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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

FCC Physics Opportunities

This volume of the Conceptual Design Report is dedicated to an overview of the FCC physics potential. It focuses on the most significant targets of the potential FCC research programme but, for the sake of space, not covering a large body of science that will nevertheless be accessible (and which is documented in various other reports, listed in the Appendix). The studies presented here, in addition to setting plausible targets for the FCC achievements, have helped in making the choice of the colliders’ parameters (energy, luminosity) and their operation plans. Furthermore, these studies contributed to the deinition of the critical detector features and parameters, as described in Volumes 2 and 3 of the CDR. While at first discussing the targets of each collider separately, the second part of this volume puts their synergy and complementarity in perspective, underscoring the added benefit to science brought by the unity and coherence of the whole programme. In addition to summarising the outcome of the work done during this CDR phase of the FCC physics studies, for the benefit of the whole particle physics community, this document is intended to stimulate an expert discussion of the FCC physics potential, in the context of the forthcoming review of the European Strategy for Particle Physics.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report

Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. The report reviews the experimental opportunities offered by the staged implementation of FCC, beginning with an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), operating at several centre-of-mass energies, followed by a hadron collider (FCC-hh). Benchmark examples are given of the expected physics performance, in terms of precision and sensitivity to new phenomena, of each collider stage. Detector requirements and conceptual designs for FCC-ee experiments are discussed, as are the specific demands that the physics programme imposes on the accelerator in the domains of the calibration of the collision energy, and the interface region between the accelerator and the detector. The report also highlights advances in detector, software and computing technologies, as well as the theoretical tools/reconstruction techniques that will enable the precision measurements and discovery potential of the FCC experimental programme. The content and structure of this report are guided by the scope and priorities defined in the mandate of the FCC Feasibility Study. It is therefore not intended to serve as an exhaustive review of the full physics potential of FCC. Several topics, already covered in earlier reports such as the FCC CDR, are not reiterated here or are addressed only briefly, in alignment with the study’s focus. This volume reflects the outcome of a global collaborative effort involving hundreds of scientists and institutions, aided by a dedicated community-building coordination, and provides a targeted assessment of the scientific opportunities and experimental foundations of the FCC programme.

Benedikt, M. [European Organization for Nuclear Re↗
DOE OSTI2015

Leveraging Safety Programs to Improve and Support Security Programs

There has been a long history of considering Safety, Security, and Safeguards (3S) as three functions of nuclear security design and operations that need to be properly and collectively integrated with operations. This paper specifically considers how safety programmes can be extended directly to benefit security as part of an integrated facility management programme. The discussion will draw on experiences implementing such a programme at Sandia National Laboratories’ Annular Research Reactor Facility. While the paper focuses on nuclear facilities, similar ideas could be used to support security programmes at other types of high-consequence facilities and transportation activities.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Atomically Precise Membranes for the Separation of Hydrocarbons

Separations often account for a majority of process costs. This is because all traditional separation processes have inherent weaknesses that prevent the system from achieving perfect (or even near perfect in many instances) selectivity. These weaknesses result in large recycle streams and require multiple separation units in concert in order to produce a product clean enough for use or sale. An atomically precise membrane capable of allowing passage to only certain molecules would greatly improve process economics. We have synthesized atomically precise, triangular and rectangular-shaped, pore-containing macromolecules (channel molecules) using a unique, stiff, programmable molecular scaffold developed in Prof. Christian Schafmeister’s lab at Temple University. We synthesized porous triangular and rectangular macromolecules from our unique, poly-cyclic, shape-programmable, and functional group-programmable spiroligomer scaffolds. These macromolecules display functional groups pointing outward that will covalently cross-link with other functional groups on other copies of the molecule. The pores are of programmable size and shape to selectively allow some molecules and ions to pass through the pores while resisting others. These molecules were confirmed with H-NMR and HPLC/HRMS. Self-assembled layers of these molecules were fabricated with the use of a Langmuir trough where they were compressed to a mean area that is close to their corresponding macrocycle size (~0.5-1 nm 2 ). We have also demonstrated several strategies for supporting films of these selective membranes on polysulfone.

Amundsen, Ted↗
DOE OSTI2015

Wire like link for cycle reproducible and cycle accurate hardware accelerator

First and second field programmable gate arrays are provided which implement first and second blocks of a circuit design to be simulated. The field programmable gate arrays are operated at a first clock frequency and a wire like link is provided to send a plurality of signals between them. The wire like link includes a serializer, on the first field programmable gate array, to serialize the plurality of signals; a deserializer on the second field programmable gate array, to deserialize the plurality of signals; and a connection between the serializer and the deserializer. The serializer and the deserializer are operated at a second clock frequency, greater than the first clock frequency, and the second clock frequency is selected such that latency of transmission and reception of the plurality of signals is less than the period corresponding to the first clock frequency.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Neutrinos from Stored Muons (nuSTORM)

The 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) (see https://cds.cern.ch/record/2720129 ) recommended that muon beam R&D should be considered a high-priority future initiative and that a programme of experimentation be developed to determine the neutrino cross-sections required to extract the most physics from the DUNE and Hyper-K long-baseline experiments. The ENUBET and nuSTORM collaborations have begun to work within and alongside the CERN Physics Beyond Colliders study group and the international Muon Collider collaboration to carry out a joint, five-year R&D programme to deliver a detailed plan for the implementation of an infrastructure in which: (1) ENUBET and nuSTORM deliver the neutrino cross-section measurement programme identified in the ESPP and allow sensitive searches for physics beyond the Standard Model to be carried out; and in which (2) A 6D muon ionisation cooling experiment is delivered as part of the technology development programme defined by the international Muon Collider collaboration. This document summarises the status of development of the nuSTORM and 6D cooling experiments and identifies opportunities for collaboration in the development of the initiative outlined above.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Evaluation of Current Knowledge for Building the Dutch Salt Safety Case - 16024

This paper provides an overview of an evaluation for building the Safety Case of geological disposal of radioactive waste in rock salt in the Netherlands. The evaluation comprises the present knowledge about the safety and feasibility of geological disposal designs considered in the past, thereby classifying the information taking into account the methodology and structure of a Safety Case. The evaluation is performed as part of the Dutch research programme OPERA (OnderzoeksProgramma Eindberging Radioactief Afval - Dutch acronym for Research Programme into Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste) by a consortium consisting of GRS from Germany, and TNO and NRG from the Netherlands. Basis of the evaluation is the available Dutch and international scientific-technical information about geological disposal in rock salt, especially from the German and US programmes. The evaluations have shown that although much knowledge on the topic exists, the available information need to be integrated in order to develop a Dutch Safety Case on rock salt. For example, the characteristics of the Dutch radioactive waste investigated for disposal have changed considerably since the last Dutch research programme ended in 2000. This implies that the previously considered Dutch facility concepts for geological disposal in rock salt need to be adapted to the newly regarded waste types such as spent fuel from research reactors and large amounts of LLW, including depleted uranium. Introducing these aspects into the iteration towards a salt Safety Case would also require an update of the post-closure safety assessment. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2016

Accelerating the Decommissioning of the Sellafield Pile Fuel Storage Pond Using Innovative Remote Tooling Developed with the Supply Chain - 16437

The Pile Fuel Storage Pond (PFSP) at Sellafield and adjoining de-canning building provided the storage, cooling and de-canning facility for used fuel and isotopes from the two Windscale reactors and later some Magnox fuel from the Calder Hall reactors. Operations ceased in the 1970's and the facilities are now undergoing a programme of accelerated decommissioning. The pond is a sub-divided outdoor storage pond containing skips of irradiated fuel and miscellaneous waste items and the building contains a series of sub-ponds, known as bays, connected underwater to the main pond. The radiation environment and access limitations necessitate the use of remote technology for the decommissioning programme. This paper describes the philosophy and approach and the technology and equipment adopted for the removal and export of key plant equipment and waste items from within the PFSP. In order to progress the project cost effectively and speedily, the Sellafield project team looked for partners in the supply chain with the required experience, expertise and facilities to supply and test 'commercial off-the-shelf' (COTS) or modified proprietary equipment. This COTS approach minimised the need for multiple, expensive and lengthy design and manufacturing tasks associated with bespoke equipment. Sellafield partnered with specialist remote handling contractor, James Fisher Nuclear, and the respective project teams worked closely together at every stage of the project from qualifying requirements, identifying potential solutions, through to development, testing, training and final deployment. Optioneering of potential solutions involved early 'proof of principle' trials in JFN rig hall facilities, utilising existing equipment and plant mock-ups, along with other equipment manufactured in-house. Together the project teams selected the best solution to take forward, adopting a practical and trials based approach, which allowed rapid and cost effective modification of the solution throughout the project with minimal impact on the programme. When the final solution was validated, plant operators then gained familiarity and training on the equipment so they could execute the work efficiently on plant and so minimise their dose uptake. The removal of a Large De-canner is described in detail. This was a significant obstruction to the emptying, modification and re-use of the bay and a key milestone in the clean-up of the PFSP. The de-canners are large and heavy pieces of equipment which weigh 6.5 t each and approximately 6.5 m long. Their removal was further complicated by limited equipment and man access, radiological contamination from de-canning fuel, challenging material properties, unknown equipment condition and complex lifting requirements. Sellafield Ltd and JFN project teams worked closely together to rapidly develop, trial and deploy a succession of adapted 'commercial off-the-shelf' (COTS) tools whilst addressing emerging challenges and completing the overall task on time and budget. The Sellafield and JFN project and design teams provided an underwater: wheel stop removal tool; towing trolley; grinder on a carbon fibre pole, chute cutting 600 mm circular saw and hydraulic 6 t winch. The suite of tools will be reused on the remaining de-canners in the PFSP and First Generation Magnox Fuel Storage Pond (FGMSP) giving cost and programme savings. Each of the tools can also be used, and some have already been, for other tasks in the bay retrievals such as the size reduction of support frames, large steel sections and chemical de-canner preparatory works. The 'learning from experience' acquired during the project was shared by the Sellafield project with other decommissioning projects across the site. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

Overview of IAEA MODARIA II Program Working Group 1 on Assessment and Decision Making of Existing Exposure Situations for NORM and Nuclear Legacy Sites - 18308

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) launched the Modelling and Data for Radiological Impact Assessments (MODARIA) II Programme in October. As part of the IAEA effort to enhance the capabilities of its Member States in assessing radiological impacts of radionuclides released to the environment from sites that were not operated in accordance with current standards, and to ensure protection of the public and the environment, the MODARIA II Programme aims to: (1) test the performance of models developed for predicting the transfer of radionuclides in the environment and assessing radiological impacts to the public and the environment; (2) develop and improve models for particular environments and, where appropriate, to agree on data sets that are generally applicable for use in testing environmental transfer models; and (3) provide an international forum for the exchange of experiences, ideas and research information. The Programme will run for 3 years from 2016 to 2019. The Programme comprises seven working groups covering a wide range of topics (https://wwwns.iaea.org/projects/modaria/modaria2.asp?s=8 and l=129). MODARIA II Working Group 1 (WG1) is focused on dose assessment and decision making regarding existing exposure situations due to naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and nuclear legacy sites. WG1 was formed as a combination of two MODARIA I WGs: WG1 focused on application of decision-aiding tools in remediation; and WG3 focused on risk assessment for NORM and radioactively contaminated legacy sites (https://wwwns.iaea.org/projects/modaria/default.asp?s=8 and l=129). It was recognized that the decision-making needs will inform the scope of risk assessments, and the risk insights and structured decision analyses will aid in informed decision-making. Therefore, MODARIA II WG1 is focused on developing methods and toolsets for risk-informed decision-making for NORM and nuclear legacy sites, including demonstration of decision-making processes and tools through case studies. MODARIA II WG1 has 91 registered participants from 33 Member States and IAEA (as of November 2017), some 30 of whom are actively engaged in various collaborative research and development activities within WG1. Members of WG1 participated in the First Technical Meeting of MODARIA II, which was held in Vienna, Austria from 31 October to 4 November 2016. The group then held its First Interim Meeting in Brussels, Belgium from 26 to 30 June 2017, which included a field trip to the legacy Tessenderlo Chemie (TCH) Phosphate Processing Site. At this meeting, the TCH Site and the Pridneprovsky Chemical Plant (PChP) in Ukraine were selected for case studies. The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Material Disposal Area B in the USA and the Beaverlodge Uranium Mill and Mill Site in northern Canada were selected as examples for sharing of good practices and lessons learned in risk-informed decision-making for environmental remediation and land conveyance. At the Second Technical Meeting held in Vienna on 30 October to 3 November 2017, an additional NORM site for tin processing in Brazil was added to the case studies, with another NORM site in Yunnan, China included for consideration at the Second Interim Meeting of WG1. The Second Interim Meeting will be held in in early to mid-May, 2018. The group has also decided to prepare an Interim Report by October 2018 to document the WG1 discussions and analyses for the period of 2016-2018, which will be finalized at the conclusion of MODARIA II in October 2019. Initial assignments have been discussed for IM1 participants to collect data, conduct modelling and analyses, and prepare draft sections for the Interim Report. This paper will provide an overview of the work plans for WG1. It will also highlight some near-term activities that the group is currently working on. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

Waste is our Product. Developing, Implementing and Optimising Waste Management at Dounreay - 19039

The UK's Fast Breeder Reactor Research programme was centred at Dounreay, in the very north of Scotland, from 1955. Since 1994, the site has been focused on decommissioning, and represents one of the most complex, technically challenging and hazardous nuclear clean-up projects in Europe. Since 2012, Dounreay Site Restoration Ltd (DSRL) has been contracted by the NDA as the Site License Company to deliver the defined scope of work, under a Target Cost contract, to decommission the site to achieve the Interim End State by 2030-2033, whilst managing the transition of its people. All parties, including DSRL's Parent Body Organisation Cavendish Dounreay Partnership Ltd (a consortium of Cavendish Nuclear, AECOM, and Jacobs), recognise that there are significant technical and regulatory challenges to achieve this, as well as safely managing the transition for our workforce on what is effectively a 'closure' contract. The product of decommissioning is waste; over the course of the programme, a full range of higher activity and lower level radioactive wastes will be generated, and must be safely managed. This paper will address: - The Policy issues relating to radioactive waste management at Dounreay, including particular issues relating to implementation of Scottish policy, including how Waste Management is Optimised. - An overview of the decommissioning programme and the delivery of an Interim End State; - The type, range and nature of radioactive wastes requiring safe management at Dounreay; - Higher Activity Wastes (HAW): - Setting higher activity waste strategy; defining products and interim storage requirements; - Technical, regulatory and stakeholder issues for HAW strategy; - Lower Activity Wastes: - Setting Low Level Waste (LLW) strategy; defining a disposal product and development and status for Dounreay's LLW Disposal Vaults; - Implementing LLW strategy; - Technical, regulatory and stakeholder issues for LLW strategy; - Optimising Waste Management -Optimising waste from generation (from decommissioning workfaces) through to disposal -why, and how; - The Waste Informed Decommissioning model as a methodology and approach; - Impact and importance of Waste Management on a target cost contract; - Establishment of a Waste Optimisation Programme to drive ownership, delivery and culture change; - Management responsibilities and informing organisational design; - Sharing and learning from Best Practice; - The Challenge - how to ensure workforce and teams are engaged in delivering optimisation requirements; - Conclusions. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

Status Update on IAEA MODARIA II Working Group 1 (Assessment and Decision Making) - 19391

During WM2018, the work being done under the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)'s Modelling and Data for Radiological Impact Assessments (MODARIA) II Programme (https://wwwns.iaea.org/projects/modaria/modaria2.asp?s=8 and l=129) was introduced. The Programme comprises seven working groups covering a wide range of topics. Amongst them, Working Group 1 (WG1) is focused on dose assessment and decision aiding tools to address existing exposure situations due to past practices involving naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and nuclear legacy sites. Specifically, this covers the development of methods and toolsets for risk-informed decision-making for such complex sites, and includes practical demonstration of decision-making processes and tools through case studies. During 2018 WG1 participants met twice to discuss the status and plans of work being conducted by the WG. The group held its Second Interim Meeting from 7 to 11 May 2018 at the Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI) in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The objectives of the meeting were to: (1) Discuss the status of WG1 work; (2) Start preparation of the interim draft version of the MODARIA II WG1 Report (herein referred to as the 'Interim Report'); (3) Review the progress of planned data analyses, model-model comparisons, and model-data comparisons being conducted through case studies for the Tessenderlo Chemie Site in Belgium, the Zapadnoe Uranium Mill Tailings Site in Ukraine, and a Former Tin Processing Facility Site in Brazil; (4) Discuss calculations conducted for a NORM Site in China for potential addition to the WG1 case studies; (5) Report on progress on topical studies and other assignments performed to support the preparation of several sections of the Interim Report; and (6) Discuss plans for incorporating some preliminary case studies considered by MODARIA I WG1 and MODARIA I WG3. During the meeting in Slovenia, WG1 participants also visited the Zirovski vrh (RZV) Uranium Mine and Mill Tailings Site near Ljubljana. From 22 to 25 October 2018, WG1 members also participated in the MODARIA II Third Technical Meeting in Vienna, Austria. The meeting facilitated analysis of the progress made so far by the seven working groups, as well as exploration of the dissemination of the results of the MODARIA II Programme through publication in scientific journals dealing with the various subject areas covered by the Programme. WG1 participants focused on the preparation of its Interim Report, and engaged in technical exchanges with the IAEA Le Trench Project on characterization, assessment, remediation and management of buried waste at legacy trench sites, as well as the To Enhance uncertainties Reduction and stakeholders Involvement Towards integrated and graded Risk management of humans and wildlife In long-lasting radiological Exposure Situations (TERRITORIES) project (https://territories.eu/). Currently, WG1 is in the process of preparing a draft report to document the results of its various case studies and special topics, and is preparing for the final Interim Meeting in May 2019 and the final Technical Meeting in October 2019, before the conclusion of the MODARIA II Program at the end of 2019. This paper will provide a status update of these activities, along with preliminary information on the WG1 report, including potential recommendations for future activities. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Volumetric Shaping of Nanoparticle-DNA Crystals by Light-Induced Milling

DNA-programmable self-assembly enables the formation of nanoparticle crystals with controlled lattice symmetry. While this approach offers the formation of complexly ordered nanostructures for optical, mechanical, and biological applications, a mesoscale control over such nanomaterials is limited. Directing the material formation process through the assembly pathway or external fields allows for modulating crystal morphology, but achieving arbitrary morphology remains challenging. Here, we present a photothermal method for shaping 3D DNA-programmable crystals of gold nanoparticles. Through local heating of nanoparticles due to plasmonic light absorption, we induce targeted volumetric dissolution of specifically defined crystal areas with micron-scale accuracy. This technique effectively prescribes crystal shaping and creates arbitrarily shaped voids within crystals. We further investigate both computationally and experimentally the key factors governing volumetric material subtraction. The developed automated light-milling platform enables the fabrication of nanomaterials exhibiting both DNA-programmable nanoscale order and custom-designed mesoscale architecture.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Rolex: Resilience-oriented language extensions for extreme-scale systems

Future exascale high-performance computing (HPC) systems will be constructed from VLSI devices that will be less reliable than those used today, and faults will become the norm, not the exception. This will pose significant problems for system designers and programmers, who for half-a-century have enjoyed an execution model that assumed correct behavior by the underlying computing system. The mean time to failure (MTTF) of the system scales inversely to the number of components in the system and therefore faults and resultant system level failures will increase, as systems scale in terms of the number of processor cores and memory modules used. However every error detected need not cause catastrophic failure. Many HPC applications are inherently fault resilient. Yet it is the application programmers who have this knowledge but lack mechanisms to convey it to the system. In this paper, we present new Resilience Oriented Language Extensions (Rolex) which facilitate the incorporation of fault resilience as an intrinsic property of the application code. We describe the syntax and semantics of the language extensions as well as the implementation of the supporting compiler infrastructure and runtime system. Furthermore, our experiments show that an approach that leverages the programmer's insight to reason about the context and significance of faults to the application outcome significantly improves the probability that an application runs to a successful conclusion.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Genome editing in pluripotent stem cells: research and therapeutic applications

Recent progress in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) and genome editing technologies has opened up new avenues for the investigation of human biology in health and disease as well as the development of therapeutic applications. Gene editing approaches with programmable nucleases have been successfully established in hPSCs and applied to study gene function, develop novel animal models and perform genetic and chemical screens. Several studies now show the successful editing of disease-linked alleles in somatic and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as well as in animal models. Importantly, initial clinical trials have shown the safety of programmable nucleases for ex vivo somatic gene therapy. In this context, the unlimited proliferation potential and the pluripotent properties of iPSCs may offer advantages for gene targeting approaches. However, many technical and safety issues still need to be addressed before genome-edited iPSCs are translated into the clinical setting. Here, we provide an overview of the available genome editing systems and discuss opportunities and perspectives for their application in basic research and clinical practice, with a particular focus on hPSC based research and gene therapy approaches. Finally, we discuss recent research on human germline genome editing and its social and ethical implications. - Highlights: • Programmable nucleases have proven efficient and specific for genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). • Genome edited hPSCs can be employed to study gene function in health and disease as well as drug and chemical screens. • Genome edited hPSCs hold great promise for ex vivo gene therapy approaches. • Technical and safety issues should be first addressed to advance the clinical use of gene-edited hPSCs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Benefits and costs of a utility-ownership business model for residential rooftop solar photovoltaics

The rapid growth of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems can pose a number of financial challenges for electric utility shareholders and their customers. One potential pathway to resolving these perceived challenges involves allowing utilities to own and operate rooftop solar systems. However, the financial benefits and costs of this business model are not well understood. Here we model the financial performance of a large-scale utility-owned residential rooftop solar programme. Furthermore, over a 20 yr period, the programme increases shareholder earnings by 2–5% relative to a no-solar scenario, compared to a 2% earnings loss when an equivalent amount of rooftop solar is instead owned by non-utility parties. Such a programme could therefore be attractive from the perspective of utility investors. The impacts on utility customers, however, are more mixed, with average bills of non-solar customers increasing by 1–3% compared to the no-solar scenario, similar to the 2% increase under traditional, non-utility-ownership structures.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

The emergence of valency in colloidal crystals through electron equivalents

Colloidal crystal engineering of complex, low-symmetry architectures is challenging when isotropic building blocks are assembled. In this study we describe an approach to generating such structures based upon programmable atom equivalents (nanoparticles functionalized with many DNA strands) and mobile electron equivalents (small particles functionalized with a low number of DNA strands complementary to the programmable atom equivalents). Under appropriate conditions, the spatial distribution of the electron equivalents breaks the symmetry of isotropic programmable atom equivalents, akin to the anisotropic distribution of valence electrons or coordination sites around a metal atom, leading to a set of well-defined coordination geometries and access to three new low-symmetry crystalline phases. All three phases represent the first examples of colloidal crystals, with two of them having elemental analogues (body-centred tetragonal and high-pressure gallium), while the third (triple double-gyroid structure) has no known natural equivalent. This approach enables the creation of complex, low-symmetry colloidal crystals that might find use in various technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Programmed synthesis of mesoporous protein crystals in cellular reactors

Protein crystals are naturally derived mesoporous materials with versatile structures and physicochemical properties. Here we introduce an intracellular synthesis platform that enables controllable and programmable protein crystallization. In live cells, we show that, after initial nucleation, steady protein expression governs crystal growth, yielding predictable, tunable dynamics in live cells. Exploiting this feature, we combined HaloTag and click chemistries to achieve modular, programmable immobilization of diverse guest materials with spatial patterning down to ~100 nm resolution. We further demonstrated the sequential release of immobilized materials in physiologically relevant fluids. As a proof of concept, we programmed particles to carry human fibroblast growth factors in distinct layers, which elicited designed oscillatory Akt signalling patterns in cell culture. Finally, this work outlines a programmable method for producing mesoporous materials, with possible applications in catalysis and biomedicine.

Yang, Hongru [Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (↗
DOE OSTI2019

Overview of the JET preparation for deuterium–tritium operation with the ITER like-wall

For the past several years, the JET scientific programme (Pamela et al 2007 Fusion Eng. Des. 82 590) has been engaged in a multi-campaign effort, including experiments in D, H and T, leading up to 2020 and the first experiments with 50%/50% D–T mixtures since 1997 and the first ever D–T plasmas with the ITER mix of plasma-facing component materials. For this purpose, a concerted physics and technology programme was launched with a view to prepare the D–T campaign (DTE2). This paper addresses the key elements developed by the JET programme directly contributing to the D–T preparation. This intense preparation includes the review of the physics basis for the D–T operational scenarios, including the fusion power predictions through first principle and integrated modelling, and the impact of isotopes in the operation and physics of D–T plasmas (thermal and particle transport, high confinement mode (H-mode) access, Be and W erosion, fuel recovery, etc). This effort also requires improving several aspects of plasma operation for DTE2, such as real time control schemes, heat load control, disruption avoidance and a mitigation system (including the installation of a new shattered pellet injector), novel ion cyclotron resonance heating schemes (such as the three-ions scheme), new diagnostics (neutron camera and spectrometer, active Alfvèn eigenmode antennas, neutral gauges, radiation hard imaging systems...) and the calibration of the JET neutron diagnostics at 14 MeV for accurate fusion power measurement. The active preparation of JET for the 2020 D–T campaign provides an incomparable source of information and a basis for the future D–T operation of ITER, and it is also foreseen that a large number of key physics issues will be addressed in support of burning plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗