UO2)2(SO4)8]4– uranyl-sulfate clusters that are linked into a band by bridging LiO4 tetrahedra. The bands are linked through peripheral SO4 tetrahedra forming a thick heteropolyhedral layer. Channels within the layers contain a K site, while an additional K site, six Na sites, and an SO3OH group occupy the space between the heteropolyhedral layers.

Geochemistry & Geophysics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Status of the Characterization of DEs from the Full Circumference Examination of the Inner Container Closure Weld Region (FY2020)

One of the main focus areas of the 3013 Surveillance Program is a thorough evaluation of the inner container closure weld region (ICCWR) opened for destructive examination (DE). As part of the protocol to investigate the corrosion in the ICCWR a laser confocal microscope (LCM) is used to perform close visual examination of the surface and measurements of corrosion features on the surface. DE containers from FY13 through FY16 were screened with three candidates selected for full circumference evaluation (FCE) according to the ICCWR examination protocol, During the FCE, FY16 DE05 and FY15 DE07 showed suspect major corrosion events, FY16 DE05 Section C2 shows two crack-like features, identified as Denebola and Draco. Both features are located at the boundary of Zone 2 and Zone 3. Consequently, Section C2 of FY16 DE05 was selected for examination by serial metallography at Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL). For FY15 DE07 the suspect corrosion events were observed on Sections Cl and C2. Section Cl shows one crack-like feature, identified as Acrux. Section C2 shows three crack-like features, identified as Bellatrix, Cursa Minor and Cursa Major. Unlike Acrux and Bellatrix, which are located at the boundary of Zone 2 and Zone 3, Cursa Minor and Cursa Major are located in Zone 2. Sections Cl and C2 of FY15 DE07 were sent to Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANE) for characterization by X-Ray Tomography (XRT).

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Wide Area 3D Measurement System for Analysis of 3013 Inner Container Closure Weld Region

One of the main focus areas of the 3013 Surveillance Program is a thorough evaluation of the inner container closure weld region (ICCWR) opened for destructive examination (DE). As part of the protocol to investigate the corrosion in the ICCWR, a laser confocal microscope (LCM) is used to perform close visual examination of the surface and to measure corrosion features on the surface. However, in FY20, the introduction of the Wide Area 3D Measurement System (WAMS) was tested as a method for faster inspection of the ICCWR. Optimization of the WAMS parameters for data collection was carried out using a generic tear-drop type sample containing large and fine Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) fractures and high resolution images were compared to the image obtained with the LCM. Although the image with the LCM shows higher resolution than the WAMS images, the small features can be still identified in the WAMS images. The advantage of collecting data for the full circumference using the WAMS is that it can take about a week to complete, which represents 1/16 of the time needed with the LCM. Nonetheless, both systems offer capabilities that combined can be utilized to expedite the examination of the ICCWR. The WAMS can be utilized to obtain images for faster screening or identification of corrosion features on the surface while the LCM can be utilized to obtain higher resolution images of those areas identified by the WAMS.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Filter Test System for Nuclear Container Filters

The purpose of this procedure is to measure the collection efficiency of the filters that are integrated into the lids of containers for nuclear material at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). As an application of this procedure, a filter test report certificate can be created to document the measurement process. This procedure is intended to describe the TA-55, PF-4 (room 6A) operation of a Filter Test System (FTS) for Hagan and SAVY storage containers.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2020

TWF Waste Container Receipt, Inspection and Transfer to Storage

This procedure provides instructions for the receipt, inspection, and transfer to storage of Transuranic (TRU) Waste Containers and Pipe Overpack Containers (POC) within the Transuranic Waste Facility (TWF) (Waste Storage Buildings [WSBs] and Characterization and Waste Storage Building [CWSB]). Performance of this procedure meets the requirements of AC 5.8.9, AC 5.8.13 2nd Bullet, SAC 5.9.1, SAC 5.9.3, SR 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.5, 4.2.1.6, 4.2.2.1, 4.2.2.2, 4.2.2.3, 4.2.2.4, 4.2.3.1, 4.2.3.2, 4.2.3.3, 4.3.4.1, 4.4.1.1, 4.4.1.2 and 4.4.1.3.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Additively Manufactured Tamper Evident Container (TEC)

Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory have developed a tamper evident container (TEC) to secure a broad variety of items from adversarial disclosure and espionage accidents. The new technology uses additive-manufacturing (AM) techniques for the concurrent creation of a container and arbitrarily complex-shaped three-dimensional tamper-sensitive features within its walls that authenticate the package. Analog and encrypted digital boards safely stored inside the TEC permanently record the complete security history of the protected items. Los Alamos is seeking commercial partners interested in further development and engineering prototype work.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Peer Review Comments on the Authorized Limits Technical Document (OREM-19-2573) for Disposal of Waste Containing Residual Radioactive Material at the U.S. Department of Energy Industrial Landfill IV, Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Argonne National Laboratory is assigned responsibility by DOE/EM-4 to conduct a peer review of the proposed Authorized Limits (ALs) for disposal of waste containing residual radioactive material at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Industrial Landfill IV, Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The ALs document package (Document Number OREM-19-2573, dated May 2020) was sent to Argonne by DOE on June 1, 2020 (Oak Ridge 2020a). Argonne started the review immediately and held several BlueJeans meetings with Oak Ridge and DOE to discuss review comments. The first BlueJeans meeting was June 17, 2020. Oak Ridge presented a briefing of the AL package, followed by discussion of the assumptions, methodology, and parameters used in the analysis. A follow-up BlueJeans meeting was held on June 24, 2020, at which Argonne presented both general and specific review comments in PowerPoint slides. This set of slides - Review Comments on the “Authorized Limits for Disposal of Waste Containing Residual Radioactive Material at DOE Industrial Landfill IV, Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee” - was then emailed to Oak Ridge and DOE after the BlueJeans meeting on June 24, 2020. A PDF version of this slide set is included as Appendix A.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Lightning Burnthrough to Containment Breach of 55-Gallon TRU Waste Drums

We investigated by arc-plasma heating the feasibility of attributing inherent lightning protection to 55-gallon DOT 7A, Type A, open head carbon steel drums made of 1.5 millimeter painted carbon steel, designed to protect Department of Energy transuranic nuclear waste. The Sandia Lightning Simulator transferred continuing current in 300 ampere (A), 400 A, and 500 A tests to achieve a 350 coulomb charge transfer and simulate cloud-to-ground lightning attachment to test coupons and 9 drums. A tungsten electrode was placed 0.75 inch from the drums. High-speed photography was recorded to observe the exterior containment breach, or "first light," seen on camera when burnthrough opened a hole in the containment. Sheet metal burnthrough occurred between 18 and 71 coulombs in lid and rolling hoop tests, but 12-gauge closure ring tests did not result in burnthrough, which suggests this feature may provide an inherent air terminal protective feature.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Selection of 3013 Containers for Field Surveillance (FY 2021 Update)

This Update is the ninth in a series of reports that document the binning and sample selection of 3013 containers for the Field Surveillance program as part of the Integrated Surveillance Program. The last Update was in 2016. This Update documents changes to the binning and changes to the random and engineering judgment samples since 2016. This Update also documents field surveillance activities since 2016 and describes plans to complete random sampling in 2025. In addition, this Update describes a new effort to collect surveillance data as part of down blending operations and updates assumptions about Advanced Recovery and Integrated Extraction System (ARIES) 3013 containers.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Gamma ray analysis of the K2 containers

The K2 containers contain PuO2 with 238 Pu being the most abundant isotope of all plutonium isotopes. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the light element impurities in the PuO2. These light elements can interact with the alpha particles from plutonium decay to release gamma rays, protons, and neutrons through the reactions (α,α’), (α,p), and (α,n) respectively. The gamma rays released by the interactions can be measured and compared with the gamma rays released by the plutonium. The ratios of the gamma rays from the interactions and the plutonium gamma rays allow for the determination of the impurities in the items. The elements that can be detected are Lithium (Z=3), Beryllium (Z=4), Boron (Z=5), Fluorine (Z=9), Sodium (Z=11), Magnesium (Z=12), Aluminum (Z=13), Silicon (Z=14), Phosphorous (Z=15), Chlorine (Z=17), and Potassium (Z=19).

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

FY22 Progress on Multicontinuum Methods in Containment

Estimation of two-phase fluid flow properties is important to understand and predict water and gas movement through the vadose zone for agricultural, hydrogeological, and engineering applications, such as containment transport and/or containment of gases in the subsurface. To estimate rock fluid flow properties and subsequently predict physically realistic processes such as patterns and timing of water, gas, and energy (e.g., heat) movement in the subsurface, laboratory spontaneous water imbibition with simultaneous temperature measurement and numerical modeling methods are presented in the FY22 progress report. A multiple-overlapping-continua conceptual model is used to explain and predict observed complex multi-phenomenological laboratory test behavior during spontaneous imbibition experiments. This report primarily addresses two complexities that arise during the experiments: 1) capturing the late-time behavior of spontaneous imbibition tests with dual porosity; and 2) understanding the thermal perturbation observed at or ahead of the imbibing wetting front, which are associated with adsorption of water in initially dry samples. We use numerical approaches to explore some of these issues, but also lay out a plan for further laboratory experimentation and modeling to best understand and leverage these unique observations.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗