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Growth of topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3 particles on GaAs via droplet epitaxy

The discovery of topological insulators (TIs) and their unique electronic properties has motivated research into a variety of applications, including quantum computing. It has been proposed that TI surface states will be energetically discretized in a quantum dot nanoparticle. These discretized states could then be used as basis states for a qubit that is more resistant to decoherence. In this work, prototypical TI Bi2Se3 nanoparticles are grown on GaAs (001) using the droplet epitaxy technique, and we demonstrate the control of nanoparticle height, area, and density by changing the duration of bismuth deposition and substrate temperature. Within the growth window studied, nanoparticles ranged from 5 to 15 nm in height with an 8–18 nm equivalent circular radius, and the density could be relatively well controlled by changing the substrate temperature and bismuth deposition time.

Materials Science↗

Paleotopography controls weathering of Cambrian-age profiles beneath the Great Unconformity, St. Francois Mountains, SE Missouri, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Precambrian (1.4 to 1.5 Ga) granite and rhyolite in the St. Francois Mountains at the northeast corner of the Ozark Plateau in Missouri has been altered down to a depth up to 8 meters below the Great Unconformity (the contact between Paleozoic sedimentary rock and underlying Precambrian). Petrographic, geochemical, and mineralogic data indicate that at least two events generated this alteration: 1) surficial weathering due to subaerial exposure of the granite before Cambrian burial—this material is preserved as a paleosol; and 2) alteration due to reaction with basinal fluids channeled along the unconformity from nearby sedimentary basins long after burial by Paleozoic strata. To assess the variation between surficial weathering and basinal fluid alteration, we measured and sampled for petrologic, geochemical, and mineralogic data in the rock at and just below the Great Unconformity at three paleoelevations. Whole-rock geochemical oxide and X-ray diffraction data indicate that K-metasomatism and highly crystalline illite occurred in each profile. The K increase reflects crystallization of authigenic feldspar and illite from basinal fluids that were channeled along the Great Unconformity during younger Paleozoic fluid-flow events. Each profile also exhibits an upward increase in altered feldspar crystals and highly crystalline kaolinite, and an upward decrease in Ca and Na. Such changes reflect soil formation due to reaction with meteoric water before Cambrian burial, indicating that the altered granite was a paleosol before Paleozoic basinal fluid-flow events. Notably, the paleosol at the highest paleoelevation displays the least amount of paleoweathering and the paleosol at the lowest displays the greatest amount of paleoweathering. These results demonstrate that not only can characteristics of the paleosol just below the Great Unconformity be recognized in the St. Francois Mountains, despite subsequent alteration, but also it is possible to detect variations in soil thickness that were controlled by slope steepness and, therefore, water availability and/or soil creep or failure. This spatial relationship is compatible with studies of modern soils which indicate that soil character varies with position on a slope.

Geology↗

TRUST-EABM Sensors in Environments (SE) Report: Release FY20

The objective of the Delivery Environments (DE) Testbeds to Reduce Uncertainties in Simulations and Tests (TRUST) project is to support the efficient and responsive development of experimental, modeling, and simulation capabilities for future systems by developing representative testbeds that can be exercised more easily and efficiently than a WR like assembly for the purposes uncertainty quantification [1][2][3]. The testbeds are intended to be experimentally exercised in current and future relevant engineering environments with complementary modeling and simulation.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

May 7, 2020 - Explosive Supercell Thunderstorm In The SE TX Panhandle

These lightning strikes can be more dangerous than “normal” lightning associated with a regular thunderstorm in that the “bolts from the blue” often occur well away from where the precipitation is occurring at the surface. “Bolts from the blue” occurred at a measured distance of 33 miles and an estimated 35 to 50 miles away from where the precipitation was occurring with this storm.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Production of High Specific Activity 72 Se/ 72 As, 117m Sn and 203 Pb for Research and Clinical Applications: Effective target design, recycling of target material and radioisotope separation

This grant involved four objectives for producing high specific activity radionuclides using reactor and accelerator technologies that would find use in medical, industrial and research applications. This grant continued a collaboration between the scientists at the University of Washington (UW), the University of Missouri (MU) and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and addresses the need for high specific activity radionuclides, both reactor- and accelerator-produced, and for the training and education of radiochemists in isotope production, separations and precursor syntheses. All three institutions were involved in the projects, but to different degrees. The chemistry graduate students (Ph.D. program at MU) may have participated in an internship at one of the other institutions for training and project translation/facilitation.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

Development of High-Quality, Very Large-Grained Cd(Se,Te) Thin Films for CdTe Solar Modules (Final Technical Report)

TCF-21-25048 is a one-year project to quantify the potential attributes of recent NREL inventions where CdTe devices with grain sizes exceeding 100's of microns in lateral dimension can be fabricated using a novel seeded-epitaxial process. A CdSe0.1Te0.9 film is evaporated on commercially available transparent conducting oxide (TCO) where the latter surface roughness (Ra) has been reduced to < 1-nm. After NREL's colossal grain growth (CGG) process, the grain size of this "seed" layer is increased to 100-1000 um. CdTe is then deposited epitaxially resulting in a large-grain CdTe device structure without use of CdCl2. As of this report, we have: Demonstrated the feasibility of using Tec-15 substrates after surface roughness (Ra) reduction (nexTC); Developed reproducible CGG processes for this commercially available substrate; Developed a close-spaced sublimation (CSS) process for CdTe epitaxy using these substrates; Demonstrated that large-grain CdTe films have less sub-band (band tail) absorption than conventional, small-grain CdTe; Demonstrated that large-grain CdTe films (no CdCl2) have carrier lifetimes up to 1.5 ns; Demonstrated that carrier lifetimes in epi-CdTe films (no CdCl2) have comparable lifetimes when compared to the best pX-CdTe films (FSLR) treated with CdCl2; Started making large-grain CdTe devices using CGG templates and epitaxially deposited CdTe.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

TRUST Sensors in Environments: Accelerometers (SE-A) Report, Release FY24

The objective of the Delivery Environments (DE) Testbeds to Reduce Uncertainty in Simulations and Tests (TRUST) project is to quantify and help increase confidence in specific areas of computational and experimental capabilities that are applicable to the development, on-target assessment, and qualification of current and future delivery environments. The TRUST project consists of five "low-complexity", single-feature testbeds used to conduct experiments with accompanying models and simulations. Each of the five single feature testbeds aims to isolate an engineering feature or behavior of interest, then work towards improving the fundamental engineering understanding of that feature. Additionally, the single feature testbeds are used to identify capability development needs that can help reduce model and experimental uncertainty.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

TRUST Sensors in Environments: Thermocouples (SE-TC) Report Release FY24

The objective of the Delivery Environments (DE) Testbeds to Reduce Uncertainty in Simulations and Tests (TRUST) project is to quantify and help increase confidence in specific areas of computational and experimental capabilities that are applicable to the development, on-target assessment, and qualification of current and future delivery environments. More complete quantification of confidence in experimental and computational capabilities and the sufficient increase of confidence in those capabilities is critical to improving weapons engineering design, qualification, and assessment efforts that are critical to the current and future stockpile. This work uses and provides feedback on analysis tools and experimental results databases for efficient and responsive engineering which are currently under development.

42 ENGINEERING↗

TRUST Sensors in Environments: Fiber Optic Displacement (SE-FOD)

The objective of the Delivery Environments (DE) Testbeds to Reduce Uncertainty in Simulations and Tests (TRUST) project is to quantify and help increase confidence in specific areas of computational and experimental capabilities that are applicable to the development, on-target assessment, and qualification of current and future delivery environments. More complete quantification of confidence in experimental and computational capabilities and the sufficient increase of confidence in those capabilities is critical to improving weapons engineering design, qualification, and assessment efforts that are critical to the current and future stockpile. Under the TRUST work package, engineers use and provide feedback on analysis tools and experimental results and create databases for efficient and responsive engineering which are currently under development.

42 ENGINEERING↗

TRUST Sensors in Environments: Accelerometers (SE-A) Report Release FY25

The objective of the Delivery Environments (DE) Testbeds to Reduce Uncertainty in Simulations and Tests (TRUST) project is to quantify and help increase confidence in specific areas of computa tional and experimental capabilities that are applicable to the development, on-target assessment, and qualification of current and future delivery environments. The TRUST project consists of five "low-complexity", single-feature testbeds used to conduct experiments with accompanying models and simulations. Each of the five single feature testbeds aims to isolate an engineering feature or behavior of interest, then work towards improving the fundamental engineering understanding of that feature. Additionally, the single feature testbeds are used to identify capability development needs that can help reduce model and experimental uncertainty.

42 ENGINEERING↗

TRUST Sensors in Environments: Thermocouples (SE-TC), Release FY25

The Delivery Environments Testbeds to Reduce Uncertainty in Simulations and Tests (TRUST) project is a broad project intended to analyze simplified problems experimentally and with modeling and simulation. The purpose of analyzing these simplified problems is to extend solution methods to more complex problems, as well as understand deficiencies and gaps in knowledge of methods currently used in more complex analyses. The TRUST project encompasses several smaller testbeds intended to isolate individual phenomena. The testbed under consideration in this report is the Sensors in Environments: Thermocouples testbed. In previous years, the purpose of this testbed was to quantify uncertainty of thermocouple sensors. To accomplish this, an aluminum plate was placed in a thermal chamber and subject to various types of thermal loading. Thermocouples were placed in various locations on the aluminum plate in various configurations (e.g., embedded in the plate, placed under Kapton tape), and an effort was made to quantify uncertainty in these measurements. Finite element simulations were performed to investigate how sensitive these measurements were to parameters such as the boundary conditions on the plate and material properties. However, a fundamental source of uncertainty in this analysis was the convective heat transfer from the plate. Convective heat transfer is a complex physical phenomenon comprised of a number of interacting sub-processes and is difficult to predict accurately a priori. As such, the main purpose of this testbed in FY25 was to better understand, both experimentally and numerically, the convective heat transfer from the plate. This is a highly applicable problem to several more complex problems, as convective heat transfer occurs in nearly all problems where a body is moving through air. Numerically, this required a two-step approach. First, the air flow in the thermal chamber was in vestigated using computational fluid dynamics. The commercial solver Fluent was used to perform these simulations. From these simulations, a heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the plate was calculated. This heat transfer was then used as boundary conditions for finite element heat transfer simulations within the plate, which were performed using Abaqus. Significant effort was devoted to automating the handoff between these two solvers. Experimentally, previous thermocouple results in the plate were used to validate the time-dependent thermal profiles produced from Abaqus. Further experimental efforts were performed both to help validate the Fluent simulations and to inform its boundary conditions. For example, hot-wire anemometers were used to measure the velocity in the chamber, which would be particularly useful in understanding the chamber inlet velocity. Thermocouple measurements were also taken in the chamber, instead of only on the plate, to serve as validation evidence for the Fluent simulations. Numerical results showed that the Fluent to Abaqus workflow matched previous plate thermocouple measurements well. This type of handoff is useful for more complex experiments, or those that are not able to be examined in as great of detail as this testbed, as it was performed without any experimental input. Experimental results, however, were more mixed. The anemometers proved unreliable, with inconsistent measurements across all anemometers, even at locations that were nearly identical. On the other hand, the thermocouples provided a relatively rich view of the temperature field in the chamber.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Measurement of shunt resistance and conduction band offset in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 solar cells through joint analysis of temperature and intensity dependence of open-circuit voltage and photoluminescence

Joint analysis studies of open-circuit voltage and photoluminescence intensity (PL-I) are reported for CuIn 1-x GaxSe 2 (CIGSe) solar cells. A range of compositions are investigated, including constant x=0.35 and x=0.55 as well as a graded composition profile having a minimum of x=0.25. Both the open circuit voltage and PL-I are measured as functions of temperature and illumination intensity. With these two measurements, a full model-based fitting of the temperature and illumination dependence allows extraction of the effects of window layer band offset and shunt resistance, in addition to bulk and interface recombination parameters. Finally, to quantitatively analyze the two distinct measurements jointly, the absolute PL-I is measured to obtain quasi-Fermi-level splitting.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Selenocyanate derived Se-incorporation into the nitrogenase Fe protein cluster

The nitrogenase Fe protein mediates ATP-dependent electron transfer to the nitrogenase MoFe protein during nitrogen fixation, in addition to catalyzing MoFe protein-independent substrate (CO 2 ) reduction and facilitating MoFe protein metallocluster biosynthesis. The precise role(s) of the Fe protein Fe 4 S 4 cluster in some of these processes remains ill-defined. Herein, we report crystallographic data demonstrating ATP-dependent chalcogenide exchange at the Fe 4 S 4 cluster of the nitrogenase Fe protein when potassium selenocyanate is used as the selenium source, an unexpected result as the Fe protein cluster is not traditionally perceived as a site of substrate binding within nitrogenase. The observed chalcogenide exchange illustrates that this Fe 4 S 4 cluster is capable of core substitution reactions under certain conditions, adding to the Fe protein’s repertoire of unique properties.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Materials Data on K16Zr12Se61 by Materials Project

K16Zr12Se61 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are sixteen inequivalent K sites. In the first K site, K is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.41–3.80 Å. In the second K site, K is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to seven Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.33–3.83 Å. In the third K site, K is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.53–3.93 Å. In the fourth K site, K is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.40–3.68 Å. In the fifth K site, K is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to nine Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.46–3.94 Å. In the sixth K site, K is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.34–3.63 Å. In the seventh K site, K is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.35–3.87 Å. In the eighth K site, K is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.38–3.80 Å. In the ninth K site, K is bonded to eight Se atoms to form distorted KSe8 hexagonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramid, corners with two ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramids, edges with two ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.34–3.71 Å. In the tenth K site, K is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.38–3.87 Å. In the eleventh K site, K is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.36–3.62 Å. In the twelfth K site, K is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.37–3.85 Å. In the thirteenth K site, K is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.35–3.96 Å. In the fourteenth K site, K is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to eleven Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.55–4.00 Å. In the fifteenth K site, K is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.29–3.77 Å. In the sixteenth K site, K is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of K–Se bond distances ranging from 3.42–3.79 Å. There are twelve inequivalent Zr sites. In the first Zr site, Zr is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.96 Å. In the second Zr site, Zr is bonded to seven Se atoms to form distorted ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one KSe8 hexagonal bipyramid, an edgeedge with one ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramid, and a faceface with one ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.60–2.87 Å. In the third Zr site, Zr is bonded to eight Se atoms to form distorted face-sharing ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.86 Å. In the fourth Zr site, Zr is bonded to eight Se atoms to form distorted ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramids that share an edgeedge with one KSe8 hexagonal bipyramid and a faceface with one ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.70–2.89 Å. In the fifth Zr site, Zr is bonded to seven Se atoms to form distorted ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one KSe8 hexagonal bipyramid, an edgeedge with one ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramid, and a faceface with one ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.58–2.93 Å. In the sixth Zr site, Zr is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.73–2.98 Å. In the seventh Zr site, Zr is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.98 Å. In the eighth Zr site, Zr is bonded to eight Se atoms to form distorted ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one KSe8 hexagonal bipyramid, an edgeedge with one ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramid, and a faceface with one ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.74–2.88 Å. In the ninth Zr site, Zr is bonded to eight Se atoms to form distorted ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramids that share an edgeedge with one KSe8 hexagonal bipyramid and a faceface with one ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.70–2.88 Å. In the tenth Zr site, Zr is bonded to eight Se atoms to form distorted face-sharing ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.88 Å. In the eleventh Zr site, Zr is bonded to seven Se atoms to form distorted ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramids that share an edgeedge with one KSe8 hexagonal bipyramid, an edgeedge with one ZrSe7 pentagonal bipyramid, and a faceface with one ZrSe8 hexagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.60–2.88 Å. In the twelfth Zr site, Zr is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se atoms. There are a spread of Zr–Se bond distances ranging from 2.71–2.94 Å. There are sixty-one inequivalent Se sites. In the first Se site, Se is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and two Se atoms. There are one shorter (2.46 Å) and one longer (2.94 Å) Se–Se bond lengths. In the second Se site, Se is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.41 Å. In the third Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.48 Å. In the fourth Se site, Se is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and two Se atoms. The Se–Se bond length is 2.86 Å. In the fifth Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.42 Å. In the sixth Se site, Se is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K, one Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.40 Å. In the seventh Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, one Zr, and two Se atoms. The Se–Se bond length is 2.42 Å. In the eighth Se site, Se is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two K, one Zr, and one Se atom. In the ninth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.42 Å. In the tenth Se site, Se is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the eleventh Se site, Se is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and two Se atoms. The Se–Se bond length is 2.42 Å. In the twelfth Se site, Se is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the thirteenth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the fourteenth Se site, Se is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.40 Å. In the fifteenth Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, one Zr, and two Se atoms. There are one shorter (2.45 Å) and one longer (2.95 Å) Se–Se bond lengths. In the sixteenth Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.45 Å. In the seventeenth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K and two Zr atoms. In the eighteenth Se site, Se is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.43 Å. In the nineteenth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.43 Å. In the twentieth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. In the twenty-first Se site, Se is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the twenty-second Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.43 Å. In the twenty-third Se site, Se is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four K, one Zr, and one Se atom. In the twenty-fourth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the twenty-fifth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K and two Zr atoms. In the twenty-sixth Se site, Se is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and two Se atoms. There are one shorter (2.47 Å) and one longer (2.96 Å) Se–Se bond lengths. In the twenty-seventh Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. In the twenty-eighth Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the twenty-ninth Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, one Zr, and one Se atom. In the thirtieth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.43 Å. In the thirty-first Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. In the thirty-second Se site, Se is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K, one Zr, and two Se atoms. There are one shorter (2.41 Å) and one longer (2.89 Å) Se–Se bond lengths. In the thirty-third Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.45 Å. In the thirty-fourth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.39 Å. In the thirty-fifth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.47 Å. In the thirty-sixth Se site, Se is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and two Se atoms. In the thirty-seventh Se site, Se is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and two Se atoms. The Se–Se bond length is 2.47 Å. In the thirty-eighth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.41 Å. In the thirty-ninth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the fortieth Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. In the forty-first Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.42 Å. In the forty-second Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.39 Å. In the forty-third Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and one Se atom. In the forty-fourth Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the forty-fifth Se site, Se is bonded in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry to three K and two Zr atoms. In the forty-sixth Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the forty-seventh Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K, one Zr, and two Se atoms. In the forty-eighth Se site, Se is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one K, two Zr, and one Se atom. In the forty-ninth Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.42 Å. In the fiftieth Se site, Se is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one K, two Zr, and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.40 Å. In the fifty-first Se site, Se is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K, one Zr, and two Se atoms. The Se–Se bond length is 2

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Dy6Se11 by Materials Project

Dy6Se11 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twenty-four inequivalent Dy3+ sites. In the first Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.98–3.14 Å. In the second Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.96–3.00 Å. In the third Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.94–3.03 Å. In the fourth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry to seven Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.89–2.99 Å. In the fifth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.93–3.00 Å. In the sixth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.95–3.13 Å. In the seventh Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.94–3.13 Å. In the eighth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.94–3.25 Å. In the ninth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.93–3.08 Å. In the tenth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.95–2.99 Å. In the eleventh Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry to seven Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.87–2.93 Å. In the twelfth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.94–3.08 Å. In the thirteenth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.95–3.25 Å. In the fourteenth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.95–3.20 Å. In the fifteenth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry to seven Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.86–2.95 Å. In the sixteenth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.93–3.03 Å. In the seventeenth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.95–3.18 Å. In the eighteenth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.92–3.00 Å. In the nineteenth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.92–3.03 Å. In the twentieth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.92–3.03 Å. In the twenty-first Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.96–3.12 Å. In the twenty-second Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.97–3.04 Å. In the twenty-third Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.92–3.01 Å. In the twenty-fourth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Se+1.64- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Se bond distances ranging from 2.93–3.05 Å. There are forty-four inequivalent Se+1.64- sites. In the first Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the second Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the third Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the fourth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the fifth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Dy3+ atoms. In the sixth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the seventh Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the eighth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ and one Se+1.64- atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.46 Å. In the ninth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ and one Se+1.64- atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.55 Å. In the tenth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the eleventh Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the twelfth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ and one Se+1.64- atom. In the thirteenth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ and one Se+1.64- atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.84 Å. In the fourteenth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the fifteenth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the sixteenth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the seventeenth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the eighteenth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the nineteenth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the twentieth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the twenty-first Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ and two Se+1.64- atoms. The Se–Se bond length is 2.54 Å. In the twenty-second Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the twenty-third Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ and one Se+1.64- atom. In the twenty-fourth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ and one Se+1.64- atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.85 Å. In the twenty-fifth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the twenty-sixth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the twenty-seventh Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the twenty-eighth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the twenty-ninth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the thirtieth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Dy3+ atoms. In the thirty-first Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ and two Se+1.64- atoms. The Se–Se bond length is 2.53 Å. In the thirty-second Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the thirty-third Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ and one Se+1.64- atom. In the thirty-fourth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the thirty-fifth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the thirty-sixth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the thirty-seventh Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the thirty-eighth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Dy3+ atoms. In the thirty-ninth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Dy3+ atoms. In the fortieth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the forty-first Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded to five Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SeDy5 trigonal bipyramids. In the forty-second Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the forty-third Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the forty-fourth Se+1.64- site, Se+1.64- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ and one Se+1.64- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗