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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24

A unified data flow model for fault tolerant computers

The Dataflow Simulation System (DFSS) at USL was used as the medium on which a functional simulaton of sIFT was produced. DFSS is written in PL/I and is supported by MULTICS. Within the simulation, all the interprocessor communication, fault simulation, system state data, and monitoring were implemented in dataflow and supported directly by DFSS. The actual processor level computation was carried out by the SIFT code in PASCAL. The interface between DFSS in PL/I and the SIFT code in PASCAL was supported under a mechanism in DFSS called a Node Realization Module (NRM).

Rao, T. R.↗

Analyses Made to Order: Using Transformation to Rapidly Configure a Multidisciplinary Environment

Aerospace problems are highly multidisciplinary. Four or more major disciplines are involved in analyzing any particular vehicle. Moreover, the choice of implementation technology of various subsystems can lead to a change of leading domain or reformation of the driving equations. An excellent example is the change of expertise required to consider aircraft built from composite or metallic structures, or those propelled by chemical or electrical thrusters. Another example is in the major reconfiguration of handling and stability equations with different control surface configuration (e.g., canards, t-tail v four-post tail). Combinatorial problems are also commonplace anytime that a major system is to be designed. If there are only 5 attributes of a design to consider with 4 different options, this is already 1024 options. Adding just 5 more dimensions to the study explodes the space to over one million. Even generous assumptions like the idea that only 10% of the combinations are physically feasible can only contain the problem for so long. To make matters worse, the simple number of combinations is only the beginning. Combining the issue of trade space size with the need to reformulate the design problem for many of the possibilities makes life exponentially more difficult. Advances in software modeling approaches have led to the development of model-driven architecture. This approach uses the transformation of models into inferred models (e.g. inferred execution traces from state machines) or the skeletons for code generation. When the emphasis on transformation is applied to aerospace, it becomes possible to exploit redundancy in the information specified in multiple domain models into a unified system model. F1urther, it becomes possible to overcome the combinatorial nature of specifying integrated system behavior by manually combining the equations governing a given component technology. Transformations from a system specification combined with a system-analysis mapping specification enable one-click combination of domain analyses. This is a flexibility that has been missing from many engineering codes, which often entangle design specification and physical examination much more than is required to conduct the analysis. This capability has been investigated and cultivated within the DARPA F6 program by a team of JPL and Phoenix Integration engineers building the Adapatable Systems Design and Analysis (ASDA) framework. By embracing system modeling with SysML and the Query-View-Transformation (QVT) language, the ASDA team has been able to build a flexible, easily reconfigurable framework for building up and solving large tradespaces. Examples of application and lessons learned in building the framework will be described in this paper. In addition, the motivation will be laid for various tool vendors to develop open model description standards while being able to maintain competitive advantage through proprietary algorithms and approaches. These standards will also be compared to the underpinnings of model-driven architecture and the OMG standards of the Meta-Object Facility (MOF), SysML, and QVT.

Cole, Bjorn↗

Towards a Unified View of Modeling and Programming (ISoLA 2018 Track Introduction)

The article provides an introduction to the track: Towards a Unified View of Modeling and Programming, organized by the authors of this paper as part of ISoLA 2018: the 8th International Symposium On Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation. A total of 19 researchers were invited to present their views on the two questions: what are the commonalities between modeling and programming languages, and should we strive towards a unified view of modeling and programming? The idea behind the track, which is a continuation of a similar track at ISoLA 2016, emerged as a result of experiences gathered in the three fields: formal methods, model-based software engineering, and programming languages, and from the observation that these technologies share a large common part, to the extent where one may ask, does the following equation hold: modeling = programming?

Steffen, Bernhard↗

Unifying Radiative Transfer Models in Computer Graphics and Remote Sensing, Part II: A Differentiable, Polarimetric Forward Model and Validation

The constellation of Earth-observing satellites continuously collects measurements of scattered radiance, which must be transformed into geophysical parameters in order to answer fundamental scientific questions about the Earth. Retrieval of these parameters requires highly flexible, accurate, and fast forward and inverse radiative transfer models. Existing forward models used by the remote sensing community are typically accurate and fast, but sacrifice flexibility by assuming the atmosphere or ocean is composed of plane-parallel layers. Monte Carlo forward models can handle more complex scenarios such as 3D spatial heterogeneity, but are relatively slower. We propose looking to the computer graphics community for inspiration to improve the statistical efficiency of Monte Carlo forward models and explore new approaches to inverse models for remote sensing. In Part 2 of this work, we demonstrate that Monte Carlo forward models in computer graphics are capable of sufficient accuracy for remote sensing by extending Mitsuba 3, a forward and inverse modeling framework recently developed in the computer graphics community, to simulate simple atmosphere-ocean systems and show that our framework is capable of achieving error on par with codes currently used by the remote sensing community on benchmark results.

Radiative transfer↗

Unifying radiative transfer models in computer graphics and remote sensing, Part I: A Survey

The constellation of Earth-observing satellites continuously collects measurements of scattered radiance, which must be transformed into geophysical parameters in order to answer fundamental scientific questions about the Earth. Retrieval of these parameters requires highly flexible, accurate, and fast forward and inverse radiative transfer models. Existing forward models used by the remote sensing community are typically accurate and fast, but sacrifice flexibility by assuming the atmosphere or ocean is composed of plane-parallel layers. Monte Carlo forward models can handle more complex scenarios such as 3D spatial heterogeneity, but are relatively slower. We propose looking to the computer graphics community for inspiration to improve the statistical efficiency of Monte Carlo forward models and explore new approaches to inverse models for remote sensing. In Part 1 of this work, we examine the evolution of radiative transfer models in computer graphics and highlight recent advancements that have the potential to push forward models in remote sensing beyond their current periphery of realism.

Radiative transfer↗

OpenCGRA: An Open-Source Unified Framework for Modeling,Testing, and Evaluating CGRAs

Coarse-grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs),loosely defined as arrays of functional units (e.g, adder, sub-tractor, multiplier, divider, or larger multi-operation units, butsmaller than a general-purpose core) interconnected through aNetwork-on-Chip, provide higher flexibility than domain-specificASIC accelerators while offering increased hardware efficiencywith respect to fine-grained reconfigurable devices, such as FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The fast evolving fieldsof machine learning and edge computing, which are seeing acontinuous flow of novel algorithms and larger models, makeCGRAs ideal target architectures to allow domain specializationwithout loosing too much generality. They also generally offerquicker and more effective reconfigurability than FPGAs, po-tentially allowing adaptation during actual algorithm execution,and implement a dataflow programming paradigm that adaptswell to these emerging workloads. Designing and generating aCGRA, however, still requires to define the type and number ofthe specific functional units, implement their interconnect andthe network topology, and perform its simulation and validation,given a variety of workloads of interest.In this paper, we propose OpenCGRA, a Python-based unifiedframework that integrates generation, modeling, testing and eval-uation for CGRAs. OpenCGRA is the first open-source integratedframework able to support the full top-to-bottom design flow forspecializing and implementing CGRAs: modeling at different ab-straction levels (functional level, cycle level, register-transfer level),generation, simulation, testing at different granularities (unit test-ing, integration testing, property-based testing), and characteriza-tion (area, power, and timing). OpenCGRAs will be made availableon GitHub.

CGRA, synthesis↗

Toward construction of the unified lepton-nucleus interaction model from a few hundred MeV to GeV region

Next generation neutrino oscillation experiments will need a quantitative understanding of neutrino-nucleus interaction far better than ever. Kinematics covered by the relevant neutrino-nucleus interaction spans wide region, from the quasi-elastic, through the resonance region, to the deeply inelastic scattering region. The neutrino-nucleus interaction in each region has quite different characteristics. Obviously, it is essential to combine different expertise to construct a unified model that covers all the kinematical region of the neutrino-nucleus interaction. Recently, several experimentalists and theorists got together to form a collaboration to tackle this problem. In this contribution, we report the collaboration’s recent activity and a goal in near future.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

A unified creep-plasticity model suitable for thermo-mechanical loading

An experimentally based unified creep-plasticity constitutive model was implemented for 1070 steel. Accurate rate and temperature effects were obtained for isothermal and thermo-mechanical loading by incorporating deformation mechanisms into the constitutive equations in a simple way.

Slavik, D.↗

Constitutive modeling for isotropic materials

The third and fourth years of a 4-year research program, part of the NASA HOST Program, are described. The program goals were: (1) to develop and validate unified constitutive models for isotropic materials, and (2) to demonstrate their usefulness for structural analysis of hot section components of gas turbine engines. The unified models selected for development and evaluation were those of Bodner-Partom and of Walker. The unified approach for elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equations is a viable method for representing and predicting material response characteristics in the range where strain rate and temperature dependent inelastic deformations are experienced. This conclusion is reached by extensive comparison of model calculations against the experimental results of a test program of two high temperature Ni-base alloys, B1900+Hf and Mar-M247, over a wide temperature range for a variety of deformation and thermal histories including uniaxial, multiaxial, and thermomechanical loading paths. The applicability of the Bodner-Partom and the Walker models for structural applications has been demonstrated by implementing these models into the MARC finite element code and by performing a number of analyses including thermomechanical histories on components of hot sections of gas turbine engines and benchmark notch tensile specimens. The results of the 4-year program have been published in four annual reports. The results of the base program are summarized in this report. The tasks covered include: (1) development of material test procedures, (2) thermal history effects, and (3) verification of the constitutive model for an alternative material.

Chan, K. S.↗

A Unified Cohesive Zone Approach to Model Ductile Brittle Transition in Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels

In this study, a unified cohesive zone model has been proposed to predict, Ductile to Brittle Transition, DBT, in Reactor Pressure Vessel, RPV, steels. A general procedure is described to obtain the Cohesive Zone Model, CZM, parameters for the different temperatures and fracture probabilities. In order to establish the full master-curve, the procedure requires three calibration points with one at the upper-shelf for ductile fracture and two for the fracture probabilities, Pf, of 5% and 95% at the lower-shelf. In the current study, these calibrations were carried out by utilizing the experimental fracture toughness values and flow curves. After the calibration procedure, the simulations of fracture behavior (ranging from completely unstable to stable crack extension behavior) in one inch thick compact tension specimens at different temperatures yielded values that were comparable to the experimental fracture toughness values, indicating the viability of such unified modeling approach.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Constitutive modeling for isotropic materials (HOST)

This report presents the results of the second year of work on a problem which is part of the NASA HOST Program. Its goals are: (1) to develop and validate unified constitutive models for isotropic materials, and (2) to demonstrate their usefulness for structural analyses of hot section components of gas turbine engines. The unified models selected for development and evaluation are that of Bodner-Partom and Walker. For model evaluation purposes, a large constitutive data base is generated for a B1900 + Hf alloy by performing uniaxial tensile, creep, cyclic, stress relation, and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) tests as well as biaxial (tension/torsion) tests under proportional and nonproportional loading over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures. Systematic approaches for evaluating material constants from a small subset of the data base are developed. Correlations of the uniaxial and biaxial tests data with the theories of Bodner-Partom and Walker are performed to establish the accuracy, range of applicability, and integability of the models. Both models are implemented in the MARC finite element computer code and used for TMF analyses. Benchmark notch round experiments are conducted and the results compared with finite-element analyses using the MARC code and the Walker model.

Lindholm, U. S.↗

A unified approach to the analysis and design of elasto-plastic structures with mechanical contact

With structural design in mind, a new unified variational model has been developed which represents the mechanics of deformation elasto-plasticity with unilateral contact conditions. For a design problem formulated as maximization of the load carrying capacity of a structure under certain constraints, the unified model allows for a simultaneous analysis and design synthesis for a whole range of mechanical behavior.

Bendsoe, Martin P.↗

Description of alpha decay and cluster radioactivity in the dinuclear system model

A unified description of cluster radioactivity and α-decay of cold nuclei in the dinuclear system model is proposed. Quantum dynamical fluctuations along the charge (mass) asymmetry coordinate determine the spectroscopic factor, and tunneling along the relative distance coordinate determines the penetrability of the barrier of the nucleus–nucleus interaction potential. A new method for calculating the spectroscopic factor is proposed. The hindrance factors for the orbital angular momentum transfer are studied. A potential reason for the half-life to deviate from the Geiger–Nuttall law in α-decays of neutron-deficient nuclei {sup 194,} {sup 196}Rn is found. The fine structure of α-decays of U and Th isotopes is predicted and characterized. The model is used to describe α-decays from the rotational band of even–even nuclei. The known half-lives in the regions of “lead” and “tin” radioactivities are reproduced well, and the most probable cluster yields are predicted. The cluster decay of excited nuclei is discussed. The relation of cluster radioactivity to spontaneous fission and highly deformed nuclear states is analyzed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Early-matter-like dark energy and the cosmic microwave background

Early-matter-like dark energy is defined as a dark energy component whose equation of state approaches that of cold dark matter (CDM) at early times. Such a component is an ingredient of unified dark matter (UDM) models, which unify the cold dark matter and the cosmological constant of the ΛCDM concordance model into a single dark fluid. Power series expansions in conformal time of the perturbations of the various components for a model with early-matter-like dark energy are provided. They allow the calculation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy from the primordial initial values of the perturbations. For a phenomenological UDM model, which agrees with the observations of the local Universe, the CMB anisotropy is computed and compared with the CMB data. It is found that a match to the CMB observations is possible if the so-called effective velocity of sound c{sub eff} of the early-matter-like dark energy component is very close to zero. The modifications on the CMB temperature and polarization power spectra caused by varying the effective velocity of sound are studied.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Electron heating in a Monte Carlo model of a high Mach number, supercritical, collisionless shock

Preliminary work in the investigation of electron injection and acceleration at parallel shocks is presented. A simple model of electron heating that is derived from a unified shock model which includes the effects of an electrostatic potential jump is described. The unified shock model provides a kinetic description of the injection and acceleration of ions and a fluid description of electron heating at high Mach number, supercritical, and parallel shocks.

Ellison, Donald C.↗

A Unified Level of Service Model for NASA Earth Science Data Stewardship

During the past year, the Interagency Implementation and Concepts Team (IMPACT) reviewed existing service models in use at various NASA data centers in an effort to produce a unified, cohesive, and comprehensive Level of Service Model for all of NASA Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs). NASA DAACs are responsible for ensuring NASA Earth Science data are accurately and securely ingested, distributed, supported, and preserved. The term “Service" as used here refers to the spectrum of data management activities and outputs provided by DAACs in support of the data cared fo by each data cente. The unified Level-of- Service (LoS) model described in this presentation utilizes both the NASA-defined data product category and the data processing level to easily identify an appropriate level-of-service to be applied to a data product throughout the full data life cycle. This LoS model is to be used by DAACs when appraising incoming data in order to determine the appropriate and required services to provide. The LoS model utilizes a 3-level system in which services build upon previous levels and thereby require greater commitment and effort both on the part of the DAAC personnel and the data producer at the highest level. The LoS model description also contains examples of ways to communicate with data producers and data users what services can be expected, thereby bringing more consistent user experiences across the enterprise. In this presentation, we will outline the features of the LoS model and describe how it relates to the FAIR data practices and the NOAA Maturity Matrix model.

Smith, Deborah↗