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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24

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NASA NTRS2014

Stellar Laboratories: 3. New Ba 5, Ba 6, and Ba 7 Oscillator Strengths and the Barium Abundance in the Hot White Dwarfs G191-B2B and RE 0503-289

Context. For the spectral analysis of high-resolution and high-signal-to-noise (S/N) spectra of hot stars, state-of-the-art non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) model atmospheres are mandatory. These are strongly dependent on the reliability of the atomic data that is used for their calculation. Aims. Reliable Ba 5-7 oscillator strengths are used to identify Ba lines in the spectra of the DA-type white dwarf G191−B2B and the DO-type white dwarf RE 0503−289 and to determine their photospheric Ba abundances. Methods. We newly calculated Ba v-vii oscillator strengths to consider their radiative and collisional bound-bound transitions in detail in our NLTE stellar-atmosphere models for the analysis of Ba lines exhibited in high-resolution and high-S/N UV observations of G191−B2B and RE 0503−289. Results. For the first time, we identified highly ionized Ba in the spectra of hot white dwarfs. We detected Ba vi and Ba vii lines in the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectrum of RE 0503−289. The Ba vi/Ba vii ionization equilibrium is well reproduced with the previously determined effective temperature of 70 000 K and surface gravity of log g=7.5. The Ba abundance is 3.5 +/- 0.5 × 10(exp−4) (mass fraction, about 23 000 times the solar value). In the FUSE spectrum of G191−B2B, we identified the strongest Ba vii line (at 993.41 Å) only, and determined a Ba abundance of 4.0 +/- 0.5 × 10(exp−6) (about 265 times solar). Conclusions. Reliable measurements and calculations of atomic data are a pre-requisite for stellar-atmosphere modeling. Observed Ba vi-vii line profiles in two white dwarfs' (G191−B2B and RE 0503−289) far-ultraviolet spectra were well reproduced with our newly calculated oscillator strengths. This allowed to determine the photospheric Ba abundance of these two stars precisely.

New Ba V↗

DOE OSTI2026

Visualization for Insight and Data Analysis in Energy Research

This talk explores how advanced visualization technologies are transforming analytical reasoning and knowledge discovery in energy research, drawing on recent work at the National Laboratory of the Rockies' Computational Science Center. Through a series of scientific case studies, we demonstrate how immersive and high-resolution visualization environments enable scientists and engineers to identify previously unseen patterns and features - insights that often remain hidden in traditional desktop-based analysis. By embedding richer information into interactive analytics tools, these approaches support the exploration of complex, multivariate parameter spaces, where interaction itself catalyzes understanding. Beyond capability, we emphasize the critical role of visualization design grounded in perception and cognition, showing how visual encodings directly influence analytical outcomes. Spanning applications from materials science to integrated energy systems, these visualization approaches accelerate innovation and improve decision-making by enabling deeper, more reliable insight into increasingly complex energy data.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRS2019

An X-Ray Spectroscopic Search For Dark Matter And Unidentified Line Signatures In The Perseus Cluster With Hitomi

The reported detection of a 3.5 keV emission signal in the Perseus cluster core by Bulbulet al. (2014, ApJ, 789, 13) was ruled out at high confidence in analysis conducted by Aharonian et al. (2017, ApJ, 837, L15) of X-ray spectra at 5 eV energy resolution obtained with the Hitomi observatory Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS). Using the same data, we search the full 2–12 keV SXS energy band for previously unidentified emission and absorption features. No significant unidentified line emission or absorption is found. Line flux upper limits (1σper resolution element) vary with photon energy and assumed intrinsic width, decreasing from∼100 at 2 keV to<10 photons cm−2s−1sr−1over most of the 5–10 keV energy range for a Gaussian line with Doppler broadening of 640 kms−1. Limits for narrower and broader lines have a similar energy dependence and are systematically smaller and larger, respectively. These line flux limits are used to constrain the decay rate of hypothetical dark matter candidates. For the sterile neutrino decay rate, we place new constraints over the mass range of 4–24 keV with mass resolution better than any previous X-ray analysis. Additionally, the accuracy of relevant thermal spectral models and atomic data are evaluated. The Perseus cluster spectra may be described by a composite of multi-temperature thermal and active galactic nuclei (AGN) power-law continua. Superposed on these, a few line emission signals possibly originating from unmodeled atomic processes (including SiXIV and FeXXV)are marginally detected and tabulated. Comparisons with previous X-ray upper limits and future prospects for dark matter searches using high-energy resolution spectroscopy are discussed.

Takayuki Tamura↗

NASA NTRS2016

A Multi-Sensor Water Vapor, Temperature and Cloud Climate Data Record: Status of Our MEaSUREs 2012 Project

- Our primary objectives: Incorporate all A-Train water vapor, including small-scale, horizontal and vertical water vapor structure from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and GPS (Global Positioning System); Use MODIS cloud classification that is collocated at the pixel-scale over the full AIRS/AMSU (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit) swath; Extend summaries to PDFs (Probability Distribution Functions)/higher order moments of water vapor sorted by cloud classes; Establish robust, scale-dependent statistical relationships between cloud, temperature, and water vapor PDFs for the climate modeling community. - We will also: Update our current data record to new CloudSat/CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) cloud classification; Provide merged AIRS and MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) water vapor profiles using averaging kernels; Include temperature and water vapor from models (ECMWF - European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) and re-analyses (MERRA - Modern Era-Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications); Classify METOP-A (Meteorological Operational Satellite-A) and NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) satellite water vapor with AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) during SNOs (Solar Neutrino Oscillations); Compare with the NVAP-M (re-analysis and extension of the NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP)) water vapor climatologies; Use existing data sources and mature algorithms, and document processing algorithms.

Fetzer, Eric↗

DOE OSTI2026

Electrode Erosion and Prefire Studies Towards Fusion Scale Pulsed Power

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of electrode erosion and discharge behavior in spark gap switches over long switching cycle lifetimes. Brass, copper–tungsten (CuW), and stainless steel electrodes are tested under controlled conditions to quantify material degradation, debris accumulation, and changes in breakdown voltage. High-resolution imaging and statistical analysis of spark channel locations and gap breakdown voltages reveal how surface evolution influences long-term performance and reliability. These results provide essential data for lifetime modeling and inform design strategies for pulsed power systems in emerging applications such as private sector fusion energy and large-scale facilities like Sandia’s Z Machine and proposed ZX upgrades, where high repetition reliability and predictable behavior are critical.

electrical breakdown↗

NASA NTRS1989

Analysis of forest disturbance using TM and AVHRR data

A methodology that will be used to determine the proportions of undisturbed, successional vegetation and recently disturbed land cover within coniferous forests using remotely sensed data from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) is presented. The method uses thematic mapper (TM) data to determine the proportions of the three stages of forest disturbance and regrowth for each AVHRR pixel in the sample areas, and is then applied to interpret all AVHRR imagery. Preliminary results indicate that there are predictable relationships between TM spectral response and the disturbance classes. Analysis of ellipse plots from a TM classification of the disturbed forested landscape indicates that the forest classes are separable in the red (0.63-0.69 micron) and near-infrared (0.76-0.90 micron) bands, providing evidence that the proportion of disturbance classes may be determined from AVHRR data.

Spanner, Michael A.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Measurement of H2O and other trace gases in the stratosphere using a high resolution far-infrared spectrometer at 28 KM

The highlights of the stratospheric program were reviewed for the past 2.5 years. The major efforts were analysis of the data from the BIC-2 campaign, and the building or new instrumentation to replace that lost at the end of BIC-2. For clarity, the review will be done by topic, rather than chronologically: construction of the initial far-infrared spectrometer, balloon slight program, laboratory measurement, data analysis, and duplicate stabilized platform.

Traub, W. A.↗

NASA NTRS2021

ICESat-2 Atmospheric Channel Description, Data Processing and First Results

The Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) was launched aboard the Ice Cloud and land-Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) satellite in September 2018. ATLAS is a single wavelength (532 nm) lidar system designed to acquire high resolution measurements of the earth's surface while also obtaining atmospheric backscatter from molecules, clouds, and aerosols. Because ATLAS is optimized for altimetry, the atmospheric data acquired is unique in many respects and requires non-standard analysis techniques. For example, the high repetition rate laser limits the vertical extent of the profiles to just 14 km and causes atmospheric scattering from above 15 km to be added to the scattering in the lower 0–14 km profile. In addition, the limited vertical range of the acquired profiles renders it difficult to compute the magnitude of the solar background and hinders the application of standard calibration techniques. Despite these limitations, methods have been developed to successfully produce data products that have value to the atmospheric community for cloud and aerosol research and are currently available at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). In this paper we describe the ICESat-2 atmospheric channel and the methods used to process the ATLAS raw photon count data to obtain calibrated backscatter and higher level products such as layer heights and type, blowing snow, column optical depth and apparent surface reflectance.

Stephen P Palm↗

DOE OSTI2021

Study of the film boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow interface behavior using image processing

Here, in this study, based on a small-scale quench test facility, the two-phase flow interface behavior during quench transients is visualized and analyzed utilizing an image processing framework. The high-fidelity experimental results obtained for two-phase flow in the current framework can support various studies both in the time domain and in the frequency domain. In particular, visualization of the data obtained from different heating surfaces under different test conditions are used to perform a full-scale transient 2-D vapor film reconstruction. The liquid-vapor interface variations in various heat transfer regimes as well as at the initial film breakup point can be directly obtained through the processed data. Moreover, the temporal variation of the interfacial wave frequency approaching quench is investigated in detail. Based on the high-resolution data obtained for the liquid-vapor interface, the detailed phase velocity and temperature profiles are obtained through theoretic analysis, based on which the film boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) can be determined. In addition, an improved film boiling HTC model is developed considering the effects of wall superheat, liquid subcooling temperature, vapor film thickness as well as fluid properties. The model is found to predict film boiling HTC well within 15% error.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2021

New methodology for measuring electron density perturbations caused by plasma coherent modes using profile reflectometry: Magnitudes and radial profiles in DIII-D

New capabilities of fast-sweep frequency-modulated profile reflectometry are explored to measure electron density ne perturbation magnitudes and radial profiles due to plasma coherent modes in DIII-D. The first approach is based on the frequency analysis of phase perturbations associated with high frequency (~MHz) Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs). The measurement of ~5.5 MHz fast-ion-driven global Alfvén eigenmodes (GAEs) is demonstrated in a neutral beam-heated DIII-D plasma. The GAE induced a broad radial distribution of phase perturbations in the profile reflectometer data. Analysis of these data determined the effective cutoff location displacement and the estimated ne fluctuation profile. In the second approach, high resolution ne profiles are used directly to determine the radial structure of ne perturbations due to a neo-classical tearing mode. These new measurements broaden the application of profile reflectometry and advance the development of AE spectroscopy as a tool for non-invasive diagnosis of fast-ion-driven modes in DIII-D and burning plasmas such as ITER.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2021

Enabling discovery data science through cross-facility workflows

Experimental and observational instruments for scientific research (such as light sources, genome sequencers, accelerators, telescopes and electron microscopes) increasingly require High Performance Computing (HPC) scale capabilities for data analysis and workflow processing. Next-generation instruments are being deployed with higher resolutions and faster data capture rates, creating a big data crunch that cannot be handled by modest institutional computing resources. Often these big data analysis pipelines also require near real-time computing and have higher resilience requirements than the simulation and modeling workloads more traditionally seen at HPC centers. While some facilities have enabled workflows to run at a single HPC facility, there is a growing need to integrate capabilities across HPC facilities to enable cross-facility workflows, either to provide resilience to an experiment, increase analysis throughput capabilities, or to better match a workflow to a particular architecture. In this paper we describe the barriers to executing complex data analysis workflows across HPC facilities and propose an architectural design pattern for enabling scientific discovery using cross-facility workflows that includes orchestration services, application programming interfaces (APIs), data access and co-scheduling.

Antypas, Katerina B.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Sources of stochasticity in the growth of cloud droplets: supersaturation fluctuations versus turbulent transport

The role played by fluctuations of supersaturation in the growth of cloud droplets is examined in this study. The stochastic condensation framework and the three regimes of activation of cloud droplets – namely, mean-dominant, fluctuation-influenced, and fluctuation-dominant, are used for analyzing the data from high-resolution large-eddy simulations of the Pi convection-cloud chamber. Based on a detailed budget analysis the significance of all the terms in the evolution of the droplet size distribution equation is evaluated in all three regimes. The analysis indicates that the mean-growth rate is a dominant process in shaping the droplet size distribution in all three regimes. Turbulence introduces two sources of stochasticity, turbulent transport and particle lifetime, and supersaturation fluctuations. The transport of cloud droplets plays an important role in all three regimes, whereas the direct effect of supersaturation fluctuations is primarily related to the activation and growth of the small droplets in the fluctuation-influenced and fluctuation-dominant regimes. Here, we compare our results against the previous studies (experimental and theory) of the Pi chamber, and discuss the limitations of the existing models based on the stochastic condensation framework. Furthermore, we extend the discussion of our results to atmospheric clouds, and in particular focus on recent adiabatic turbulent cloud parcel simulations based on the stochastic condensation framework, and emphasize the importance of entrainment/mixing and turbulent transport in shaping the droplet size distribution.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Development of Renewable Energy Data for Facilitating the Clean Energy Transition in Vietnam

Vietnam is transforming its power system with an increasing share of variable renewable energy (VRE) in the generation mix and plans to achieve 27% VRE by capacity in 2030 and 42% by capacity in 2045, as indicated by the draft Eighth Power Development Plan for 2020–-2045 (PDP8). Further increase in VRE penetration is possible with data-driven analysis where availability of data, specifically VRE data, becomes critical. NREL has worked with various stakeholders in Vietnam to create high-resolution multi-year VRE data publicly available to all. This paper reviews this new VRE data for Vietnam and how different stakeholders can use this data to inform VRE deployment decisions.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

NASA NTRS1985

A major crustal feature in the southeastern United States inferred from the MAGSAT equivalent source anomaly field

The MAGSAT equivalent-source anomaly field evaluated at 325 km altitude depicts a prominent anomaly centered over southeast Georgia, which is adjacent to the high-amplitude positive Kentucky anomaly. To overcome the satellite resolution constraint in studying this anomaly, conventional geophysical data were included in analysis: Bouguer gravity, seismic reflection and refraction, aeromagnetic, and in-situ stress-strain measurements. This integrated geophysical approach, infers more specifically the nature and extent of the crustal and/or lithospheric source of the Georgia MAGSAT anomaly. Physical properties and tectonic evolution of the area are all important in the interpretation.

Ruder, M. E.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Undersampling Correction for Array Detector-Based Satellite Spectrometers

Array detector-based instruments are now fundamental to measurements of ozone and other atmospheric trace gases from space in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared. The present generation of such instruments suffers, to a greater or lesser degree, from undersampling of the spectra, leading to difficulties in the analysis of atmospheric radiances. We provide extended analysis of the undersampling suffered by modem satellite spectrometers, which include Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS). The analysis includes basic undersampling, the effects of binning into separate detector pixels, and the application of high-resolution Fraunhofer spectral data to correct for undersampling in many useful cases.

Chance, Kelly↗

NASA NTRS2024

Clear Lake Volcanic Field Disasters: Creating a Deformation Record Using InSAR to Assess Hazards and Detect Volcanic Unrest in Clear Lake Volcanic Field

Clear Lake Volcanic Field (CLVF) in northern California is at a high threat potential for volcanic hazards. Eruptions leading to increased seismic activity could result in silicic domes, cinder cones, and flows that would be dangerous to the residential areas near the volcanic field. Remotely sensed Earth observations can reveal volcanic processes in the subsurface, which are essential to the timely monitoring of potential volcanic activity. In particular, Sentinel-1 C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (C-SAR) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data capture relative surface deformation at unprecedented high spatial and temporal resolutions. Leveraging C-SAR and DEMs, we conducted interferometric analysis from January 2016 to December 2023. Our results demonstrate 1) the mean surface displacement velocity of the Clear Lake Volcanic Field is measured to undergo 5 to 10-centimeter scale deformation and shows a strong relationship with the surrounding faults, 2) apparent seasonal differences in rates of surface change, and 3) seismic activity associated with the geyser geothermal field has a strong association with cumulative surface displacement, with active fault zones having 2 to 5 cm of additional displacement. Results indicate that deformation is linked to deep pressure sources causing stresses on the surficial environment that should be considered in hazard mitigation. This study provides a baseline of historic deformation, aiding hazard analysts in communication efforts and streamlining decision-making for potential risks to region residents.

remote sensing↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Creating a Deformation Time Series Utilizing InSAR to Assess Hazards and Detect Volcanic Unrest in Clear Lake Volcanic Field, California

According to the U.S Geological Survey, the Clear Lake Volcanic Field (CLVF) in northern California is at a high threat potential for volcanic hazards. Eruptions leading to increased seismic activity could result in silicic domes, cinder cones, and flows that would be dangerous to the residential areas near the volcanic field. Remotely sensed Earth observations can reveal volcanic processes in the subsurface, which are essential to the timely monitoring of potential volcanic activity. In particular, Sentinel-1 C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (C-SAR) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data capture relative surface deformation at unprecedented high spatial and temporal resolutions. Leveraging C-SAR and DEMs, we conducted interferometric analysis from January 2016 to December 2023. Our results demonstrate 1) the mean surface displacement velocity of the Clear Lake Volcanic field is measured to undergo 5 to 10-centimeter scale deformation and shows a strong correlation with the surrounding faults, 2) apparent seasonal differences in rates of surface change, and 3) seismic activity associated with the geyser geothermal field has a strong correlation with cumulative surface displacement, with active fault zones having 2 to 5 cm of additional displacement. Results indicate that deformation is linked to deep pressure sources causing stresses on the surficial environment that should be considered in hazard mitigation. This study provides a baseline of historic deformation, aiding hazard analysts in communication efforts and streamlining decision-making for potential risks to region residents.

Ivan Tochimani-Hernandez↗

NASA NTRS2004

Spectroscopy of Low Mass X-Ray Binaries: New Insights into Accretion

This project is to observe two low mass X-ray binaries, chosen for their X-ray brightness, low column density, and diversity of accretion behavior. The high spectral resolution of the RGS, the broad energy range and tremendous collecting power of EPIC, and simultaneous optical monitoring with the OM are particularly well-suited to these studies. The second of two objects was observed on September of 2002. Data analysis for both observation has been completed: an investigation of the physical conditions of the emitting gas using emission and recombination line diagnostics to determine temperatures, densities, elemental abundances, and ionization structure. A study of behavior of the emission features as a function of binary orbit shows modulated behavior in one of the systems. A paper on "High-resolution observations of low-mass X-ray binaries" is near completion. The paper includes observations with the Chandra HETG that are not yet completed.

DilVrtilek, Saeqa↗