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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Optimized Electrolyte with High Electrochemical Stability and Oxygen Solubility for Lithium–Oxygen and Lithium–Air Batteries

Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries with high reversibility require a stable electrolyte against the side reactions with Li metal anode and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, an electrolyte which can effectively utilize the low partial pressure of oxygen in atmosphere has significance effect on the practical application lithium-air batteries. In this study, we developed a localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE) using 1H,1H,5H-Octafluoropentyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether (OTE) as a diluent, which satisfies all these conditions at the same time. The OTE-based LHCE exhibits much improved electrochemical performances in Li-O2 batteries and Li-air batteries compared to the conventional electrolyte and high concentration electrolyte. The design principle of this novel electrolyte also provides an important guideline and reference for future researches of electrolytes in Li-O2 and Li-air batteries.

lithium air batteries, Localized high concentratio↗
DOE OSTI2024

Electrospun Nanofibers

Electrospun nanofibers have been considered promising separator candidates for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries due to their unique properties, including but not limited to their high surface area, superior surface-to-volume ratio, excellent flexibility, good mechanical performance, etc. This chapter aims to provide an overview of research in electrospun nanofibers with their applications in Li–S batteries. It starts with a brief introduction to Li–S batteries, followed by the principle and advantages of electrospun nanofibers performed in this area. Applications of electrospun separators in Li–S batteries have been further discussed in detail. In the end, a future vision regarding challenges and perspectives is proposed to provide insightful comments in this field. It is believed that this chapter will provide an extensive and comprehensive reference to utilize this advanced technique to generate novel nanofiber separators for next-generation Li–S batteries.

Zhu, Jiadeng↗
DOE OSTI2021

Degradation-resistant TiO 2 @Sn anodes for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries

As the demand for higher-performance batteries has increased, so has the body of research on theoretical high-capacity anode materials. However, the research has been hindered because the high-capacity anode material properties and interactions are not well understood, largely due to the difficulty of observing cycling in situ. Using electrochemical scanning transmission electron microscopy (ec-STEM), we report the real-time observation and electrochemical analysis of pristine tin (Sn) and titanium dioxide-coated Sn (TiO 2 @Sn) electrodes during lithiation/delithiation. As expected, we observed a volume expansion of the pristine Sn electrodes during lithiation, but we further observed that the expansion was followed by Sn detachment from the current collector. Remarkably, although the TiO 2 @Sn electrodes also exhibited similar volume expansion during lithiation, they showed no evidence of Sn detachment. We found that the TiO 2 surface layer acted as an electrochemically activated artificial solid-electrolyte interphase that serves to conduct Li ions. As a physical coating, it mechanically prevented Sn detachment following volume changes during cycling, providing significant degradation resistance and 80% Coulombic efficiency for a complete lithiation/delithiation cycle. Interestingly, upon delithiation, TiO 2 @Sn electrode displayed a self-healing mechanism of small pore formation in the Sn particle followed by agglomeration into several larger pores as delithiation continued.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2008

Lithium Battery Power Delivers Electric Vehicles to Market

Hybrid Technologies Inc., a manufacturer and marketer of lithium-ion battery electric vehicles, based in Las Vegas, Nevada, and with research and manufacturing facilities in Mooresville, North Carolina, entered into a Space Act Agreement with Kennedy Space Center to determine the utility of lithium-powered fleet vehicles. NASA contributed engineering expertise for the car's advanced battery management system and tested a fleet of zero-emission vehicles on the Kennedy campus. Hybrid Technologies now offers a series of purpose-built lithium electric vehicles dubbed the LiV series, aimed at the urban and commuter environments.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2026

Predicting Li-Ion Battery Capacity Fade Using Early-Life Data and a Hybrid Data-Driven Gaussian Process-Bayesian Regression Approach

Accurately predicting Li-ion battery capacity trajectories using early-life data can dramatically improve battery-life understandings and be used to rapidly evaluate design/cost/performance trade-offs when developing new battery materials. Accurate early-life predictions enable researchers to quickly iterate over cell designs and material precursor properties without consistently cycling cells to failure. To this end, we present a toolbox that uses a combined Gaussian Process and Bayesian regression approach that capitalizes on signals other than just capacity (e.g., dQ/dV, voltage drops) to rapidly predict capacity-fade trajectories. The prediction tool uses Bayesian regression to fit functional forms, e.g., power law, sigmoids, etc., to predict capacity-fade dynamics. By fitting functional forms, the capacity fade can be interrogated at any point in the future, allowing for early cell-failure prediction. Additionally, Bayesian regression allows for accurate uncertainty estimates that account for cell-to-cell variability (aleatoric uncertainty) and the lack of observation data (epistemic uncertainty). By only using early cycle data to predict the capacity fade trajectory, uncertainty bounds at end-of-life can be extremely large. The large uncertainty bounds are further exacerbated because there is no systematic way to define the prior distribution of the functional forms' parameters. We improve our the predicted trajectory confidence interval of our predicted trajectory using two methods. First, we shows that a small amount of held-out cycling data is sufficientuse some train cells, that have been cycled to failure to derive information regarding the appropriate prior distributions for the functional forms' parameters of the functional form, effectively leading to data-driven priors.. We propose constructing the data-driven priors by first running a Bayesian regression starting with uninformed priors to generate intermediate cell-specific posterior parameter distributions. These posterior distributions are combined using a Ggaussian mixture model for each parameter to create the data-driven priors. These mixture models serve as the data-driven prior distributions for the parameters for. Second, we derive multiple features, e.g., C_dchg 0.5 DoD 0.5, log (|mean(dQ/dV_(w_3-w_0 ) (V)|), etc., from the train cellsheld-out cycling data, identify which the features are that best predicting capacity at early/mid-life cycles, and then create Ggaussian process regression models that are used for predicting capacity at early/mid-life cycles for the test cells (see blue dots with error bars in Fig 1b). Finally, these predicted data-points are used in addition to the actual early cycle data capacity fade to construct the Bayesian regression trajectory for the test cell s. Notably. We note that these two methods are complementary and can be combined with each other. We evaluate the performance of our proposed method on an testing open-source dataset from Iowa State University and Iowa Lakes Community College (ISU-ILCC). This dataset comprises of 251 nickel-manganese-cobalt/graphite Lithium-ion cells that are cycled under 63 different conditions. We compute the mean average percentage error (MAPE) and negative log predictive density (NLPD) to quantify the efficacy of our method. Our initial findings suggest that, when only few observations are available, for test cells, when using only Bayesian regression with uninformed priors, a power law functional provides the most accurate predictions. with very few data points. However, asHowever, a the number of data points increases, a twin sigmoidal function becomes more accurate as the number of observations further increases. We also find that using as little as 10% of the data set towards generating data-driven priors can lead to significant improvement in prediction accuracy when using early cycle data. Lastly, we found that augmenting early-cycle data with Gaussian process-predicted capacity data for Bayesian regression greatly improves the prediction accuracy. We will present a comprehensive comparison of our methods to other methods available in the literature and apply this method to additional battery datasets.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Design Considerations for Practical Li-S Batteries for Electric Aviation

The development of high-energy, high-safety, and high-power batteries beyond electric automotive standards is critical for future electric aviation applications. Non-volatile solid-state electrolytes (SSE) offer many promising advantages over traditional flammable liquid electrolytes. Solid-state electrolytes may be an enabling technology for certain battery chemistries by preventing detrimental interactions with liquid electrolytes, for example prevention of the dissolution of intermediates in lithium-sulfur common in traditional liquid organic solvents. However, significant manufacturing challenges must be overcome before the adoption of such technology. This research was conducted to identify processing techniques for producing solid-state battery components with practical dimensions and weights for enabling high specific energy cells. Traditional research has identified a range of very high theoretical ionic conductivities but are impractical due to their instability or inability to be manufactured. Electrolytes explored in this study were produced as sulfide-polymer composites with densified thicknesses below 40 micron using a tape-casting technique and thermoplastic elastomer binder. The combination of high chemical compatibility and flexibility produced robust films that had moderate impact on the ionic conductivity but was capable of dramatically reducing the parasitic mass. Despite minimal conductivity losses, films were produced 10-15 times thinner than comparable bulk powder electrolytes thus leading to overall lower film resistance. Conductivity is maintained above 0.2mS/cm for composite electrolytes. Through the analysis of materials based on their physical properties, such as density, practical cells can be designed. Based on this, low density sulfide-solid-state electrolytes are a promising candidate for achieving the energy and safety metrics for electric aviation, however, further optimization of cathode microstructure and composite processing will be required to achieve the high power metrics and will be the focus of further studies. Additionally, fabrication challenges arise when utilizing metallic lithium foil, due to its soft nature, as overflow and mechanical short circuit can occur on assembly which remains a challenge to overcome before metallic lithium anodes can be fully realized.

batteries↗
DOE OSTI2023

Nanotomography Investigation of 3D Printed Batteries with a Water-in-Salt Gel Polymer Electrolyte

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has emerged as a promising strategy to design and fabricate future energy storage devices. Although significant progress has been reported, current 3D printed battery designs are still limited by the choice of the electrolyte, such as ceramic or conventional toxic organic electrolytes. Here, we incorporated the latest developments in aqueous batteries into a novel 3D printable battery that can be fabricated directly in an ambient environment that is also more environmentally friendly. Specifically, a gel polymer electrolyte with a water-in-salt concept was introduced in our 3D-printed batteries. Combining their advantages, the resulting 3D printable batteries show promise for much simplified processing conditions. Further, the structural, (electro-)chemical, and morphological evolution batteries are being investigated by synchrotron X-ray nanotomography and electrochemical analysis. Overall, our research explores the possibility of an easier and more environmentally friendly way to build 3D printable, customizable batteries for future technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Corrosion evaluation of metal foams in eutectic molten salts for high temperature latent heat energy storage application

High-temperature Thermal Energy Storage (TES) has drawn great attention as a technology that can increase the role and profitability of micro nuclear reactors in the decentralized clean energy market. Various research needs have been proposed by Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in "the Integrated Energy Systems: 2020 Roadmap" with the goal of utilizing the high temperature of 550 degrees or more generated in the 4th generation reactor to industrial purposes from the standpoint of integrated energy systems [1]. With the recent development of the 4th generation nuclear power plant, including micro nuclear reactor, there is a great deal of interest in researching how to efficiently couple a heat source to an industrial process through thermal processing. Texas A&M University (TAMU) and INL are currently collaborating to develop a novel latent heat storage design called HITB (Heat pipe-Integrated Thermal Battery). As part of the small-scale experimental demonstration research for HITB, a study for storage medium selection was conducted at TAMU. Eutectic salts have attracted interest as high-temperature heat storage medium for HITB. Especially, chloride molten salts and fluoride molten salts are considered promising candidates due to their high melting temperature, thermal stability, and high latent heat of fusion. Since eutectic salts have poor thermal conductivity in general, it is critical to distribute materials with high thermal conductivity evenly to facilitate the charging and discharging of heat. In this study, metal foam was considered in the HITB system to overcome the poor heat transfer characteristics of eutectic salts. In order to improve heat transfer, it is necessary to study materials with high thermal conductivity, corrosion resistant to molten salts, such as fins, extended surfaces, particles, microcapsulation, or foam structure. Porous structure of copper or aluminum can increase heat transfer area, form a thermal transfer network, and increase the effective thermal conductivity of thermal storage medium [2]. Since the melting temperature is required to be at least 450? in the current HITB design, various eutectic salts are being considered. FLiNaK and FLiBe, which are famous for fluoride salts, are good candidates, but due to the sharp rise in the price of LiF recently, they are excluded for economic reasons to be applied to large-capacity thermal energy storage. On the other hand, chloride salts are very cheap and easy to obtain, have a high melting temperature, and have a high latent heat of fusion, so they are recently in the spotlight as a phase change material. However, because of the hygroscopic nature of chloride salts, HCl gas due to impurity is easy to be released and is particularly vulnerable to corrosion. Chloride eutectic salts have been tested and suggested for metal alloys that are particularly resistant to corrosion, such as SS304, SS316, Hastelloy, Inconel 625, Incoloy 800H, which has low thermal conductivity, and is very expensive [3-6]. Porous materials with high thermal conductivity such as copper and aluminum have been tested for stability in fluids such as paraffin or water as metal foam or metal fin structures, but high temperature corrosion tests were not performed on various eutectic salts yet. Therefore, this study investigated the high temperature corrosion characteristics of metal alloys, such as C10100 foam, C10100 plate, 6101 alloy foam, and SS316 plate, while immersed in the candidate eutectic salts. A total of 20 tests for SS316 coupons and 10 tests for C10100 coupons were performed to ensure the repeatability of the present measurements. Since it is difficult to completely remove the salt inside metal foam due to the complex inner structure of the metal foam, only the surface condition was observed with a microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, except for measuring the corrosion rate and average mass loss.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Assessing geothermal/solar hybridization – Integrating a solar thermal topping cycle into a geothermal bottoming cycle with energy storage

Geothermal and concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies typically use heat at different temperatures in their commercial deployments. This enables a technically viable hybridization of a solar topping cycle and a geothermal bottoming cycle at locations where both resources are available. In this article, an underperforming geothermal power system based at Burley, Idaho is used as a baseline to investigate the technical and economic potential of such a hybrid cycle. A direct thermal energy storage (TES) system is also integrated to overcome the intermittency of the solar resource. Design and off-design behavior of key components are modelled to simulate the annual performance of the hybrid system on an hourly basis. The sizing of the solar field and thermal storage is investigated and is seen to significantly impact the annual electricity generation and efficiency. Various cost scenarios for the solar field and thermal energy storage are investigated. An economic metric - levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) - is used to optimize the solar field sizing and TES capacity. The hybrid plant converts the additional solar heat input into additional work with an efficiency of 32.9%. Retrofitting a geothermal plant with solar and eight hours of energy storage can achieve an LCOE of 0.136 $/kWhe in current cost scenarios and 0.081 $/kWhe in a future cost reduction scenario. Although the hybrid system cannot directly compete with current PV systems without batteries, it has an LCOE 32% lower than that of a PV-battery system. This paper provides insights into the research and development of the future grid with a high renewable energy penetration and encourages further study of energy hybridization for improved efficiencies and economics.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Lithium substituted poly(amic acid) as a water-soluble anode binder for high-temperature pre-lithiation

Multifunctional binders hold great promise in advanced electrode designs for both fundamental research and practical utilization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The reactions between Si/SiO x -dominated anodes with lithium are expected to be exothermic in principle, while the thermal tolerance along with the volume change makes high-temperature binders attractive for large scale roll-to-roll manufacturing. For instance, if a high temperature binder is also water soluble, it can be compatible with the current graphite-based anode manufacturing process. In this work, we present a water-soluble poly(amic acid)-based binder, which can withstand high temperature for industrial pre-lithiation process and effectively hold active materials together during repeated charge and discharge cycles. This lithium substituted poly(amic acid) binder (denoted as Li-Pa) can serve as a drop-in replacement for environmentally friendly electrode fabrication in large scale by providing aqueous solubility, exceptional thermal stability and mechanical flexibility.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Shifts in hydropower operation to balance wind and solar will modify effects on aquatic biota

To avoid negative consequences to freshwater biota from climate change, society must complete the transition from fossil to renewable electricity sources. However, temporal patterns in hydropower generation (and flow releases that affect aquatic biota) may change with increased wind and solar penetration. We used power cost modeling to characterize current and future within-day and seasonal patterns in hydropower generation across the Eastern Interconnection in a wet and a dry year. Compared to the baseline, future hydropower generation across the grid decreased during the day and increased before dawn and after dusk. At a project level, such a pattern would suggest 'double peaking' operation (up- and down-ramping before dawn and after dusk, with lower releases midday). Variation in generation was higher in wet years than dry years, foreshadowing possible flow constraints on hydropower flexibility. At the grid scale, projected ramping rates were higher in all seasons. A review of the ecological literature suggests that these changes would shift the timing of invertebrate drift and elevate the risk of nest scouring during up-ramping and the risk of stranding or dewatering during down ramping. Thermal conditions may be moderated by increased ramping. Strategies for adapting to future shifts in the renewable portfolio range from re-regulation in reservoir cascades to providing flow refuge (structures and vegetation) below individual projects. Coordinated basin-scale operation can distribute peaking operation to maintain grid support while restricting local ramping at critical ecological times. In addition, research to design hybrid renewable systems that add battery storage is needed to understand how we can mitigate future risks to aquatic communities while promoting the use of renewable energy. This study, which is among the first to examine ecological side-effects of the shift to renewable energy in freshwater ecosystems, lays out a path toward understanding and navigating changes to flow regimes under the energy transition.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Behind-the-Meter Storage [Slides]

This is an overview of the work happening with Behind-the-Meter Storage. NREL is the Project Lead for Behind-the-Meter storage. The goal of this research is to produce behind-the-meter battery solutions deployed at scale to meet the functional requirement of high-power electric-vehicle charging.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1982

Ground Use Sensor

Ground use sensory systems are used for measuring and analyzing radiation reflected from Earth targets to discriminate among classes of visually-similar objects. The Hand Held Ratioing Radiometer is an example of a ground use device. This device is being manufactured and sold by Barringer Research Limited under a patent license. The battery-powered unit, designed for field portable use, weighs 12 pounds. An added capability of the Ratioing Radiometer is that it simultaneously analyzes radiation intensities in two separate bands of the spectrum and calculates the ratio of one to the other which affords more positive identification of the material being analyzed.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1997

High Capacity Battery Cell Flight Qualified

The High Capacity Battery Cell project is an effort equally funded by the NASA Lewis Research Center and Hughes Space and Communications Company (a unit of Hughes Aircraft Company) to develop and flight qualify a higher capacity nickel hydrogen battery for continuing use on commercial spacecraft. The larger diameter, individual pressure vessel cell will provide approximately twice the power, while occupying the same volume, as the current state-of-the-art nickel hydrogen cell. These cells are also anticipated to reduce battery cost by 20 percent. The battery is currently booked for use on 26 spacecraft, with the first flight scheduled in 1997. A strong requirement for batteries with higher power levels (6 to 12 kW), long life, and reduced cost was identified in studies of the needs of commercial communications spacecraft. With the design developed in this effort, the higher power level was accommodated without having to modify the rest of the existing spacecraft bus. This design scaled-up the existing state-of-the-art nickel hydrogen battery cell from a 3.5-in., 50-Ahr cell to a 5.5-in., 350-Ahr cell. An improvement in cycle life was also achieved by the use of the 26-percent KOH electrolyte design developed by NASA Lewis. The cell design was completed, and flight batteries were built and flight qualified by Hughes Space and Communications Company with input from NASA Lewis. Two batteries were shipped in September 1996 to undergo life cycle testing under the purview of NASA Lewis.

McKissock, Barbara I.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Validation and Norms of Cognition and Spaceflight Assessments with Senior Military Leaders

Spaceflight hazards include risks to cognitive performance. NASA requires sensitive neuropsychological screening tools to determine changes to cognitive risks to crew health and performance. Currently, NASA uses WinSCAT (Spaceflight Cognitive Assessment Tool for Windows) for neurocognitive screening and to monitor the status of astronauts during spaceflight. The CognitionTest Battery was recently developed by NASA-funded researchers at UPenn as part of the Behavioral Health and Performance component of NASA Standard Measures. This research provides independently validated norms and psychometric properties to compare WinSCAT to Cognition using a military population who operates in high demand, extreme environments similar to those experienced by astronauts (deployments, isolation, extreme environments).

Williams, T. J.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Cognition Battery: Developing a Normative Database for Spaceflight and Examining the Impact of Prolonged Isolation and Confinement on Cognitive Performance

INTRODUCTION: Astronauts on future long duration space exploration will be required to execute complex tasks in which even minor errors could have devastating consequences. Intact cognition is critical to maintain exceptional performance standards and it is possible that variability even at the highest ends of the performance spectrum will impact operational tasks. Exposure to spaceflight hazards could compromise cognitive performance, and decrements have been documented under conditions of altered gravity and radiation exposure. The cognitive impacts of prolonged isolation and confinement remain relatively unknown. Traditional neuropsychological assessments cannot support earth independent monitoring, do not have normative comparisons for high functioning individuals, and most are not sensitive enough to detect small performance decrements. The Cognition Battery was developed to address these limitations but currently lacks comprehensive normative data. In this project, we aimed to 1) develop a preliminary normative database for astronauts and astronaut surrogates using the Cognition Battery, and 2) characterize differences in cognitive performance after short and long duration analog missions. PARTICIPANTS & METHODS: We assessed baseline cognitive performance by administering the Cognition Battery to 97 astronaut and astronaut surrogates recruited to approximate astronaut demographics (mean age: 39.38, SD=7.62; 35.1% female; 91.7% advanced degrees). For aim 1, we calculated speed and accuracy outcomes for each subtest and summarized the data with descriptive statistics. We examined the relationship between age and performance with Pearsons’s correlations and the relationship between gender and performance with independent samples t-tests. A subset of individuals on short duration (n=48; mean age: 38.18, SD=7.14; 37.5% female; 91.7% advanced degrees) missions of 45 days and long duration (n=34; mean age: 42.12, SD=8.39; 38.2% female; 94.1% advanced degrees) missions ranging from 4-8 months were administered the Cognition Battery during and after their respective missions. For aim 2, we accounted for practice effects using published corrections, and z-transformed post-mission scores using the full sample’s baseline scores. One-way analysis of covariance tests determined the main effect of analog duration on post-mission performance, after accounting for age and gender. The False Discovery Rate method was applied to adjust for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: In the full normative sample, older age was associated with slower reaction times on a processing speed task (r=.39, p=.02), and men were more accurate on processing speed (t=-2.19, p=.03) and faster on sustained attention (t=2.02, p=.049) and risk-taking tasks (t=2.49, p=.02). We observed a main effect of duration on performance on tasks of visual memory (f(1)=5.62, p=.04), processing speed (f(1)=5.48, p=.03), and sensorimotor functioning (f(1)=39.52, p < .001), such that slower performance was observed after long duration missions relative to short. Only sensorimotor functioning was significant after adjustments for multiple comparisons (adjusted p<.001). DISCUSSION: The full sample represents the largest dataset of cognitive performance assessed by the Cognition Battery available and can be used for further research in spaceflight and high-performance populations. Relationships between performance and key demographic variables suggest future research that include age and gender stratification is needed. Our results also show minimal changes in cognitive performance between longer and shorter periods of isolation and confinement.

S I Dev↗
NASA NTRS1976

The requirements for batteries for electric vehicles

The paper reassesses the role of electric vehicles in the modern transportation system and their potential impact on oil consumption. Three major factors determining the size of this impact are discussed: the market potential, the date of introduction, and the rate of consumer acceptance. The strategy of selecting the battery type for an urban car to introduce in coming years is analyzed. The results of the analysis suggest that the research and development emphasis should be placed on near- and mid-term battery technology. From the standpoint of maximizing both the cumulative impact and the benefits derived in the year 2000, however, a strategy of early introduction of near-term and mid-term cars followed by the far-term vehicles seems to produce the optimum result.

Schwartz, H. J.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Recent Progress in Solid‐State Lithium Batteries through Cathode Microstructure Engineering

A high‐performance cathode is necessary to realize the great potentials of solid‐state batteries such as high energy density and long cycle life. It is also needed to validate electrolyte performance, which is lacking. Currently, cathodes for solid‐state batteries are thinner and have lower cathode active material content than their lithium‐ion battery counterpart, resulting from insufficient conductivity and limiting the battery energy density. This review article provides an overview of recent development in cathode microstructures and their impact on battery properties, including compatibility between cathode and electrolyte, cathode architecture design, interface engineering, correlation between material properties, cathode processing approaches, and performance, as well as the advanced characterization methods used to understand the above correlations . Some perspectives on future development are shared including utilizing in situ and operando characterization tools to better understand dynamic evolution of the cathode/electrolyte interface, adapting artificial intelligence and machine learning to design and optimize cathode structures. The article is aimed to promote research interest on cathode development and advance solid‐state battery technologies.

cathode engineering↗