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At least 433 records · Page 24

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NASA NTRS2005

Laser System for Precise, Unambiguous Range Measurements

The Modulation Sideband Technology for Absolute Range (MSTAR) architecture is the basis of design of a proposed laser-based heterodyne interferometer that could measure a range (distance) as great as 100 km with a precision and resolution of the order of 1 nm. Simple optical interferometers can measure changes in range with nanometer resolution, but cannot measure range itself because interference is subject to the well-known integer-multiple-of-2 -radians phase ambiguity, which amounts to a range ambiguity of the order of 1 m at typical laser wavelengths. Existing rangefinders have a resolution of the order of 10 m and are therefore unable to resolve the ambiguity. The proposed MSTAR architecture bridges the gap, enabling nanometer resolution with an ambiguity range that can be extended to arbitrarily large distances. The MSTAR architecture combines the principle of the heterodyne interferometer with the principle of extending the ambiguity range of an interferometer by using light of two wavelengths. The use of two wavelengths for this purpose is well established in optical metrology, radar, and sonar. However, unlike in traditional two-color laser interferometry, light of two wavelengths would not be generated by two lasers. Instead, multiple wavelengths would be generated as sidebands of phase modulation of the light from a single frequency- stabilized laser. The phase modulation would be effected by applying sinusoidal signals of suitable frequencies (typically tens of gigahertz) to high-speed electro-optical phase modulators. Intensity modulation can also be used

Dubovitsky, Serge↗

NASA NTRS2013

A Short-Range Distance Sensor with Exceptional Linearity

A sensor has been demonstrated that can measure distance over a total range of about 300 microns to an accuracy of about 0.1 nm (resolution of about 0.01 nm). This represents an exceptionally large dynamic range of operation - over 1,000,000. The sensor is optical in nature, and requires the attachment of a mirror to the object whose distance is being measured. This work resulted from actively developing a white light interferometric system to be used to measure the depths of defects in the Space Shuttle Orbiter windows. The concept was then applied to measuring distance. The concept later expanded to include spectrometer calibration. In summary, broadband (i.e., white) light is launched into a Michelson interferometer, one mirror of which is fixed and one of which is attached to the object whose distance is to be measured. The light emerging from the interferometer has traveled one of two distances: either the distance to the fixed mirror and back, or the distance to the moving mirror and back. These two light beams mix and produce an interference pattern where some wavelengths interfere constructively and some destructively. Sending this light into a spectrometer allows this interference pattern to be analyzed, yielding the net distance difference between the two paths. The unique feature of this distance sensor is its ability to measure accurately distance over a dynamic range of more than one million, the ratio of its range (about 300 microns) to its accuracy (about 0.1 nanometer). Such a large linear operating range is rare and arises here because both amplitude and phase-matching algorithms contribute to the performance. The sensor is limited by the need to attach a mirror of some kind to the object being tracked, and by the fairly small total range, but the exceptional dynamic range should make it of interest.

Simmons, Steven↗

NASA NTRS2014

Range Safety Flight Elevation Limit Calculation Software

This program was developed to fill a need within the Wallops Flight Facility workflow for automation of the development of vertical plan limit lines used by flight safety officers during the conduct of expendable launch vehicle missions. Vertical plane present-position-based destruct lines have been used by range safety organizations at numerous launch ranges to mitigate launch vehicle risks during the early phase of flight. Various ranges have implemented data submittal and processing workflows to develop these destruct lines. As such, there is significant prior art in this field. The ElLimits program was developed at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility to automate the process for developing vertical plane limit lines using current computing technologies. The ElLimits program is used to configure launch-phase range safety flight control lines for guided missiles. The name of the program derives itself from the fundamental quantity that is computed - flight elevation limits. The user specifies the extent and resolution of a grid in the vertical plane oriented along the launch azimuth. At each grid point, the program computes the maximum velocity vector flight elevation that can be permitted without endangering a specified back-range location. Vertical plane x-y limit lines that can be utilized on a present position display are derived from the flight elevation limit data by numerically propagating 'streamlines' through the grid. The failure turn and debris propagation simulation technique used by the application is common to all of its analysis options. A simulation is initialized at a vertical plane grid point chosen by the program. A powered flight failure turn is then propagated in the plane for the duration of the so-called RSO reaction time. At the end of the turn, a delta-velocity is imparted, and a ballistic trajectory is propagated to impact. While the program possesses capability for powered flight failure turn modeling, it does not require extensive user inputs of vehicle characteristics (e.g., thrust and aerodynamic data), nor does it require reams of turn data after the traditional fashion of the Air Force ranges. The program requires a nominal trajectory table (time, altitude, range, velocity, and flight elevation) and makes heavy use of it to initialize and model a failure turn.

Lanzi, Raymond J↗

NASA NTRS2016

Analysis of One-Way Laser Ranging Data to LRO, Time Transfer and Clock Characterization

We processed and analyzed one-way laser ranging data from International Laser Ranging Service ground stations to NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), obtained from June 13, 2009 until September 30, 2014. We pair and analyze the one-way range observables from station laser fire and spacecraft laser arrival times by using nominal LRO orbit models based on the GRAIL gravity field. We apply corrections for instrument range walk, as well as for atmospheric and relativistic effects. In total we derived a tracking data volume of approximately 3000 hours featuring 64 million Full Rate and 1.5 million Normal Point observations. From a statistical analysis of the dataset we evaluate the experiment and the ground station performance. We observe a laser ranging measurement precision of 12.3 centimeters in case of the Full Rate data which surpasses the LOLA (Lunar Orbiting Laser Altimeter) timestamp precision of 15 centimeters. The averaging to Normal Point data further reduces the measurement precision to 5.6 centimeters. We characterized the LRO clock with fits throughout the mission time and estimated the rate to 6.9 times10 (sup -8), the aging to 1.6 times 10 (sup -12) per day and the change of aging to 2.3 times 10 (sup -14) per day squared over all mission phases. The fits also provide referencing of onboard time to the TDB (Barycentric Dynamical Time) time scale at a precision of 166 nanoseconds over two and 256 nanoseconds over all mission phases, representing ground to space time transfer. Furthermore we measure ground station clock differences from the fits as well as from simultaneous passes which we use for ground to ground time transfer from common view observations. We observed relative offsets ranging from 33 to 560 nanoseconds and relative rates ranging from 2 times 10 (sup -13) to 6 times 10 (sup -12) between the ground station clocks during selected mission phases. We study the results from the different methods and discuss their applicability for time transfer.

Bauer, S.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Telecommand/Telemetry Ranging for Deep-Space Applications

Conventional two-way pseudonoise (PN) ranging relies on measuring the time delay between a PN signal transmitted to the spacecraft, and a corresponding synchronized PN signal transmitted from the spacecraft and received on the ground. Recently, we introduced a two-way ranging method ([1], [2], [3]) which eliminates the need for the downlink PN ranging signal. In this telemetry ranging scheme, the requisite timing measurements are obtained from a databearing downlink telemetry signal. In the present paper, we extend the telemetry ranging concept by also eliminating the uplink PN signal, which is replaced by a data-bearing telecommand signal. We describe the architecture and concept of such a system, and describe the fundamental limitations of tracking the timing of such uplink telecommand signals when tracking loops or demod-remod correlation techniques are employed. An end-to-end performance analysis shows that in typical scenarios, ranging performance comparable to conventional PN ranging is possible.

Hamkins, Jon↗

DOE OSTI2018

Probing long-range ordering in nickel-base alloys with proton irradiation

In this paper, twelve commercial-grade austenitic alloys based on the Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe quaternary system were irradiated using 2 MeV protons at 360 °C to a damage level of 2.5 displacements per atom (dpa). Long-range ordered (Pt 2 Mo-type) precipitation under proton irradiation was observed, for the first time, in alloys C22, 625, 625P, 625D, 725, and 690. No relevant short-range ordering was observed. These irradiation-enhanced long-range ordered precipitates are coherent with the matrix despite their irregular shape. Of the potential influences on long-range ordering (Ni:Cr, and Ni:(Cr + Mo) ratios, Mo, and iron concentration), Fe content was the strongest by far. The volume fraction of LRO decreases with increasing Fe content by virtue of its role as a stabilizer of the disordered FCC phase, thus reducing the energy savings from ordering. The observed effects of Fe on long-range ordering show qualitative agreement with predictions from thermodynamic modeling. Although solid state diffusion kinetics dominate long-range ordering under purely thermal conditions, ordering under irradiation here (~ 2.5dpa) is controlled by the thermodynamic driving force. Finally, proton irradiation thus offers a unique approach for studying the low temperature phase transformation in a thermodynamically favored, but kinetically constrained condition.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Range cost-effectiveness of plug-in electric vehicle for heterogeneous consumers: An expanded total ownership cost approach

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) appears to have sales momentum in major personal vehicle markets but are still at the early market stage. Opportunities to accelerate PEV adoption can be discovered through comprehensive total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis. Understanding the cost-effective electric ranges of PEVs for consumers, manufacturers, and the society is critical for any discussion of PEV mass markets. This study expanded the traditional TCO approach by (1) fully considering heterogeneous consumer driving patterns, (2) quantifying the charging inconvenience and range anxiety cost of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), and (3) monetizing both tangible and intangible PEV policies. Uncertainties were handled through Monte Carlo simulation. The results suggest that BEVs with an electric range of 250–350 km have the lowest TCO in cities with government-enacted purchase limitations, and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) have the lowest TCO in cities without purchase limitations, even when considering PEV subsidies. The lowest TCO for some consumer groups is obtained by BEVs with an electric range of 400–450 km, especially in northern China, where the weather is colder. The cost-effective all-electric range for BEVs in each city in 2025 will decrease due to improved battery performance in cold environments and an expanded charging infrastructure. Finally, based on TCO, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are currently more suitable for drivers with a high average daily mileage or a large mileage variance. However, by 2025, BEVs with a long driving range may become a more cost-effective choice for these drivers.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Charge-transfer excitations in low-gap systems under the influence of solvation and conformational disorder: Exploring range-separation tuning

Charge transfer excitations play a prominent role in the fields of molecular electronics and light harvesting. At the same time they have developed a reputation for being hard to predict with time-dependent density functional theory, which is the otherwise predominant method for calculating molecular structure and excitations. Recently, it has been demonstrated that range-separated hybrid functionals, in particular with an “optimally tuned” range separation parameter, describe charge-transfer excitations reliably for different molecules. Many of these studies focused on molecules in vacuum. Here we investigate the influence of solvation on the electronic excitations of thiophene oligomers, i.e., paradigm low gap systems. We take into account bulk solvation using a continuum solvation model and geometrical distortions from molecular dynamics. From our study, three main findings emerge. First, geometrical distortions increase absorption energies by about 0.5 eV for the longer thiophene oligomers. Second, combining optimal tuning of the range separation parameter with a continuum solvation method is not straightforward and has to be approached with great care. Third, optimally tuned range-separated hybrids without a short-range exchange component tend to inherit undesirable characteristics of semi-local functionals: with increasing system size the range separation parameter takes a smaller value, leading to a functional of effectively more semi-local nature and thus not accurately capturing, e.g., the saturation of the optical gap with increasing system size.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2013

Broadband carbon monoxide laser system operating in the wavelength range of 2.5 - 8.3 {mu}m

A two-cascade frequency conversion of CO-laser radiation is demonstrated in a single sample of a nonlinear ZnGeP{sub 2} crystal. The crystal is pumped by a repetitively pulsed cryogenic lowpressure CO laser operating on {approx}150 vibration - rotational transitions in the wavelength range 5.0 - 7.5 {mu}m, which corresponds to the frequency range of a half octave. In the first conversion cascade, generation of second harmonic and sum frequencies of various pairs of CO-laser radiation give {approx}350 emission lines in the wavelength range 2.5 - 3.7 {mu}m. In the second cascade, by mixing the radiation converted in the first cascade with the residual radiation of the CO laser we have obtained {approx}90 lines in the range 4.3 - 5.0 {mu}m and more than 80 lines in the range 7.5 - 8.3 {mu}m. Thus, using a single sample of the nonlinear ZnGeP{sub 2} crystal pumped by the radiation of a single CO laser we have produced a source of broadband (more than one and a half octaves) laser radiation, simultaneously operating at {approx}670 lines in the wavelength range 2.5 - 8.3 {mu}m. (lasers)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2019

The impact of reliable range estimation on battery electric vehicle feasibility

Range limitation is a significant obstacle to market acceptance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Range anxiety is exacerbated when drivers could not reliably predict the remaining battery range or when their journeys were unexpectedly extended. This paper quantifies the impact of reliable range estimation on BEV feasibility using GPS-tracked travel survey data, collected over an 18-month period (from November 2004 to April 2006) in the Seattle metropolitan area. BEV feasibility is quantified as the number of days when travel adaption is needed if a driver replaces a conventional gasoline vehicle (CGV) with a BEV. The distribution of BEV range is estimated based on the real-world fuel efficiency data. A driver is assumed to choose between using a BEV or a substitute gasoline vehicle, based on the cumulative prospect theory (CPT). BEV is considered feasible for a particular driver if he/she needs to use a substitute vehicle on less than 0.5% of the travel days. By varying the values of some CPT parameter, the percentage of BEV feasible vehicles could change from less than 5% to 25%. Additionally, the numerical results show that with a 50% reduction in the standard deviation and 50% increase in the mean of the BEV range distribution BEV feasibility increases from less than 5% of the sampled drivers to 30%.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Neural Network-Based Electric Vehicle Range Prediction for Smart Charging Optimization

Range prediction is a standard feature in most modern road vehicles, allowing drivers to make informed decisions about when to refuel. Most vehicles make range predictions through data- or model-driven means, monitoring the average fuel consumption rate or using a tuned vehicle model to predict fuel consumption. The uncertainty of future driving conditions makes the range prediction problem challenging, particularly for less pervasive battery electric vehicles (BEV). Most contemporary machine learning-based methods attempt to forecast the battery SOC discharge profile to predict vehicle range. In this work, we propose a novel approach using two recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to predict the remaining range of BEVs and the minimum charge required to safely complete a trip. Each RNN has two outputs that can be used for statistical analysis to account for uncertainties; the first loss function leads to mean and variance estimation (MVE), while the second results in bounded interval estimation (BIE). These outputs of the proposed RNNs are then used to predict the probability of a vehicle completing a given trip without charging, or if charging is needed, the remaining range and minimum charging required to finish the trip with high probability. Training data was generated using a low-order physics model to estimate vehicle energy consumption from historical drive cycle data collected from medium-duty last-mile delivery vehicles. Here, the proposed method demonstrated high accuracy in the presence of day-to-day route variability, with the root-mean-square error (RMSE) below 6% for both RNN models.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-T-524: In-Vivo Diode Dosimetry Proton Therapy Range Verification Validation Study for Pediatric CSI

Purpose: With the aim of reducing acute esophageal radiation toxicity in pediatric patients receiving craniospinal irradiation (CSI), we investigated the implementation of an in-vivo, adaptive proton therapy range verification methodology. Simulation experiments and in-phantom measurements were conducted to validate the range verification technique for this clinical application. Methods: A silicon diode array system has been developed and experimentally tested in phantom for passively scattered proton beam range verification for a prostate treatment case by correlating properties of the detector signal to the water equivalent path length (WEPL). We propose to extend the methodology to verify range distal to the vertebral body for pediatric CSI cases by placing this small volume dosimeter in the esophagus of the anesthetized patient immediately prior to treatment. A set of calibration measurements was performed to establish a time signal to WEPL fit for a “scout” beam in a solid water phantom. Measurements are compared against Monte Carlo simulation in GEANT4 using the Tool for Particle Simulation (TOPAS). Results: Measurements with the diode array in a spread out Bragg peak of 14 cm modulation width and 15 cm range (177 MeV passively scattered beam) in solid water were successfully validated against proton fluence rate simulations in TOPAS. The resulting calibration curve allows for a sensitivity analysis of detector system response with dose rate in simulation and with individual diode position through simulation on patient CT data. Conclusion: Feasibility has been shown for the application of this range verification methodology to pediatric CSI. An in-vivo measurement to determine the WEPL to the inner surface of the esophagus will allow for personalized adjustment of the treatment plan to ensure sparing of the esophagus while confirming target coverage. A Toltz acknowledges partial support by the CREATE Medical Physics Research Training Network grant of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Grant number: 432290)

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS2007

Range Measurement as Practiced in the Deep Space Network

Range measurements are used to improve the trajectory models of spacecraft tracked by the Deep Space Network. The unique challenge of deep-space ranging is that the two-way delay is long, typically many minutes, and the signal-to-noise ratio is small. Accurate measurements are made under these circumstances by means of long correlations that incorporate Doppler rate-aiding. This processing is done with commercial digital signal processors, providing a flexibility in signal design that can accommodate both the traditional sequential ranging signal and pseudonoise range codes. Accurate range determination requires the calibration of the delay within the tracking station. Measurements with a standard deviation of 1 m have been made.

range measurement↗

DOE OSTI2025

Steric Modulation of Protein‐Mediated Nanoparticle Assembly: Controlling Cluster Size, Polydispersity, and FRET Responses by Rebalancing Short‐ and Long‐Range Interactions

Understanding and manipulating protein-nanoparticle interactions is of broad interest to fields ranging from nanomedicine to the biological fabrication of functional hierarchical materials. This study investigates how steric forces introduced by a pegylated derivative of superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) that is monofunctional for silica binding modulate the delicate interplay of long-range (electrostatic and van der Waals) and short-range (protein-mediated) interactions in pH-responsive silica nanoparticle (SiNP) assembly by bifunctional silica-binding sfGFP. Increasing the length of the PEG segment and pre-incubating SiNPs with increasing concentrations of pegylated proteins enables precise control over cluster size within the 800–1450 nm range with a sixfold decrease in polydispersity index to a remarkable 0.1 endpoint. Weakening short-range attractive interactions via mutagenesis extends this control to clusters in the 50–250 nm range and reveals that the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency of clusters scales linearly with cluster diameter below 230 nm but increases only by 15% as clusters grow to 1450 nm. Furthermore, these findings enable the development of a system that provides an optical readout to dynamic changes in solution conditions enacted by a combination of pH adjustment and ion charge screening.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2018

Chemoattractant receptors activate, recruit and capture G proteins for wide range chemotaxis

Highlights: • Chemotactic GPCR forms an unconventional complex with the activated Gα. • Receptors activate, recruit and capture G proteins at different cAMP concentrations. • Capture of Gα can contribute to gradient sensing at high cAMP concentrations. The wide range sensing of extracellular signals is a common feature of various sensory cells. Eukaryotic chemotactic cells driven by GPCRs and their cognate G proteins are one example. This system endows the cells directional motility towards their destination over long distances. There are several mechanisms to achieve the long dynamic range, including negative regulation of the receptors upon ligand interaction and spatial regulation of G proteins, as we found recently. However, these mechanisms are insufficient to explain the 10{sup 5}-fold range of chemotaxis seen in Dictyostelium. Here, we reveal that the receptor-mediated activation, recruitment, and capturing of G proteins mediate chemotactic signaling at the lower, middle and higher concentration ranges, respectively. These multiple mechanisms of G protein dynamics can successfully cover distinct ranges of ligand concentrations, resulting in seamless and broad chemotaxis. Furthermore, single-molecule imaging analysis showed that the activated Gα subunit forms an unconventional complex with the agonist-bound receptor. This complex formation of GPCR-Gα increased the membrane-binding time of individual Gα molecules and therefore resulted in the local accumulation of Gα. Our findings provide an additional chemotactic dynamic range mechanism in which multiple G protein dynamics positively contribute to the production of gradient information.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2017

Prompt Gamma Imaging for In Vivo Range Verification of Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Therapy

Purpose: To report the first clinical results and value assessment of prompt gamma imaging for in vivo proton range verification in pencil beam scanning mode. Methods and Materials: A stand-alone, trolley-mounted, prototype prompt gamma camera utilizing a knife-edge slit collimator design was used to record the prompt gamma signal emitted along the proton tracks during delivery of proton therapy for a brain cancer patient. The recorded prompt gamma depth detection profiles of individual pencil beam spots were compared with the expected profiles simulated from the treatment plan. Results: In 6 treatment fractions recorded over 3 weeks, the mean (± standard deviation) range shifts aggregated over all spots in 9 energy layers were −0.8 ± 1.3 mm for the lateral field, 1.7 ± 0.7 mm for the right-superior-oblique field, and −0.4 ± 0.9 mm for the vertex field. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility and illustrates the distinctive benefits of prompt gamma imaging in pencil beam scanning treatment mode. Accuracy in range verification was found in this first clinical case to be better than the range uncertainty margin applied in the treatment plan. These first results lay the foundation for additional work toward tighter integration of the system for in vivo proton range verification and quantification of range uncertainties.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2019

Seasonal effects on electric vehicle energy consumption and driving range: A case study on personal, taxi, and ridesharing vehicles

The variation in BEV energy consumption and driving range under different weather and driving conditions can affect the usefulness and consumer acceptance of these vehicles. Thus, there is a need to better understand and quantify seasonal factors that affect consumption and range under real-world driving conditions. In this paper, a dataset representing the real-world driving activity of 197 BEVs of the same model recorded over 12 months at a polling frequency of 0.1 Hz is analyzed to estimate BEV performance across different driving applications (personal driving, taxi operation, and ridesharing) and seasons (spring/autumn, summer, and winter). The results show that the electricity consumption, travel patterns, and charging patterns of BEVs vary significantly by both vehicle application and season. For example, BEV models with a range of 160 km, recharged every 1.6 days on average, can meet most trip demands of personal vehicles. However, the same BEV model when used for ridesharing or taxi purposes, is driven much more and recharged more frequently. The results also show that actual BEV electricity consumption (EC) differs significantly from the consumption predicted by the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test, with real-world EC being 7%–10% higher than predicted by the NEDC test cycle. Furthermore, the real-world range of personal-use BEVs in winter is only 64% of the NEDC-estimated range. The study found that, when the ambient temperature is lower than 10 °C, electricity consumption increases 2.4 kWh/100 km for every 5 °C decrease in temperature. When it is higher than 28 °C, EC increases 2.3 kWh/100 km for every 5 °C increase in temperature. Furthermore, these findings imply that manufacturers should design BEVs with application-appropriate driving ranges and make R&D investments for improving battery performance in cold environments.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2023

Atomic-scale probing of short-range order and its impact on electrochemical properties in cation-disordered oxide cathodes

Abstract Chemical short-range-order has been widely noticed to dictate the electrochemical properties of Li-excess cation-disordered rocksalt oxides, a class of cathode based on earth abundant elements for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. Existence of short-range-order is normally evidenced by a diffused intensity pattern in reciprocal space, however, derivation of local atomic arrangements of short-range-order in real space is hardly possible. Here, by a combination of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and cluster-expansion Monte Carlo simulations, we reveal the short-range-order is a convolution of three basic types: tetrahedron, octahedron, and cube. We discover that short-range-order directly correlates with Li percolation channels, which correspondingly affects Li transport behavior. We further demonstrate that short-range-order can be effectively manipulated by anion doping or post-synthesis thermal treatment, creating new avenues for tailoring the electrochemical properties. Our results provide fundamental insights for decoding the complex relationship between local chemical ordering and properties of crystalline compounds.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗