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At least 433 records · Page 24

WHOLESCALE Catalog of Rock Samples at San Emidio Nevada collected in January 2021 Version 2.0

This submission includes an update to the WHOLESCALESamples2021January.xls file where the strikes and dips initially reported have been corrected to comply with the right hand rule. The updated excel file and a link to the original submission are included in this report. The original submission "WHOLESCALE Catalog of Rock Samples at San Emidio Nevada collected in January 2021" contains information on thirty-six rock samples collected from San Emidio, Nevada during January, 2021 for Subtask 2.3 of the WHOLESCALE project. The following resources include a .zip of rock sample photos taken in the field, a .zip of rock sample photos taken in the laboratory at UW-Madison, and an excel catalog of rock samples with information on sample name, rock type, coordinates of sample location, structural measurements, field notes, observations for plug preparation (e.g., weathering, ability to be cut and cored), and rock descriptions. It should be noted that not every sample was photographed in the field. Names and descriptions of rock formation units are taken from Rhodes et al. (2011). The README.txt file is a description of this submission.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

ESS-DIVE Unoccupied Aerial Systems (UAS) Reporting Format v1

Here we present documentation of the ESS-DIVE reporting format for Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) data and metadata. This reporting format provides guidance to data contributors on how to store data to maximize their discoverability, facilitate their efficient reuse, and add value to individual datasets. For data users, the reporting format will better allow data repositories to optimize data search and extraction, and more readily integrate similar data into harmonized synthesis products. The reporting format provides templates and guidance for the reporting of metadata for UAS experimental campaigns, individual flights, platform and sensor description. To improve data access and discoverability, the reporting format proposes a data description scheme of Levels based on the degree of processing, where Level 0 includes raw data, through to Level 3 being derived data end products. A range of examples of data types for each Level are given, with suggested file naming schemes. The reporting format presented here is intended to form a foundation for future development that will accommodate new UAS technologies and approaches to data access and use in the future. The reporting format documentation is maintained and updated on the ESS-DIVE Community Space GitHub at https://github.com/ess-dive-community/essdive-uas. This data package is the first published version of this reporting format, and comprises a zip file of the complete content of https://github.com/ess-dive-community/essdive-uas v1.0. The zip contains the reporting format description, instructions and variable definitions in GitHub markdown language (*.md) and metadata templates in csv format. The reporting format is designed to be compatible with other ESS-DIVE formats, and it is specifically recommended that this reporting format be used in conjunction with the File-level metadata (FLMD) and comma separated values (csv) reporting formats for submission to the ESS-DIVE repository.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Surface water geochemistry along St. Louis River Estuary (Duluth/Superior, MN/WI)

This dataset is aimed at understanding changes in surface water chemistry associated with urbanization in the Great Lakes region. Surface water chemistry including cations, anions, organic and inorganic carbon, and nitrogen were collected from six locations along St. Louis River – a freshwater estuary entering Lake Superior (Duluth/Superior, MN/WI). The Duluth/Superior, MN/WI metropolitan area is the largest port on the United States side of Lake Superior. Samples were collected near different land uses every two weeks from late July 2023 to the onset of ice cover in November 2023. Water samples were analyzed using In-Situ AquaTroll 500 Multiparameter Sonde with Ammonium Ion Selective Electrode and Chlorophyll-a sensor (unfiltered), METTLER TOLEDO FiveEasy Plus FP20 and METTLER TOLEDO LE407 probe (unfiltered); HACH DR300 Pocket Colorimeter Iron FerroVer (filtered 0.22 μm in field); Shimadzu TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer with TNM-L Total Nitrogen Unit (filtered 0.22 μm in field); Agilent 8900 triple quadrupole ICP-MS (ICP-QQQ) (filtered 0.22 μm in field); and Dionex ICS-6000 HPIC System (filtered 0.22 μm in field).The data package is comprised of 5 files. dd.csv contains the description of columns in Geochemistry_LSNERR_water.csv and Sampling_sites.csv. flmd.csv contains descriptions of each file in the dataset. README.txt contains description of the dataset structure and file content. Geochemistry_LSNERR_water.csv contains geochemistry data for six sampling locations along the St. Louis River. Sampling_sites.csv contains latitude and longitude coordinates for each of the six sampling site locations along the St. Louis River.This data has not been previously published.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Continuous snow depth, ground interface temperature and shallow soil temperature measurements from 2021-10-1 to 2022-6-14, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

The dataset contains co-located snow depth, ground interface temperature, and shallow soil temperature measured at 98 discrete locations in a watershed located along the Nome-Teller road at mile marker 27 (referred to as T27), and at 53 discrete locations on a hillslope located along the Kougarok road at mile marker 64 (referred to as K64), in Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The dataset aims to understand the local heterogeneity of snow depth, snow temperature, and soil temperature dynamics and their interactions in a discontinuous permafrost region. The dataset is also valuable to train and evaluate machine learning and physical models to predict snow depth or the impact of snow depth on ground surface temperature. At each location, temperatures above and below the ground surface were measured by a pair of vertically deployed distributed temperature profiling probes designed based on Dafflon et al (2022). The probes have high precision temperature sensors spaced at 5 or 10 cm. The mean daily snow depth was estimated by identifying the pair of consecutive sensors with maximum drop of daily temperature high-frequency fluctuations. The ground interface temperature was measured by the sensor located 1-5 cm above the ground surface at 15-minute intervals. The shallow soil temperature was measured by the sensor located 1-5 cm below the ground surface at 15-minute intervals. The dataset includes a description of the probe locations in the "Probe_locations_*.csv" file and the 3 data files (Snow_depths_*.csv, Ground_interface_temperatures_*.csv, Shallow_soil_temperatures_*.csv). * is either T27 or K64, which are the two study sites. In each data file, each column corresponds to a measurement location. Metadata files include data descriptions (_dd.csv) for tabular data. All included files are listed and described in xxxx_flmd.csv. A more detailed description of data processing, along with an updated dataset incorporating multiple seasons and improved snow depth estimation is available at https://doi.org/10.15485/2480365 (Wang et al., 2025a, Wang et al., 2025b).The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Application of a Null-Space Monte Carlo Flow Model Set to the Composite Analysis Base Case Fate and Transport Modeling

The Plateau to River Groundwater Model (P2R Model) is a groundwater flow and contaminant fate and transport (F&T) simulation model used to support remedial activities conducted by CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company at the Hanford Site in Washington State. Figure 1-1 illustrates the P2R Model extents, discretization, and boundary conditions. The P2R Model is utilized in the Composite Analysis (CA) for the Hanford Site as the computational engine for computing F&T predictions as described in CP-60406, Hanford Site Composite Analysis Technical Approach Description: Groundwater. The model simulates contaminants of concern within the saturated zone of the uppermost aquifer beneath the Central Plateau and downgradient to the Columbia River. CP-57037, Model Package Report for the Plateau to River Model Version 8.3, documents the current version of the P2R Model including a description of the conceptual site model, model development and calibration, and limitations to the model application. The overall objective of the saturated zone modeling effort is to provide a basis for making informed remedial action decisions based on descriptions of current and expected future contaminant concentrations in groundwater at decision points within and downgradient of the Central Plateau of the Hanford Site. Specifically, the purpose of this environmental calculation is to describe the application of the hydraulic property fields and recharge parameters documented in ECF-HANFORD-20-0027, Null Space Monte Carlo Evaluation of the Plateau to River Model, to the CA flow and fate and transport simulation results to quantify the uncertainty in the simulated results due to input parameter selection. Use of numerical groundwater models is always accompanied with uncertainty in the results produced by a model because models are approximations of reality. Thus, by definition, models lack the detail to fully represent observed behavior. Use of numerical techniques, such as a NSMC analysis, can help in identifying and quantifying the potential uncertainties associated with a numerical model such as the P2R Model. The result of NSCM analysis is a set of F&T simulations that provide an estimate of the range of possible outcomes that are used to quantify the uncertainty in simulated concentrations produced using the base case simulations. The simulated concentrations from all simulations will support calculation of the uncertainty of the total dose calculated in a separate calculation.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

0D Modeling of Reactor Networks Within Zuzax

We report on progress in developing macroscopic balance equations for combustion and electrochemistry systems. A steady state solution capability is described for the macroscopic reactor network, with an associated steady state continuation method and solution storage capability added in. An example is provided of continuation of a hydrogen flame versus the equivalence ratio. The reactor modeling capability is extended to charged fluid systems, with a description of the new ChargedFluidReactor, SubstrateElement, and MetalCurrentElement reactor classes and novel setup of unknowns within these reactors that preserve charge neutrality. Zuzax's setup for electrochemistry is explained including the specification of the electron chemical potential and the adherence to the SHE Reference electrode specification. The description of the different ways to enter electrochemical reaction rates are described, contrasted, and their derivations with respect to one another are derived. An example of using the ChargedFluidReactor within corrosion problems is provided. We present a description of calculations to understand the phenomena of corrosion of copper from a micron sized droplet of NaCl water droplet, where secondary spreading occurs. An analysis of the discrepancies with experiment is carried out, demonstrating that macroscopic balances can be an important tool for understanding what major factors need to be addressed for a better understanding of a physical system.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

SNF Canister Coatings for Corrosion Prevention and Mitigation (FY21 Status Report)

This report summarizes the current actives in FY21 related to the effort by Sandia National Laboratories to identify and test coating materials for the prevention, mitigation, and repair of spent nuclear fuel dry storage canisters against potential chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking. This work follows up on the details provided in Sandia National Laboratories FY20 report on the same topic, which provided a detailed description of the specific coating properties desired for application and implementation on spent nuclear fuel canisters, as well as provided detail into several different coatings and their applicability to coat spent nuclear fuel canisters. In FY21, Sandia National Laboratories has engaged with private industry to create a Memorandum of Understanding and established a collaborative R&D program building off the analytical and laboratory capabilities at Sandia National Laboratories and the material design and synthesis capabilities of private industry. The resulting Memorandum of Understanding included four companies to date (Oxford Performance Materials, White Horse R&D, Luna Innovations, and Flora Coating) proposing six different coating technologies (polyetherketoneketone, modified polyimide/polyurea, modified phenolic resin, silane-based polyurethane hybrid with and without a Znrich primer, and a quasi-ceramic sol-gel polyurethane hybrid) to be tested, evaluated, and optimized for their potential use for this application. This report provides a detailed description of each of the coating systems proposed by the participating industry partners. It also provides a description of the planned experimental actives to be performed by Sandia National Laboratories including physical tests, electrochemical tests, and characterization methods. These analyses will be used to identify specific ways to further improve coating technologies toward their application and implementation on spent nuclear fuel canisters. In FY21, Sandia National Laboratories began baseline testing of the base metal material in according with activities of the Memorandum of Understanding. In FY22, Sandia National Laboratories will receive coated coupons from each of the participating industry partners and begin characterization, physical, and electrochemical testing following the test plan described herein.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DRiFT - Release 1.0.0 Organic Scintillators

DRiFT (a Detector Response Function Toolkit) is LANL-developed software that postprocesses output from the extensively validated radiation transport code, MCNP [1], and generates realistic nuclear instrumentation response. DRiFT is designed to be flexible, enabling users to specify detector type and many experimental settings, as well as accommodating the addition of their own desired features. Although DRiFT development has included scintillator [2], gas [3], and semiconductor features [4], the focus of this release is on organic scintillator and associated capabilities. Organic scintillators are widely used in the areas of nuclear safeguards and nuclear non-proliferation efforts [5, 6]. DRiFT has several diagnostic and detector physics features relevant to detailed scintillator simulations including: tracking source particle information, scintillation light production, the effects of PMT quantum efficiency and gain, and digitizer settings. Users can select responses from many scintillator and PMT types supported natively by DRiFT, or add their own by following the instructions in this document. We acknowledge that DRiFT is under active development, bug reports and general questions and comments should be directed to Madison Andrews, madison@lanl.gov. This manual is divided into four parts: I) An overview of DRiFT, including how to obtain and install the executable, II) A description of the detector physics related to scintillators available, III) a description of more general DRiFT features the user may find useful, and IV) a description of the test suite and examples made available with the code release.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

DRiFT - Release 1.1.1: Organic Scintillators

DRiFT (a Detector Response Function Toolkit) is LANL-developed software that postprocesses output from the extensively validated radiation transport code, MCNP, and generates realistic nuclear instrumentation response. DRiFT is designed to be flexible, enabling users to specify detector type and many experimental settings, as well as accommodating the addition of their own desired features. Although DRiFT development has included scintillator, gas, and semiconductor features, the focus of this release is on organic scintillator and associated capabilities. Organic scintillators are widely used in the areas of nuclear safeguards and nuclear non-proliferation efforts. DRiFT has several diagnostic and detector physics features relevant to detailed scintillator simulations including: tracking source particle information, scintillation light production, the effects of PMT quantum efficiency and gain, and digitizer settings. Users can select responses from many scintillator and PMT types supported natively by DRiFT, or add their own by following the instructions in this document. We acknowledge that DRiFT is under active development, bug reports and general questions and comments should be directed to Madison Andrews, madison@lanl.gov. This manual is divided into four parts: I) An overview of DRiFT, including how to obtain and install the executable, II) A description of the detector physics related to scintillators available, III) a description of more general DRiFT features the user may find useful, and IV) a description of the test suite and examples made available with the code release.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DRiFT - Release 2.1.0: Organic Scintillators and Gas Detectors

DRiFT (a Detector Response Function Toolkit) is LANL-developed software that post-processes output from the extensively validated radiation transport code, MCNP, and generates realistic nuclear instrumentation response. DRiFT is designed to be flexible, enabling users to specify detector type and many experimental settings, as well as accommodating the addition of their own desired features. The focus of this release is on organic scintillator, gas detector, and associated capabilities, while semiconductor features are still under development. Organic scintillators are widely used in the areas of nuclear safeguards and nuclear non-proliferation efforts. DRiFT has several diagnostic and detector physics features relevant to detailed scintillator simulations including: tracking source particle information, scintillation light production, the effects of PMT quantum efficiency and gain, and digitizer settings. Users can select responses from many scintillator and PMT types supported natively by DRiFT, or add their own by following the instructions in this document. DRiFT also has several diagnostic and detector physics features relevant to neutron gas detector simulations including: gas detector wall effects, inactive areas at the end of detector tubes, and effects of a preamplifier. We acknowledge that DRiFT is under active development, bug reports and general questions and comments should be directed to Madison Andrews, madison@lanl.gov. This manual is divided into four parts: I) An overview of DRiFT, including how to obtain and install the executable, II) A description of the detector physics related to scintillators available, III) a description of more general DRiFT features the user may find useful, and IV) a description of the test suite and examples made available with the code release.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Transient Testing of Nuclear Fuels Performed in the Original Operation of TREAT, Third Edition

TREAT core was upgraded at the end of the 1980s. The tests performed since about 1970 are summarized in considerable detail. Earlier tests are noted by their designated series and by some parameters that help to identify and distinguish each series from the others. The detailed summary descriptions are intended to help inform future researchers regarding the large, historical, empirical data base generated from that 35-year span during which hundreds of TREAT experiments were performed to investigate and demonstrate the transient behavior of a wide variety of nuclear fuels during severe off-normal and accident conditions -- using direct nuclear heating of the test samples. That empirical basis is foundational and valuable for guiding future qualification and safety evaluation of improved fuel designs and for future transient test planning and performance in TREAT. The second edition of this report added descriptions of the following test series: D, E, EOS, F, H, J, R, RX, and S. This third edition includes descriptions of an additional four test series: the HUT, HOP (& HUC), ORNL-TR, and PNL.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Data Qualification Report: SRNL Glass Composition-Properties (ComPro) Database

The Savannah River National Laboratory Glass Composition-Properties (ComPro) database is an extensive database containing pertinent composition and durability data to support the accelerated clean-up mission at the Defense Waste Processing Facility. The activities described in this data qualification report were performed to support the information contained in the database. There were two objectives of the original data qualification process. The first objective was to review supporting documentation to determine if DOE/RW-0333P Quality Assurance Requirements and Description had been implemented during the original work. If the DOE/RW-0333P Quality Assurance Requirements and Description had not been directly implemented during the original work, the second objective was to determine if the controls that were used were adequate to meet the intent of the DOE/RW-0333P Quality Assurance Requirements and Description. The results of these two objectives and the activities performed to support these decisions are described in this document. An assessment of each dataset was made to determine if the data were RW-0333P Compliant, RW-0333P Equivalent or Non-RW-0333P Compliant. The original data qualification was performed in accordance with E7, Conduct of Engineering Manual, Procedure 3.70, Revision 4, Qualification of Data. The specific method that was used was Equivalent Controls as described in E7, 3.70. Revision 2 of this document adds supporting information for the RW-0333P Compliant datasets added to Revision 3 of the database.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Life Expectancy of Evaporating Capillary Bridges Predicted by Tertiary Creep Modeling

The evaporation of capillary bridges is experimentally investigated at the microscale through a three-grain capillary cluster. This setting provides the minimum viable description of Haines jumps during evaporation, that is, capillary instabilities stemming from air entry into a saturated granular material. The displacement profile of a meniscus is obtained via digital image correlation for different grain materials, geometries, and separations. While it is well known that Haines jumps are triggered at the pore throat, we find that these instabilities are of three types depending on the separation. We also provide a temporal characterization of Haines jumps; we find that they are accurately described, as tertiary creep instabilities, by Voight’s relation, similarly to landslides and volcanic eruptions. This finding extends the description of capillary instabilities beyond their onset predicted by Laplace equilibrium. Our contribution also paves the way for a microscopically-informed description of desiccation cracks, of which Haines jumps are the precursors.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Real-Time Fault Location Using the Retardation Method

A new method for short-circuit fault location is proposed. The method is based on instantaneous signal measurement and its first and second derivatives, which are the novel elements of the current approach. The derivatives allow associating a precise time stamp to the occurrence of the fault. Due to retardation phenomena, the difference between the times in which a signal is registered in two detectors can be used to locate the fault. We offer several mathematical models to describe the fault. Although a description of faults in terms of a lumped circuit is useful for elucidating the methods for detecting the fault, this description will not suffice to describe the fault signal propagation; hence, a distributed models is needed, which is given in terms of the telegraph equations. Those equations were used to derive a transmission line transfer function, and an exact analytical description of the fault signal propagating in the transmission line was obtained. The analytical solution was verified both by numerical simulations and experimentally.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Validation of five Peronospora species names

Some Peronospora names included in the last major taxonomic treatment (a 1991 annotated list of names) were invalid because the author failed to provide the Latin description required at the time of their proposal. Here five such names—Peronospora coronillae-minimae, P . erini, P. papaveris-pilosi>, P. ranunculi-flabellati, and P. viciicola—are validated either by providing an English description or by reference to the original English description.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

NCSU RDMA data

NCSU RDMA Data Level b1: QC checks applied to measurements Data Format: CSV Description: See "instrument description Site: Houston, TX; Tracking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (HOU) Location: Houston, TX; AMF1 (main site for TRACER) Facility Code: M1 Category: Aerosol Properties Data Type: PI Data Source Instrument/Data: Nano-Scanning Mobility Particle (SMPS); A Radial Differential Mobility Analyzer (RDMA) coupled with 1 Condensation Particle Counter Start Date: 2022-06-01 End Date: 2022-9-26 Contact PI: Markus Petters (mdpetter@ncsu.edu) Funding Source: DOE ASR award US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environment Research (grant no. DE-SC 0021074) Instrument description The NCSU RDMA was operated at a sheath-to-sample flow ratio of 5:1.5 L min−1. The RDMA was configured to scan from 5 to 55 nm. It was located into the temperature-controlled trailer adjacent to the NCSU Flux Tower to observe size distributions of the aerosols.The sample line was dried with three silica-gel driers in series, and then neutralized with X-ray neutralizer. Please contact mdpetter@ncsu.edu for further information.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NCSU HTDMA data

NCSU HTDMA data Data Level b1: QC checks applied to measurements Data Format: CSV Description: See "instrument description Site: Houston, TX; Tracking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (HOU) Location: Houston, TX; AMF1 (main site for TRACER) Facility Code: M1 Category: Aerosol Properties Data Type: PI Data Source Instrument/Data: Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer; 2 Differential Mobility Analyzers (DMA1 and DMA2). Start Date: 2022-06-01 End Date: 2022-09-26 Contact PI: Markus Petters (mdpetter@ncsu.edu) Funding Source: DOE ASR award US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environment Research (grant no. DE-SC 0021074) Instrument description The NCSU HTDMA was operated at a sheath-to-sample flow ratio of 5:1 L min−1. The HTDMA was configured to measure hygroscopic growth factors of dry particles with mobility diameters of D = 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nm at RH ~ 70%. A complete cycle for all diameters took ~30 minutes. A sample line brought aerosol inside the trailer at 2.5 L min-1, where it was distributed between NCSU RDMA (1.5 L min-1) and NCSU HTDMA (1 L min-1) lines. The sample line was dried with three silica-gel driers in series, and then neutralized with X-ray neutralizer. The sample line entered DMA1 (operated as an electrostatic classifier). Monodisperse particles with certain fractions were humidified with temperature controlled Nafion membrane immersed in water before entering DMA2 (operated in scanning mobility particle sizer). Please contact mdpetter@ncsu.edu for further information.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NCSU Black Carbon (SP2) Data

NCSU SP2 Data Data Level b1: QC checks applied to measurements Data Format: CSV Description: See "instrument description Site: Houston, TX; Tracking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (HOU) Location: Houston, TX; AMF1 (main site for TRACER) Facility Code: M1 Category: Aerosol Properties Data Type: PI Data Source Instrument/Data: Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) Start Date: 2022-06-01 End Date: 2022-09-27 Contact PI: Markus Petters (mdpetter@ncsu.edu) Funding Source: DOE ASR award US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environment Research (grant no. DE-SC 0021074) Instrument description The SP2 was located in the temperature-controlled trailer adjacent to the NCSU Flux Tower to observe refractory black carbon (rBC) number concentration and mixing states of black carbon. The sample line brought aerosol inside the trailer at 4.5 L min-1, where it was distributed between 3 CPCs (TSI 3776c, Dc ~ 2.5 nm, TSI 3771, Dc ~10nm, and TSI 3772, Dc ~40 nm) with different size cuts, a printed particle optical spectrometer (POPS), and SP2. Please contact mdpetter@ncsu.edu for further information.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗