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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2005

Single mode fiber array for planet detection using a visible nulling interferometer

We report the design, fabrication, and testing of a coherent large mode field diameter fiber array to be used as a spatial filter in a planet finding visible nulling interferometer. The array is a key component of a space instrument for visible-light detection and spectroscopy of Earth like extrasolar planets. In this concept, a nulling interferometer is synthesized from a pupil image of a single aperture which is then spatially filtered by a coherent array of single mode fibers to suppress the residual scattered star light. The use of the fiber array preserves spatial information between the star and planet. The fiber array uses a custom commercial large mode field or low NA step-index single mode fiber to relax alignment tolerances. A matching custom micro lens array is used to couple light into the fibers, and to recollimate the light out of the fiber array. The use of large mode field diameter fiber makes the fabrication of a large spatial filter array with 300 to 1000 elements feasible.

fiber arrays↗
NASA NTRS1988

The influence of processor focus on speckle correlation statistics for a Shuttle imaging radar scene of Hurricane Josephine

The surface wave field produced by Hurricane Josephine was imaged by the L-band SAR aboard the Challenger on October 12, 1984. Exponential trends found in the two-dimensional autocorrelations of speckled image data support an equilibrium theory model of sea surface hydrodynamics. The notions of correlated specular reflection, surface coherence, optimal Doppler parameterization and spatial resolution are discussed within the context of a Poisson-Rayleigh statistical model of the SAR imaging process.

Tilley, David G.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Imaging the Future Threats of the Sand Dunes Along the Northwestern Coast of Nile Delta Using SAR

Although the Sand dunes screen the coastal cities from the sand dunes hazards and their infrastructures from rising sea levels and storms, they might threaten and hide the surrounding developmental projects. Thus, imaging these coastal dunes' internal anatomy and dynamics are crucial to protect the environment. In this study, the Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images were processed and integrated with field observations and surveys to extract information about the past, current, and future behavior of coastal dunes in the Nile Delta-Northwest sector. A conventional change detection method using the supervised Landsat-8 images for the years 2015 and 2017 were generated to show a rapid change in the sand dune cover, where the high-resolution images of Google Earth were used to digitize the dune crests and measure its encroachment rate, which has been reached about 4 m/year with the NW–SE direction. The full-polarimetric ALOS/PALSAR-2 images from the years 2015 and 2017 show very low coherence for the sand dunes, which means these dunes are dynamic, where the changes in both power and phase imbalances of different dune fields during the investigated years (2015 and 2017) show high differences in values, which reached 40 dB and 0.06°, respectively. Finally, the extracted radar facies from the field survey show two successive groups of coastal sand dunes show a decline in the heavy minerals content to a level that might threaten the properties at the shoreline due to sea level rise and wave storms if mitigation actions are not taken place soon.

Ramadan, Rabab↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ultrafast Nanoimaging of Spin-Mediated Shear Waves in an Acoustic Cavity

Strong spin–lattice coupling in van der Waals (vdW) magnets shows potential for innovative magneto-mechanical applications. Here, nanoscale and picosecond imaging by ultrafast electron microscopy reveal heterogeneous spin-mediated coherent acoustic phonon dynamics in a thin-film cavity of the vdW antiferromagnet FePS3. The harmonics of the interlayer shear acoustic modes are observed, in which the even and odd harmonics exhibit distinct nanoscopic dynamics. Corroborated by acoustic wave simulation, the role of defects in forming even harmonics is elucidated. Above the Néel temperature (T N ), the interlayer shear acoustic harmonics are suppressed, while the in-plane traveling wave is predominantly excited. The dominant acoustic dynamics shifts from the out-of-plane shear to the in-plane traveling wave across T N , demonstrating that magnetic properties can influence phonon scattering pathways. In conclusion, the spatiotemporally resolved structural characterization provides valuable nanoscopic insights for interlayer-shear-mode-based acoustic cavities, opening up possibilities for magneto-mechanical applications of vdW magnets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1973

Study of exothermic processes in shock ignited gases by the use of laser shear interferometry

Report on measurements of maximum exothermic power pulses attainable from a given chemical system. Experimental tests involved the use of a shock tube technique whereby the exothermic process of combustion was controlled by reflected shock, so that it occurred under virtually inviscid flow conditions, while the measurements were performed at a resolution commensurate with the actual rate of chemical reaction. Experimental observations were made by means of a novel method of laser shear interferometry - a cross-breed between holography and the conventional means for measuring refractive index fields, in that, on one hand, it was based on the exploitation of the phase coherence of the laser light beam, recording first a diffraction image of the wave fronts which, for the desired final result, had to be optically reconstructed, and, on the other, it yielded eventually either two-dimensional interferograms or schlieren photographs of the observed phenomena.

Meyer, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Andrean examples of mega-geomorphology themes

Geomorphic (or physiographic) provinces have been a well known and useful method of regional landform classification for a century. Every earth scientist will recognize a phrase such as Appalachian Plateau or Southern Rocky Mountains as defining a discrete region of consistent geologic structure that has experienced a similar interval of erosion by a similar process or set of processes. The geomorphic provinces formalized in the United States by Fenneman in the 1920's continue to be highly satisfactory even though some boundaries were only vaguely drawn. Mosaics of LANDSAT images illustrate better than any earlier maps the validity and coherence of Fenneman's provinces. The concept of geomorphic provinces has been used subconsciously or intuitively, to describe the relief of the ocean floor and the topography of the Moon and other planets.

Bloom, A. L.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Investigations of Remote Plasma Irregularites by Radio Sounding: Applications of the Radio Plasma Imager on IMAGE

The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) mission operates like a radar by transmitting and receiving coherent electromagnetic pulses. Long-range echoes of electromagnetic sounder waves are reflected at remote plasma cutoffs. Thus, analyses of RPI observations will yield the plasma parameters and distances to the remote reflection points. These analyses assume that the reflecting plasma surfaces are cold and are sufficiently smooth that they effectively behave as plane mirrors to the incoming sounder waves, i.e., that geometric optics can be used. The RPI will employ pulse compression and spectral integration techniques, perfected in ground-based ionospheric digital sounders, in order to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in long-range magnetospheric sounding. When plasma irregularities exist in the remote magnetospheric plasmas that are being probed by the sounder waves, echo signatures may become complicated. Ionospheric sounding experience indicates that while topside sounding echo strengths can actually be enhanced by the presence of irregularities, ground-based sounding indicates that coherent detection techniques can still be employed. In this paper we investigate the plasma conditions that will allow coherent signals to be detected by the RPI and the signatures to be expected, such as scattering and plasma resonances, in the presence of multi-scale irregularities, may possibly have on RPI signals. Sounding of irregular plasma structures in the plasmasphere, plasmapause and magnetopause are also discussed.

Fung, Shing F.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Three-Dimensional Optical Coherence Tomography

Three-dimensional (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an advanced method of noninvasive infrared imaging of tissues in depth. Heretofore, commercial OCT systems for 3D imaging have been designed principally for external ophthalmological examination. As explained below, such systems have been based on a one-dimensional OCT principle, and in the operation of such a system, 3D imaging is accomplished partly by means of a combination of electronic scanning along the optical (Z) axis and mechanical scanning along the two axes (X and Y) orthogonal to the optical axis. In 3D OCT, 3D imaging involves a form of electronic scanning (without mechanical scanning) along all three axes. Consequently, the need for mechanical adjustment is minimal and the mechanism used to position the OCT probe can be correspondingly more compact. A 3D OCT system also includes a probe of improved design and utilizes advanced signal- processing techniques. Improvements in performance over prior OCT systems include finer resolution, greater speed, and greater depth of field.

Gutin, Mikhail↗
NASA NTRS2017

Ocular Coherence Tomography in the Evaluation of Anterior Eye Injuries in Space Flight

While Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT) is not a first-line modality to evaluate anterior eye structures terrestrially, it is a resource already available on the International Space Station (ISS) that can be used in medical contingencies that involve the anterior eye. With remote guidance and subject matter expert (SME) support from the ground, a minimally trained crewmember can now use OCT to evaluate anterior eye pathologies on orbit. OCT utilizes low-coherence interferometry to produce detailed cross-sectional and 3D images of the eye in real time. Terrestrially, it has been used to evaluate macular pathologies and glaucoma. Since 2013, OCT has been used onboard the ISS as one part of a suite of hardware to evaluate the Visual Impairment/Intracranial Pressure risk faced by astronauts, specifically assessing changes in the retina and choroid during space flight. The Anterior Segment Module (ASM), an add-on lens, was also flown for research studies, providing an opportunity to evaluate the anterior eye in real time if clinically indicated. Anterior eye pathologies that could be evaluated using OCT were identified. These included corneal abrasions and ulcers, scleritis, and acute angle closure glaucoma. A remote guider script was written to provide ground specialists with step-by-step instructions to guide ISS crewmembers, who do not get trained on the ASM, to evaluate the anterior eye. The instructions were tested on novice subjects and/or operators, whose feedback was incorporated iteratively. The final remote guider script was reviewed by SME optometrists and NASA flight surgeons. The novel application of OCT technology to space flight allows for the acquisition of objective data to diagnose anterior eye pathologies when other modalities are not available. This demonstrates the versatility of OCT and highlights the advantages of using existing hardware and remote guidance skills to expand clinical capabilities in space flight.

Fer, Dan M.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Imaging Complex Subsurface Structures for Geothermal Exploration at Pirouette Mountain and Eleven-Mile Canyon in Nevada

Accurate imaging of subsurface complex structures with faults is crucial for geothermal exploration because faults are generally the primary conduit of hydrothermal flow. It is very challenging to image geothermal exploration areas because of complex geologic structures with various faults and noisy surface seismic data with strong and coherent ground-roll noise. In addition, fracture zones and most geologic formations behave as anisotropic media for seismic-wave propagation. Properly suppressing ground-roll noise and accounting for subsurface anisotropic properties are essential for high-resolution imaging of subsurface structures and faults for geothermal exploration. We develop a novel wavenumber-adaptive bandpass filter to suppress the ground-roll noise without affecting useful seismic signals. This filter adaptively exploits both characteristics of the lower frequency and the smaller velocity of the ground-roll noise than those of the signals. Consequently, this filter can effectively differentiate the ground-roll noise from the signal. We use our novel filter to attenuate the ground-roll noise in seismic data along five survey lines acquired by the U.S. Navy Geothermal Program Office at Pirouette Mountain and Eleven-Mile Canyon in Nevada, United States. We then apply our novel anisotropic least-squares reverse-time migration algorithm to the resulting data for imaging subsurface structures at the Pirouette Mountain and Eleven-Mile Canyon geothermal exploration areas. The migration method employs an efficient implicit wavefield-separation scheme to reduce image artifacts and improve the image quality. Our results demonstrate that our wavenumber-adaptive bandpass filtering method successfully suppresses the strong and coherent ground-roll noise in the land seismic data, and our anisotropic least-squares reverse-time migration produces high-resolution subsurface images of Pirouette Mountain and Eleven-Mile Canyon, facilitating accurate fault interpretation for geothermal exploration.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Wave-Optics Simulation Framework of Fourier Transform Holography with XMCD

We present a wave-optics simulation framework, implemented within the SRW, for modeling FTH with XMCD contrast. The framework propagates coherent, circularly polarized X-ray wavefronts from an undulator source through the sample and optics to the detector, reconstructing real-space images from the resulting holograms. Three principal extensions are introduced: (i) incorporation of polarization-dependent refractive indices in the sample plane, enabling direct simulation of XMCD contrast, (ii) a memory-efficient wavefront-splitting propagation scheme that treats individual apertures independently and coherently combines their fields at detector, and (iii) an integrated reconstruction module that delivers holographic images within the same framework. Together, these advances establish a versatile tool for quantitative exploration of coherence, aperture geometry, and detector sampling, and for the design and interpretation of XMCD-FTH experiments at synchrotron beamlines.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1979

Super-resolution imaging system

The resolution of an imaging system is greatly enhanced by radiating an object with a plane wave field from a coherent source variable in either frequency, angle or distance from the object, detecting the wave field transmitted through, or reflected from, the object at some point on the image of the object, with or without heterodyne detection, and with or without a lens system. The heterodyne detected output of the detector is processed to obtain the Fourier transform as a function of the variable for a direct measurement of the amplitude and surface height structure of the object within a resolution cell centered at the corresponding point on the object. In the case of no heterodyne detection, only intensity data is obtained for a Fourier spectrum.

Jain, Atul↗
DOE OSTI2026

braggedgemodeling

braggedgemodeling (bem) is an open-source Python package for modeling neutron Bragg-edge imaging. It computes the wavelength-dependent total neutron cross-section of a material (coherent and incoherent elastic, coherent and incoherent inelastic scattering, and absorption) from its crystal structure, and implements the March-Dollase texture model and the Jorgensen peak profile, supporting quantitative analysis of energy-resolved neutron imaging data (phase, stress/strain, and texture). Published in the Journal of Open Source Software (2018).

Lin, Jiao [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), O↗
NASA NTRS1988

Directed band ratioing for the retention of perceptually-independent topographic expression in chromaticity-enhanced imagery

A band ratioing method is developed which directs the retention of topographic expression and albedo information so that they remain depicted as prominent variations in image intensity. Band data are adjusted so that ratio values for each surface material coherently increase with increasing pixel bispectral radiance for all three ratios of the color composite. The retained topographic expression and albedo information do not significantly distort the ratio-enhanced band-variant reflectance information, and the resultant images are similar to chromaticity-enhanced band composite images, but require only simple arithmetic processing steps.

Crippen, Robert E.↗
DOE OSTI2020

MIRC-X: A Highly Sensitive Six-telescope Interferometric Imager at the CHARA Array

Michigan InfraRed Combiner-eXeter (MIRC-X) is a new highly sensitive six-telescope interferometric imager installed at the CHARA Array that provides an angular resolution equivalent of up to a 330 m diameter baseline telescope in J- and H-band wavelengths ((λ/(2B))∼0.6 mas). We upgraded the original Michigan InfraRed Combiner (MIRC) instrument to improve sensitivity and wavelength coverage in two phases. First, a revolutionary sub-electron noise and fast-frame-rate C-RED ONE camera based on an SAPHIRA detector was installed. Second, a new-generation beam combiner was designed and commissioned to (i) maximize sensitivity, (ii) extend the wavelength coverage to J band, and (iii) enable polarization observations. A low-latency and fast-frame-rate control software enables high-efficiency observations and fringe tracking for the forthcoming instruments of the CHARA Array. Since mid-2017, MIRC-X has been offered to the community and has demonstrated best-case H-band sensitivity down to 8.2 correlated magnitude. MIRC-X uses single-mode fibers to coherently combine the light from six telescopes simultaneously with an image-plane combination scheme and delivers a visibility precision better than 1%, and closure phase precision better than 1°. MIRC-X aims at (i) imaging protoplanetary disks, (ii) detecting exoplanets with precise astrometry, and (iii) imaging stellar surfaces and starspots at an unprecedented angular resolution in the near-infrared. In this paper, we present the instrument design, installation, operation, and on-sky results, and demonstrate the imaging capability of MIRC-X on the binary system ι Peg. The purpose of this paper is to provide a solid reference for studies based on MIRC-X data and to inspire future instruments in optical interferometry.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗