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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1998

Assimilation of Goes-Derived Skin Temperature Tendencies into Mesoscale Models to Improve Forecasts of near Surface Air Temperature and Mixing Ratio

A technique has been developed for assimilating GOES-FR skin temperature tendencies into the surface energy budget equation of a mesoscale model so that the simulated rate of temperature chance closely agrees with the satellite observations. A critical assumption of the technique is that the availability of moisture (either from the soil or vegetation) is the least known term in the model's surface energy budget. Therefore, the simulated latent heat flux, which is a function of surface moisture availability, is adjusted based upon differences between the modeled and satellite-observed skin temperature tendencies. An advantage of this technique is that satellite temperature tendencies are assimilated in an energetically consistent manner that avoids energy imbalances and surface stability problems that arise from direct assimilation of surface shelter temperatures. The fact that the rate of change of the satellite skin temperature is used rather than the absolute temperature means that sensor calibration is not as critical. An advantage of this technique for short-range forecasts (0-48 h) is that it does not require a complex land-surface formulation within the atmospheric model. As a result, the need to specify poorly known soil and vegetative characteristics is eliminated. The GOES assimilation technique has been incorporated into the PSU/NCAR MM5. Results will be presented to demonstrate the ability of the assimilation scheme to improve short- term (0-48h) simulations of near-surface air temperature and mixing ratio during the warm season for several selected cases which exhibit a variety of atmospheric and land-surface conditions. In addition, validation of terms in the simulated surface energy budget will be presented using in situ data collected at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud And Radiation Testbed (CART) site as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Program (ARM).

Lapenta, William M.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Experimental evidence for short-pulse laser heating of solid-density target to high bulk temperatures

Heating efficiently solid-density, or even compressed, matter has been a long-sought goal in order to allow investigation of the properties of such state of matter of interest for various domains, e.g. astrophysics. High-power lasers, pinches, and more recently Free-Electron-Lasers (FELs) have been used in this respect. Here we show that by using the high-power, high-contrast “PEARL” laser (Institute of Applied Physics-Russian Academy of Science, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) delivering 7.5J in a 60 fs laser pulse, such coupling can be efficiently obtained, resulting in heating of a slab of solid-density Al of 0.8µm thickness at a temperature of 300eV, and with minimal density gradients. The characterization of the target heating is achieved combining X-ray spectrometry and measurement of the protons accelerated from the Al slab. The measured heating conditions are consistent with a three-temperatures model that simulates resistive and collisional heating of the bulk induced by the hot electrons. Such effective laser energy deposition is achieved owing to the intrinsic high contrast of the laser which results from the Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification technology it is based on, allowing to attain high target temperatures in a very compact manner, e.g. in comparison with large-scale FEL facilities.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS2001

Laboratory characterization of silicon avalanche photodiodes (APD) for pulse position modulation (PPM) detection

Two commercially available large area silicon avalanche photodiodes (APD) were characterized in the laboratory. Specifically, the response of the APD’s to a sequence of 8-bit pulse position modulated (256-PPM) laser pulses, with and without background noise, was recorded and stored for post analysis. Empirical probability distribution functions (pdf) were constructed from the signal and noise slot data and compared to pdf’s predicted by an analytical model based on Webb/Gaussian statistics. The limited pulse sequence was also used to generate bit-error rate (BER) versus signal photons per pulse values, albeit with large error bars. These BER measurements were also compared to results predicted using the Gaussian and Webb/Gaussian models for APD channel statistics. While the measurements qualitatively reflect features predicted by theory, significant quantitative deviations are displayed between the measurements and theory. The source of these discrepancies is not currently well understood, but it is surmised that inaccurate knowledge of detector parameters such as gain and noise equivalent temperature models may explain the discrepancies.

Biswas, A.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Improved Field Evaluation of Reference Cell Using Spectral Measurements: Preprint

Spectral irradiance measurements as opposed to modeled spectral values are used to evaluate the effects of changing spectral distributions on the output of reference solar cells. Comparisons are made on a one-axis tracking surface to a Class A pyranometer. The ratio of the reference cells to reference pyranometers exhibit a bias over the day. Spectral and temperature modeling reproduce most but not all changes in the ratio over the day. Sources for this difference in modeling and performance of the reference cells are examined.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Generalized model for ultrafast laser induced electron emission from a metal tip

In this paper, we will present a brief review of the recently developed non-equilibrium heating and time dependent tunneling model to study the dynamic processes in using an ultrafast laser to induce electron emission from a metallic tip ranging from the multiphoton to the optical tunneling regime. Due to the short time scale of the ultrafast laser pulse, the lattice is found to be in a non-equilibrium condition and a single temperature model is no longer valid. The ultrafast laser heating enhances the electron emission through both the multiphoton and optical tunneling processes rather than over-barrier emission due to thermal heating. The paper is focused on the methodology of how these two effects (non-equilibrium heating and time-dependent tunneling) are combined in a self-consistent model. The model shows a smooth transition of the emitted charge as a function of laser field, ranging from the multiphoton emission regime at low laser field to the optical tunneling regime at high laser field. The paper will conclude with some discussion of future work.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Role of electrons in collision cascades in solids. II. Molecular dynamics

In this work, we present a model for the role of electrons in collision cascades in solids in which the coupling between ions and electrons is calculated using first-principles models and introduced into the classical ion equations of motion using our modified Langevin dynamics [A. Tamm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 185501 (2018)]. This model gives a full picture of the entire collision process, from the ballistic to the thermal phases of a cascade, giving a detailed representation of the energy exchange between ions and electrons until their final thermalization, removing in this way some ad hoc assumptions used in the state-of-the-art two-temperature model. This work is separated into two papers: Part I [M. Caro et al., Phys. Rev. B 99, 174301 (2019)] reports on the ab initio methodology used to translate stopping power into the parametrized dissipation function. Finally, part II applies the nonadiabatic ion dynamics using the dissipation functions developed in Part I to specific collision cascade events.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Role of electrons in collision cascades in solids. I. Dissipative model

In this article, we present a detailed model for the nonadiabatic coupling between ions and electrons in energetic ion-solid interactions over a wide range of energies in concentrated solid-solution fcc alloys of the 3d transition metals Ni, Co, Fe, and Cr. The model is based on general statistical mechanical principles and results in a stochastic modification of the classical nuclei motion which is parameterized by the first-principles calculation of a dissipation function produced by explicit time-dependent electronic evolution. This model provides a full picture of an entire collision process, from the ballistic to the thermal phases of a cascade, giving a detailed description of the energy exchange between ions and electrons till their final thermalization, removing in this way some ad hoc assumptions used in the state-of-the-art atomistic two-temperature models. Here, this work is separated in two papers; in the present Part I, we report on the ab initio methodology used to translate stopping power and electron-phonon interaction into a parameterized dissipation function; Part II, to be published, addresses the nonadiabatic ion dynamics using our modified Langevin dynamics [Tamm et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 185501 (2018)] applying the dissipation functions developed here to specific collision cascade events.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2010

A Numerical Model of the Temperature Field of the Cast and Solidified Ceramic Material

Corundo-baddeleyit material (CBM)--EUCOR--is a heat- and wear-resistant material even at extreme temperatures. This article introduces a numerical model of solidification and cooling of this material in a non-metallic mould. The model is capable of determining the total solidification time of the casting and also the place of the casting which solidifies last. Furthermore, it is possible to calculate the temperature gradient in any point and time, and also determine the local solidification time and the solidification interval of any point. The local solidification time is one of the input parameters for the cooperating model of chemical heterogeneity. This second model and its application on samples of EUCOR prove that the applied method of measurement of chemical heterogeneity provides detailed quantitative information on the material structure and makes it possible to analyse the solidification process. The analysis of this process entails statistical processing of the results of the measurements of the heterogeneity of the components of EUCOR and performs correlation of individual components during solidification. The crystallisation process seems to be very complicated, where the macro- and microscopic segregations differ significantly. The verification of both numerical models was conducted on a real cast 350x200x400 mm block.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1977

Nonlinear Alfven waves in high-speed solar wind streams

A nonlinear proton distribution function that is an exact stationary solution of the nonlinear Vlasov equation and Maxwell's equations and which supports a single nonlinear transverse Alfven (ion cyclotron) wave that is circularly polarized and nondispersive is proposed for most of the observations during high-speed solar wind streams. This nonlinear distribution removes the strong Alfven wave instability, inconsistent with the persistence of the observed proton distribution functions in high-speed streams, found by the linear stability analysis. Model temperature anisotropies and drift velocities of the two spatially inhomogeneous bi-Maxwellian components are consistent with typical proton velocity distributions measured in high-speed streams at 1 AU. Two derived relations for each of the wave number and the phase velocity of the wave are obeyed within experimental uncertainties by two typical proton measurements. Our model also predicts that the alpha particle bulk flow velocity exceeds the proton particle bulk flow velocity, as is observed.

Abraham-Shrauner, B.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Bayesian calibration of irradiated graphite property models under high temperatures

Graphite under high temperatures and irradiation is central to advanced reactors. We develop a Bayesian calibration framework for graphite property models that explicitly represents model-data mismatch via a Gaussian-process discrepancy. The approach propagates uncertainty from parameters, experimental noise, and model form, with a hierarchical variance structure to capture group and cross-group noise. Using two predictive models across five grades (IG-110, NBG-18, PCEA, NBG-17, 2114) and four properties-irradiation-induced dimension change, creep, Young’s modulus change ratio, and coefficient of thermal expansion change ratio-we obtain average predictive-error reductions of 54%, 65%, 17%, and 17% when discrepancy is included. We illustrate engineering impact with a multiphysics model of a very-high-temperature reactor prismatic reflector brick, analyzing stresses under high fluence and temperature. Accounting for model discrepancy markedly improves predictive accuracy and provides a robust basis for reliable graphite component design in advanced reactors.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Laser-induced non-equilibrium plasma kernel dynamics

A non-equilibrium model for laser generated plasmas is validated and used to investigate plasma kernel dynamics. Breakdowns in quiescent air at different ambient conditions (e.g. pressure) for different laser parameters (e.g. power density and beam wavelength) are considered. The hydrodynamics is described based on the chemically reactive Navier–Stokes equations where non-equilibrium effects are accounted for using a three-temperature model. Laser-plasma interactions over nano-second time-scales are modeled with a radiative transfer equation (RTE), including both multiphoton ionization (MPI) and inverse Bremsstrahlung (IB). Validation is conducted by comparing absorbed energy and plasma emission with the corresponding experimental measurements, and by observations of the structure of the breakdown. The laser generated plasma exhibits a two-lobe structure, developing both in the forward and backward directions. An analysis of the dynamics suggests that the kernel evolution results from a radiation-driven wave that is: (i) triggered by MPI, (ii) sustained by energy deposition in IB interactions, which compensates for the energy lost by free-electrons in ionizing collisions, and (iii) guided by both MPI and ionization by electron impact (IE).

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Examining Electron-Boson Coupling Using Time-Resolved Spectroscopy

Nonequilibrium pump-probe time-domain spectroscopies can become an important tool to disentangle degrees of freedom whose coupling leads to broad structures in the frequency domain. Here, using the time-resolved solution of a model photoexcited electron-phonon system, we show that the relaxational dynamics are directly governed by the equilibrium self-energy so that the phonon frequency sets a window for “slow” versus “fast” recovery. The overall temporal structure of this relaxation spectroscopy allows for a reliable and quantitative extraction of the electron-phonon coupling strength without requiring an effective temperature model or making strong assumptions about the underlying bare electronic band dispersion.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1993

Theoretical studies of a molecular beam generator

The following is a proposed baseline model that is being developed for the simulation of hydrodynamic generator, which can be converted at a later date to magnetohydrodynamic MHD thruster by adding the necessary electric and magnetic fields. The following development will include the electric and magnetic terms, however, the initial computer program will not include these terms. The analysis that follows is a one species, single temperature model constructed over a domain that is defined by an enclosed region.

Heinbockel, John H.↗
DOE OSTI2026

A theoretical index for understanding distinct land relative humidity trends in observations, reanalyses, and models

Land surface relative humidity (RH) is a key variable in the coupled land–atmosphere system that profoundly influences terrestrial hydroclimate and ecosystems. Yet historical changes in land RH are not well understood due to limited observations, biased reanalyses, and the lack of a framework for interpreting RH changes under multiple influencing factors. Here, we show that the spatiotemporal variability of land RH and its distinct historical trends among observations, reanalyses, and Earth system models are captured by a simple index based on the ratio of precipitation (P) to a modified potential evapotranspiration formulated independently of RH (PET°). The index provides a physical calibration of biased land RH in reanalyses and a quantitative framework for interpreting land RH changes. Over 1973–2024, land RH has decreased substantially, owing to the intrinsic rise in PET° with temperature and little increase in land precipitation. Reanalyses overestimate the observed RH decrease, consistent with exaggerated surface warming and precipitation decline. The index captures this coherent bias and enables a calibration using observed precipitation and temperature. Models simulate a wide range of land RH trends, but nearly all runs underrepresent the historical drying. The index captures the model spread and discrepancy and attributes them to contributions of precipitation and PET°. Weaker land RH decreases in models arise mainly from weaker subtropical precipitation declines, linked to muted intensification of subtropical highs and biased subtropical climatology. The model–observation discrepancy is unlikely explained by internal variability, implying model underestimation of forced RH decrease and a drier land future than current projections.

Earth system models↗
NASA NTRS1974

Consideration of probability of bacterial growth for Jovian planets and their satellites

Environmental parameters affecting growth of bacteria are compared with current atmospheric models for Jupiter and Saturn, and with the available physical data for their satellites. Different zones of relative probability of growth are identified for Jupiter and Saturn. Of the more than two dozen satellites, only the largest (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and Titan) are found to be interesting biologically. Titan's atmosphere may produce a substantial greenhouse effect providing increased surface temperatures. Models predicting a dense atmosphere are compatible with microbial growth for a range of pressures at Titan's surface. For Titan's surface the probability of growth would be enhanced if: (1) the surface is entirely or partially liquid; (2) volcanism is present; or (3) access to internal heat sources is significant.

Taylor, D. M.↗
DOE OSTI2012

Theory of electron-ion energy transfer applied to laser ablation

Electron-ion temperature equilibration will be considered for states of matter typically occurring during laser ablation that is for strongly heated electrons and densities similar and lower than the one in the solid. The focus will be on fluid systems after the melt of the lattice as these dominate the hydrodynamic phase of the ablation process. It is shown that simple expressions derived for dilute gases and plasmas become highly questionable for solid-density fluids whereas the electron-phonon picture is inapplicable as well. Instead, one has to consider the collective behavior of electrons and ions in the strongly coupled fluid. The strong inter-ionic forces also strongly affect the heat capacities applied in a two-temperature model. The results presented here are based on a quantum-statistical approach applying nonequilibrium Green's functions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1989

Shock-generated X-ray emission in radiatively driven winds - A model for Tau Scorpii

A one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code is used to numerically investigate the structure and evolution of shocks in the winds of hot stars. Results are presented for the specific case of Tau Sco, a well-studied main-sequence B star for which there are X-ray data from the Einstien satellite's Solid State Spectrometer. A phenomenological radiative acceleration term and a mass-loss rate consistent with UV observations, are used to determine the time dependence of the temperatures within and X-ray emission from an isolated shock region. The driving acceleration leads to the formation of a two-component shock zone with 'forward' and 'reverse' shocks, each with their own characteristic temperature. A denser cold region forms between the two shocks, which could potentially account for the presence of narrow absorption features that are observed in the UV P Cygni profiles of many hot stars. The X-ray emission spectra from the shocks in the calculations are in good general agreement with two-temperature model fits to Einstein X-ray observations.

Macfarlane, Joseph J.↗