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NASA NTRS1984

Application of panel method to wake vortex/wing interaction and comparison with experiment

The ability of a low-order panel method to calculate the aerodynamic loads on wings caused by interaction with wake vortices was studied. The loads were calculated for various positions of a downstream following wing relative to an upstream vortex-generating wing. Calculated vortex-induced span loads and rolling-moment coefficients on the following wing were compared with experimental data. A good agreement with experiment was obtained when the following wing was located more than one following-wing chord length from the tip vortex. The predictions deteriorated as the following wing was placed closer to the vortex. At large downstream distances (approximately 10 generating-wing chord lengths), induced rolling-moment coefficients on the following wing were consistently overestimated. Despite the strong interaction between the wake-vortex filaments and surface doublet panels, the accuracy of the calculations was in most cases independent of the panel distribution and density. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental loads was obtained with a minimum of experimentation with panel arrangements.

Smith, B. E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Motion and interaction of decaying trailing vortices in spanwise shear wind

A simulation is presented of the drift of trailing vortices in a cross-wind near the ground by an unsteady, two-dimensional, rotational flow field with a concentration of large vorticity in vortical spots (having a finite but small effective size and finite total strength). The problem is analyzed by a combination of the method of matched asymptotic analyses for the decay of the vortical spots and the Euler solution for the unsteady rotational flow. Using the method of averaging, a special numerical method is developed in which the grid size and time step depend only on the length and velocity scales of the background flow and are independent of the effective core size of a vortical spot. The core size can be much smaller than the grid size, whereas the peak velocity in the core is inversely propertional to the spot size. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the strong interaction between the trajectories of the vortical spots and the change of the vorticity distribution in the background flow field.

Liu, C. H.↗

NASA NTRS1987

A simultaneous viscous-inviscid interaction calculation procedure for transonic turbulent flows

A new simultaneous viscous-inviscid interaction scheme has been developed for the analysis of steady turbulent transonic separated flows. The viscous and inviscid solutions are coupled through the displacement concept using a transpiration velocity. The local solutions of the full potential and boundary-layer equations are treated simultaneously using the finite-difference method. The displacement thickness is treated as an unknown and is obtained as a part of the solution through a global iteration procedure of the space marching scheme. The Cebeci-Smith and Johnson-King models are used to simulate the turbulence. The computational examples showed that the simultaneous method is more efficient and robust than the semi-inverse method for transonic flows with a strong interaction.

Lee, D.↗

DOE OSTI2025

First Measurement of 𝐴 = 4 Hypernuclei and Antihypernuclei at the LHC

In this Letter, the first evidence of the $^4_{\bar{Λ}}$$\overline{He}$ antihypernucleus is presented, along with the first measurement at the LHC of the production of (anti)hypernuclei with mass number 𝐴 = 4, specifically (anti)⁢$^4_Λ$H and (anti)⁢$^4_Λ$He. In addition, the antiparticle-to-particle ratios for both hypernuclei ($^4_{\bar{Λ}}$$\bar{H}$⁡/$^4_Λ$H and $^4_{\bar{Λ}}$$\overline{He}$/$^4_Λ$He) are shown, which are sensitive to the baryochemical potential of the strongly interacting matter created in heavy-ion collisions. The results are obtained from a data sample of central Pb-Pb collisions, collected during the 2018 LHC data taking at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of $\sqrt{𝑠_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV. The yields measured for the average of the charge-conjugated states are found to be [0.78 ± 0.19⁢(stat) ± 0.17⁢(syst)] × 10 −6 for the (anti)⁢$^4_Λ$H and [1.08 ± 0.34⁢(stat)± 0.20⁢(syst)] × 10 −6 for the (anti)⁢$^4_Λ$He, and the measured antiparticle-to-particle ratios are in agreement with unity. The presence of (anti)⁢$^4_Λ$H and (anti)⁢$^4_Λ$He excited states is expected to strongly enhance the production yield of these hypernuclei. The yield values exhibit a combined deviation of 3.3⁢𝜎 from the theoretical ground-state-only expectation, while the inclusion of the excited states in the calculations leads to an agreement within 0.6⁢𝜎 with the present measurements. Additionally, the measured (anti)$^4_Λ$H and (anti)⁢$^4_Λ$He masses are compatible with the world-average values within the uncertainties.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Invisible axion search methods

In the late 1970s, the axion was proposed as a solution to the strong CP problem, i.e., the puzzle why the strong interactions conserve parity P and the product CP of charge conjugation and parity in spite of the fact that the standard model of elementary particles as a whole violates those symmetries. The original axion was soon ruled out by laboratory experiments and astrophysical considerations, but a new version was invented that is much more weakly coupled and that evades the laboratory and astrophysical constraints. It was named the “invisible” axion. However, the axion cannot be arbitrarily weakly coupled because it is overproduced in the early Universe by vacuum realignment in the limit of vanishing coupling. The axions produced by vacuum realignment are a form of cold dark matter today. The axion provides a solution then not only to the strong CP problem but also to the dark matter problem. Various methods have been proposed to search for dark matter axions and for axions emitted by the Sun. Their implementation and improvement has led to significant constraints on the notion of an invisible axion. Even purely laboratory methods may place significant constraints on invisible axions or axionlike particles. This review discusses the various methods that have been proposed and provides theoretical derivations of their signals.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Evidence of Mass Ordering of Charm and Bottom Quark Energy Loss in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC

Abstract Partons traversing the strongly interacting medium produced in heavy-ion collisions are expected to lose energy depending on their color charge and mass. We measure the nuclear modification factors for charm- and bottom-decay electrons, defined as the ratio of yields, divided by the number of binary nucleon–nucleon collisions, in $$\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}=200$$ s NN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions to p + p collisions ( $$R_{\textrm{AA}}$$ R AA ), or in central to peripheral Au+Au collisions ( $$R_{\textrm{CP}}$$ R CP ). We find the bottom-decay electron $$R_{\textrm{AA}}$$ R AA and $$R_{\textrm{CP}}$$ R CP to be significantly higher than those of charm-decay electrons. Model calculations including mass-dependent parton energy loss in a strongly coupled medium are consistent with the measured data. These observations provide evidence of mass ordering of charm and bottom quark energy loss when traversing through the strongly coupled medium created in heavy-ion collisions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Nucleon Resonance Electroexcitation Amplitudes and Emergent Hadron Mass

Understanding the strong interaction dynamics that govern the emergence of hadron mass (EHM) represents a challenging open problem in the Standard Model. In this paper we describe new opportunities for gaining insight into EHM from results on nucleon resonance (N*) electroexcitation amplitudes (i.e., γvpN* electrocouplings) in the mass range up to 1.8 GeV for virtual photon four-momentum squared (i.e., photon virtualities Q2) up to 7.5 GeV2 available from exclusive meson electroproduction data acquired during the 6-GeV era of experiments at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab). These results, combined with achievements in the use of continuum Schwinger function methods (CSMs), offer new opportunities for charting the momentum dependence of the dressed quark mass from results on the Q2-evolution of the γvpN* electrocouplings. This mass function is one of the three pillars of EHM and its behavior expresses influences of the other two, viz. the running gluon mass and momentum-dependent effective charge. A successful description of the Δ(1232)3/2+ and N(1440)1/2+ electrocouplings has been achieved using CSMs with, in both cases, common momentum-dependent mass functions for the dressed quarks, for the gluons, and the same momentum-dependent strong coupling. The properties of these functions have been inferred from nonperturbative studies of QCD and confirmed, e.g., in the description of nucleon and pion elastic electromagnetic form factors. Parameter-free CSM predictions for the electrocouplings of the Δ(1600)3/2+ became available in 2019. The experimental results obtained in the first half of 2022 have confirmed the CSM predictions. We also discuss prospects for these studies during the 12-GeV era at JLab using the CLAS12 detector, with experiments that are currently in progress, and canvass the physics motivation for continued studies in this area with a possible increase of the JLab electron beam energy up to 22 GeV. Such an upgrade would finally enable mapping of the dressed quark mass over the full range of distances (i.e., quark momenta) where the dominant part of hadron mass and N* structure emerge in the transition from the strongly coupled to perturbative QCD regimes.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

The effect of strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) on Pt–Ti/SiO 2 and Pt–Nb/SiO 2 catalysts for propane dehydrogenation

In this study, we show how strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) oxides in Pt–Nb/SiO 2 and Pt–Ti/SiO 2 affect the electronic, geometric and catalytic properties for propane dehydrogenation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CO chemisorption, and decrease in the catalytic rates per gram Pt confirm that the Pt nanoparticles were partially covered by the SMSI oxides. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) showed little change in the energy of Pt valence orbitals upon interaction with SMSI oxides. The catalytic activity per mol of Pt for ethylene hydrogenation and propane dehydrogenation was lower due to fewer exposed Pt sites, while turnover rates were similar. The SMSI oxides, however, significantly increase the propylene selectivity for the latter reaction compared to Pt/SiO 2 . In the SMSI catalysts, the higher olefin selectivity is suggested to be due to the smaller exposed Pt ensemble sites, which result in suppression of the alkane hydrogenolysis reaction; while the exposed atoms remain active for dehydrogenation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS1978

An experiment to verify that the weak interactions satisfy the strong equivalence principle

The construction of a clock based on the beta decay process is proposed to test for any violations by the weak interaction of the strong equivalence principle bu determining whether the weak interaction coupling constant beta is spatially constant or whether it is a function of gravitational potential (U). The clock can be constructed by simply counting the beta disintegrations of some suitable source. The total number of counts are to be taken a measure of elapsed time. The accuracy of the clock is limited by the statistical fluctuations in the number of counts, N, which is equal to the square root of N. Increasing N gives a corresponding increase in accuracy. A source based on the electron capture process can be used so as to avoid low energy electron discrimination problems. Solid state and gaseous detectors are being considered. While the accuracy of this type of beta decay clock is much less than clocks based on the electromagnetic interaction, there is a corresponding lack of knowledge of the behavior of beta as a function of gravitational potential. No predictions from nonmetric theories as to variations in beta are available as yet, but they may occur at the U/sg C level.

Eby, P. B.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Machine learning to alleviate Hubbard-model sign problems

Lattice Monte Carlo calculations of interacting systems on nonbipartite lattices exhibit an oscillatory imaginary phase known as the phase or sign problem, even at zero chemical potential. One method to alleviate the sign problem is to analytically continue the integration region of the state variables into the complex plane via holomorphic flow equations. For asymptotically large flow times, the state variables approach manifolds of constant imaginary phase known as Lefschetz thimbles. Furthermore, flowing such variables and calculating the ensuing Jacobian is a computationally demanding procedure. In this paper, we demonstrate that neural networks can be trained to parametrize suitable manifolds for this class of sign problem and drastically reduce the computational cost for different severely afflicted small volume systems. In particular, we apply our method to the Hubbard model on the triangle and tetrahedron, both of which are nonbipartite. At strong interaction strengths and modest temperatures, the tetrahedron suffers from a severe sign problem that cannot be overcome with standard reweighting techniques, while it quickly yields to our method. We benchmark our results with exact calculations and comment on future directions of this work.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

NASA NTRS2011

The Role of African Easterly Wave on Dust Transport and the Interaction Between Saharan Dust Layer and Atlantic ITCZ During Boreal Summer

Saharan dust outbreaks not only transport large amount of dust to the northern Atlantic Ocean, but also alter African easterly jet and wave activities along the jet by changing north-south temperature gradient. Recent modeling and observational studies show that during periods of enhance outbreaks, rainfall on the northern part of ITCZ increases in conjunction with a northward shift of ITCZ toward the dust layer. In this paper, we study the radiative forcing of Saharan dust and its interactions with the Atlantic Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), through African easterly waves (AEW), African easterly jet (AEJ), using the Terra/Aqua observations as well as MERRA data. Using band pass filtered EOF analysis, we find that African easterly waves propagating westward along two principal tracks, centered at 15-25N and 5-10N respectively. The easterly waves in the northern track are slower, with propagation speed of 9 ms-1, and highly correlated with major dust outbreak over North Africa. On the other hand, easterly waves along the southern track are faster with propagating speed of 10 ms-1, and are closely tied to rainfall/cloud variations along the Atlantic ITCZ. Dust transport along the southern track leads rainfall/cloud anomalies in the same region by one or two days, suggesting the southern tracks of dust outbreak are regions of strong interaction between Saharan dust layer and Atlantic ITCZ. Possible linkage between two tracks of easterly waves, as well as the long-term change of easterly wave activities and dust outbreaks, are also discussed.

Kim, Kyu-Myong↗

DOE OSTI2021

Charge order textures induced by non-linear couplings in a half-doped manganite

Abstract The self-organization of strongly interacting electrons into superlattice structures underlies the properties of many quantum materials. How these electrons arrange within the superlattice dictates what symmetries are broken and what ground states are stabilized. Here we show that cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo-STEM) enables direct mapping of local symmetries and order at the intra-unit-cell level in the model charge-ordered system Nd 1/2 Sr 1/2 MnO 3 . In addition to imaging the prototypical site-centered charge order, we discover the nanoscale coexistence of an exotic intermediate state which mixes site and bond order and breaks inversion symmetry. We further show that nonlinear coupling of distinct lattice modes controls the selection between competing ground states. The results demonstrate the importance of lattice coupling for understanding and manipulating the character of electronic self-organization and that cryo-STEM can reveal local order in strongly correlated systems at the atomic scale.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Spatially Resolved Persistent Photoconductivity in MoS2–WS2 Lateral Heterostructures

The optical and electronic properties of 2D semiconductors are intrinsically linked via the strong interactions between optically excited bound species and free carriers. Here we use near-field scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) to image spatial variations in photoconductivity in MoS 2 –WS 2 lateral multijunction heterostructures using photon energy-resolved narrowband illumination. We find that the onset of photoconductivity in individual domains corresponds to the optical absorption onset, confirming that the tightly bound excitons in transition metal dichalcogenides can nonetheless dissociate into free carriers. These photogenerated carriers are most likely n-type and are seen to persist for up to days. Informed by finite element modeling we reveal that they can increase the carrier density by up to 200 times. This persistent photoconductivity appears to be dominated by contributions from the multilayer MoS 2 domains, and we attribute the flake-wide response in part to charge transfer across the heterointerface. Spatial correlation of our SMM imaging with photoluminescence (PL) mapping confirms the strong link between PL peak emission photon energy, PL intensity, and the local accumulated charge. This work reveals the spatially and temporally complex optoelectronic response of these systems and cautions that properties measured during or after illumination may not reflect the true dark state of these materials but rather a metastable charged state.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

Electronic Structure and Stacking Arrangement of Tungsten Disulfide at the Gold Contact

There is an intensive effort to control the nature of attractive interactions between ultrathin semiconductors and metals and to understand its impact on the electronic properties at the junction. In this work, we present a photoelectron spectroscopy study on the interface between WS 2 films and gold, with a focus on the occupied electronic states near the Brillouin zone center (i.e., the Γ point). To delineate the spectra of WS 2 supported on crystalline Au from the suspended WS 2 , we employ a microscopy approach and a tailored sample structure, in which the WS 2 /Au junction forms a semi-epitaxial relationship and is adjacent to suspended WS 2 regions. The photoelectron spectra, as a function of WS 2 thickness, display the expected splitting of the highest occupied states at the Γ point. In multilayer WS 2 , we discovered variations in the electronic states that spatially align with the crystalline grains of underlying Au. Corroborated by density functional theory calculations, we attribute the electronic structure variations to stacking variations within the WS 2 films. We propose that strong interactions exerted by Au grains cause slippage of the interfacing WS 2 layer with respect to the rest of the WS 2 film. Our findings illustrate that the electronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides, and more generally 2D layered materials, are physically altered by the interactions with the interfacing materials, in addition to the electron screening and defects that have been widely considered.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2023

Surpassing the Performance of Phenolate-derived Ionic Liquids in CO 2 Chemisorption by Harnessing the Robust Nature of Pyrazolonates

Superbase-derived ionic liquids (SILs) are promising sorbents to tackle the carbon challenge featured by tunable interaction strength with CO 2 via structural engineering, particularly the oxygenate-derived counterparts (e. g., phenolate). However, for the widely deployed phenolate-derived SILs, unsolved stability issues severely limited their applications leading to unfavorable and diminished CO 2 chemisorption performance caused by ylide formation-involved side reactions and the phenolate-quinone transformation via auto-oxidation. Here, in this work, robust pyrazolonate-derived SILs possessing anti-oxidation nature were developed by introducing aza-fused rings in the oxygenate-derived anions, which delivered promising and tunable CO 2 uptake capacity surpassing the phenolate-based SIL via a carbonate formation pathway (O-C bond formation), as illustrated by detailed spectroscopy studies. Further theoretical calculations and experimental comparisons demonstrated the more favorable reaction enthalpy and improved anti-oxidation properties of the pyrazolonate-derived SILs compared with phenolate anions. The achievements being made in this work provides a promising approach to achieve efficient carbon capture by combining the benefits of strong interaction strength of oxygenate species with CO 2 and the stability improvement enabled by aza-fused rings introduction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS1998

The NASA Low-Pressure Turbine Flow Physics Program

An overview of the NASA Lewis Low-Pressure Turbine (LPT) Flow Physics Program will be presented. The program was established in response to the aero-engine industry's need for improved LPT efficiency and designs. Modern jet engines have four to seven LPT stages, significantly contributing to engine weight. In addition, there is a significant efficiency degradation between takeoff and cruise conditions, of up to 2 points. Reducing the weight and part count of the LPT and minimizing the efficiency degradation will translate into fuel savings. Accurate prediction methods of LPT flows and losses are needed to accomplish those improvements. The flow in LPT passages is at low Reynolds number, and is dominated by interplay of three basic mechanisms: transition, separation and wake interaction. The affecting parameters traditionally considered are Reynolds number, freestream turbulence intensity, wake frequency parameter, and the pressure distribution (loading). Three-dimensional effects and additional parameters, particularly turbulence characteristics like length scales, spectra and other statistics, as well as wake turbulence intensity and properties also play a role. The flow of most interest is on the suction surface, where large losses are generated as the flow tends to separate at the low Reynolds numbers. Ignoring wakes, a common flow scenario, there is laminar separation, followed by transition on the separation bubble and turbulent reattachment. If transition starts earlier the separation will be eliminated and the boundary layer will be attached leading to the well known bypass transition issues. In contrast, transition over a separation bubble is closer to free shear layer transition and was not investigated as well, particularly in the turbine environment. Unsteadiness created by wakes complicates the picture. Wakes induce earlier transition, and the calmed regions trailing the induced turbulent spots can delay or eliminate separation via shear stress modification. Three-dimensional flow physics and geometry will have strong effects. Altogether a very complex and challenging problem emerges. The objective of the program is to provide improved models and physical understanding of the complex flow, which are essential for accurate prediction of flow and losses in the LPT. Experimental, computational and analytical work as complementing and augmenting approaches are used. The program involves industry, universities and research institutes, and other government laboratories. It is characterized by strong interaction among participants, quick dissemination of results, and responsiveness to industry's needs. The presentation will describe the work elements. Highlighting some activities in progress are experiments on simulated blade suction surface in low-speed wind tunnels, on curved wall, and on a flat-plate, both with pressure gradient. In the area of computation, assessment of existing models is performed using RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) simulations. Laminar flow DNS was completed. Analytical studies of instability and receptivity in attached and separated flows were started. In the near future the program is moving to include wake effects and development of improved modeling. Experimental work in preparation stages are: (1) Addition of wakes to the curved tunnel experiment; (2) Low-speed rotating rig experiment on GE90 engine LPT; and (3) Transonic cascade. In the area of computation, it is expected to move from model assessment towards development of improved models. In addition, a new project of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of LPT is to begin and will provide numerical data bases. It is planned to implement the emerging improved models in a multistage turbomachinery code and to validate against the GE90 engine LPT.

Ashpis, David E.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Balancing moisture and oxygen can match the crystallization dynamics of inert halide perovskite processing

Understanding crystallization in ambient environments is essential for scaling the fabrication of halide perovskite solar cells. Antisolvent-free perovskite deposition offers improved compatibility with high-throughput processing but introduces distinct crystallization dynamics relative to the more ubiquitous use of antisolvents in lab-scale perovskite fabrication. These dynamics are driven by interactions between solutes, solvent and the deposition environment. Using in situ wide-angle X-ray scattering during spin-coating and annealing, we demonstrate how relative humidity (RH) and oxygen, can be tuned to drive polytype evolution during ambient crystallization of formamidinium lead iodide to match that of inert synthesis and achieve comparable film and device quality. In an inert (N 2 ) environment, we find that perovskite films follow a well-established 2H → 3C phase transformation with a short period of coexistence of the 4H and 6H phase during heating. During crystallization in dry air (RH 0%), the added presence of oxygen leads to the dominance of 4H intermediate for an extended duration, establishing a 2H → 4H → 3C pathway. Introducing low humidity (RH 10%) suppresses the 4H phase to a short-lived intermediate above 100 °C, facilitating a more direct transition to the desired 3C phase and almost replicating the crystallization behavior observed under inert conditions. Interestingly, films crystallized under RH 10% show a lower onset temperature for the perovskite 3C phase than under N 2 . At higher humidity (RH 40%), the strong interaction of oxygen and moisture with iodoplumbates appears to stabilize higher order polytypes (4H and 6H). Devices fabricated under RH 10% achieve higher efficiency and enhanced stability compared to those produced under inert atmosphere. These findings provide mechanistic insight into crystallization pathways in different environments and provide a framework to transfer processes from inert to ambient conditions. The results highlight the critical role of controlled humidity in tuning antisolvent-free perovskite crystallization for scalable processing.

Hossain, Maimur [Univ. of California, San Diego, C↗

DOE OSTI2025

Novel Zwitterionic Polyurethane-in-Salt Electrolytes with High Ion Conductivity, Elasticity, and Adhesion for High-Performance Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

This study presents a novel polymer-in-salt (PIS) zwitterionic polyurethane-based solid polymer electrolyte (zPU-SPE) that offers high ionic conductivity, strong interaction with electrodes, and excellent mechanical and electrochemical stabilities, making it promising for high-performance all solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). The zPU-SPE exhibits remarkable lithium-ion (Li+) conductivity (3.7 × 10⁻⁴ S cm−1 at 25 °C), enabled by exceptionally high salt loading of up to 90 wt.% (12.6 molar ratio of Li salt to polymer unit) without phase separation. It addresses the limitations of conventional SPEs by combining high ionic conductivity with a Li+ transference number of 0.44, achieved through the incorporation of zwitterionic groups that enhance ion dissociation and transport. The high surface energy (338.4 J m−2) and elasticity ensure excellent adhesion to Li anodes, reducing interfacial resistance and ensuring uniform Li+ flux. When tested in Li||zPU||LiFePO₄ and Li||zPU||S/C cells, the zPU-SPE demonstrated remarkable cycling stability, retaining 76% capacity after 2000 cycles with the LiFePO4 cathode, and achieving 84% capacity retention after 300 cycles with the S/C cathode. Molecular simulations and a range of experimental characterizations confirm the superior structural organization of the zPU matrix, contributing to its outstanding electrochemical performance. The findings strongly suggest that zPU-SPE is a promising candidate for next-generation ASSLBs.

Wang, Kun↗