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At least 433 records · Page 24

Synthesis, Redox, and Spectroscopic Properties of Pd(II) 10,10-Dimethylisocorrole Complexes Prepared via Bromination of Dimethylbiladiene Oligotetrapyrroles

Two brominated 10,10-dimethylisocorrole (10-DMIC) derivatives containing Pd(II) centers have been prepared and characterized. These compounds were prepared via bromination of 10,10-dimethylbiladiene-based oligotetrapyrroles. Bromination of free base 10,10-dimethylbiladiene (DMBil1) followed by metalation with Pd(OAc) 2 , as well as bromination of the corresponding Pd(II) dimethylbiladiene complex (Pd[DMBil1]) provide routes to Pd(II) hexabromo-10,10-dimethyl-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-isocorrole (Pd[10-DMIC-Br 6 ]) and Pd(II) octabromo-10,10-dimethyl-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-isocorrole (Pd[10-DMIC-Br 8 ]). The solid-state structures of the two brominated isocorrole complexes are presented, as is that for a new decabrominated dimethylbiladiene derivative (DMBil-Br 10 ). The electronic and spectroscopic properties of the brominated biladiene and isocorrole derivatives were probed using a combination of voltammetric methods and steady-state UV–vis absorption and emission experiments. Data obtained from these experiments allow the properties of the brominated biladiene and isocorrole derivatives to be compared to previously studied biladiene derivatives (i.e., DMBil1 and Pd[DMBil1]). CV and DPV experiments demonstrate that Pd[10-DMIC-Br 6 ] and Pd[10-DMIC-Br 8 ] support well-behaved multielectron redox chemistry, similar to that which has been observed for other nonaromatic tetrapyrroles containing sp 3 -hybridized meso-carbons. Here, spectroscopic experiments reveal that bromination of the dimethylbiladiene core shifts this system’s UV–vis absorption profile to lower energy and that the dimethylisocorrole complexes support panchromatic absorption profiles that extend across the UV–vis and into the near-IR region. Photosensitization experiments demonstrate that unlike previously studied Pd(II) biladiene constructs, DMBil-Br 10 , Pd[10-DMIC-Br 6 ], and Pd[10-DMIC-Br 8 ] support limited triplet excited state chemistry with O 2 , indicating that the novel nonaromatic tetrapyrrole derivatives described in this work may be best suited for applications other than singlet oxygen sensitization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Cationic Polyelectrolyte Brushes in the Presence of Halide Counterions

Understanding the response of the charged polyelectrolyte (PE) brushes and brush-supported water and ions to the changes in the nature of screening counterions is significant in developing strategies for utilizing PE brushes in various applications. In this paper, we employ all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for studying the behavior of cationic [poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl) trimethylammonium] (PMETA) brushes and brush-supported water and ions in the presence of different halide (X: I – , Br – , Cl – , and F – ) screening counterions. We find that despite the F– ion having the largest charge density, the extent of binding of the counterions on the PMETAX brushes varies as I – > Br – > Cl – > F – , leading to PMETAX brush height being least with I– counterions and greatest with F – counterions. This trend in the binding of the halide ions matches the previous experimental result and can be explained by identifying the chaotropic nature of the I – and Br – ions that promote a disruption of water structure and a more favorable binding of the ions to the polymer chains. Such a binding trend also ensures that the order of the water molecules around the PMETAX chains or the counterions as well as the number of water–water hydrogen bonds inside the brush layer increases in the following order of the counterion-specific PMETAX brushes: F – > Cl – > Br – > I – . Furthermore, halide-ion-PMETAX-chain binding takes place via both interchain and intrachain bridging: intrachain bridging dominates for the case of counterions that show enhanced binding (I – and Br – ), while interchain bridging is more favored for the case of counterions that show weakened binding (F – and Cl – ). Also, a greater degree of intrachain bridging leads to greater compressibility and flexibility of the brush layer. Lastly, we show that the mobility of the halide ions follows a nonmonotonic trend with the charge density: the mobility decreases as I – < Br – < Cl – (as their binding to the PMETAX chains varies as I – > Br – > Cl – ), but the mobility of F – ions is in between that of I – and Br – ions. We argue that the strongly attached hydration layer and the ensuing friction inside the brush layer lead to such a reduced mobility of the F – ions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Fluid and electrolyte shifts in women during +Gz acceleration after 15 days' bed rest

Experiments were conducted on twelve women aged 23-34 yr - a bed rest (BR) group of eight subjects and an ambulatory (AMB) group of four subjects - to determine the effect of bed rest on shifts in plasma volume, electrolytes, and erythrocyte volume during +Gz acceleration on a centrifuge. The BR group underwent the +Gz acceleration during a two-week ambulatory control period, after 15 days of a 17-day BR period, and on the third day of ambulatory recovery. The AMB group underwent the same experimental procedures, but continued their normal daily routine during the BR period without additional prescribed physical exercise. Major conclusions are that (1) the higher the mean control tolerance, the greater the tolerance decline after BR; (2) relative confinement and reduced activity contribute as much to reduction in tolerance as does the horizontal body position during BR; (3) BR deconditioning has no effect on the erythrocyte volume during +3.0 Gz; and (4) about one-half the loss in tolerance after BR can be attributed to plasma volume and electrolyte shifts.

Greenleaf, J. E.↗

Photoconversion from the light-adapted to the dark-adapted state of bacteriorhodopsin

The dark and light adaptation of the bR(trans)570 (bacteriorhodopsin) and bR(cis)550 isomers is analyzed. The equilibrium between the two bR isomers in light-adapted purple membrane films is studied in terms of the wavelength of actinic light and hydration levels. Absorption spectra observed after light adaptations with red and yellow light reveal that red light is less efficient in converting bR(cis)550 to bR(trans)570 than yellow light and the amount of bR(cis)550 in a light-adapted sample increases with decreasing hydration. The rate constants of dark and light adaptation are evaluated; the rate constant of dark adaptation is independent of the hydration level and the rate constant of light adaptation increases with hydration. The acceleration of a dark adaptation by red light is investigated; the dependence of the accelerated dark adaptation on the light intensity is discussed. The action spectrum of light adaptation in a purple membrane suspension is compared with the absorption spectrum of bR(cis)550; correlation between the spectra reveals that cis-to-transconversion is due to excitation of bR(cis)550 and the mechanism of cis-to-trans conversion in film is not affected by humidity levels. It is noted that the light-driven trans-to-cis conversion is a single photon process. The branching at M410 from the all-trans into the 13-cis photocycle is examined.

Kouyama, T.↗

Spectroscopy of luminous infrared galaxies at 2 microns: 1. The ultraluminous galaxies (L(sub IR) approximately greater than 10 (exp 12) solar luminosity)

We present high-quality spectra covering the K window at a resolving power of 340 for a sample of 13 ultraluminous (L(sub IR) approximately greater than 10(exp 12) solar luminosity) infrared-selected galaxies, and line fluxes for a comparison sample of 24 lower luminosity galaxies. The 2 micrometers spectra of 10 of the ultraluminous galaxies are characterized by emission and absorption features commonly associated with stars and star formation; two others have the red power-law spectra and Br gamma line widths of Seyfert 1 galaxies; the final galaxy has strong emission from hot dust. We have found no broad-line active nuclei not already known from optical observations, despite the fact that the extinction at 2 micrometers is 1/10 that at optical wavelengths; any putative Seyfert 1 nuclei must be deeply buried. Powerful continua and emission lines from H2 and Br gamma are detected in all the ultraluminous galaxies. Comparing the H2 1-0 S(1), Br gamma, and 2 micrometers and far-infrared luminosities to those of the lower luminosity galaxies yields several major results. First, the dereddened Br gamma emission, relative to the far-infrared luminosity is significantly depressed in the ultraluminous sample, when compared to the lower luminosity galaxies. Five of the ultraluminous galaxies have L(sub Br gamma)L(sub IR) ratios lower than for any of the comparison objects. Second, the H2 1-0 S(1) luminosity is also responsible, directly or indirectly, for producing the excited H2, and that the H2 apparently comes from optically thin regions in both classes of objects. Third, eight of the 13 ultraluminous systems have lower 2 micrometers/far-infrared luminosity ratios than any of the lower luminosity galaxies, and five of these are the galaxies also deficient in Br gamma. These three findings may be understood if the the H2, Br gamma, and 2 mircometers continua in the ultraluminous galaxies arise from spatially distinct regions, with the continuum and Br gamma largely coming from volumes optically thick even at 2 micrometers, and obscured in such a fashion that the extinctions measured using optical spectroscopy do not properly measure the true optical depths. If this is the case, then even near-infrared spectroscopy may be unable to exclude the presence of undetected powerful active galactive nuclei in the ultraluminous galaxies.

Goldader, Jeffrey D.↗

WISE 2005: LBNP Exercise and Flywheel Resistive Exercise as an Effective Countermeasure Combination

Long-term exposure to microgravity can cause a severe musculoskeletal loss and cardiovascular deconditioning in astronauts. In this report, the effectiveness of combined supine treadmill exercise in a lower body negative pressure chamber (LBNPex) and flywheel resistive exercise (Rex) countermeasures was determined to prevent bone loss, reduced aerobic upright exercise capacity and reduced muscle strength. We hypothesized that exercise subjects (EX) would show less decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), peak oxygen consumption (VO2pk) and knee extensor strength (KES) than control subjects (CON). Sixteen healthy female subjects (34 plus or minus 4yrs, 164 plus or minus 6.5cm, 58 plus or minus 5kg; mean plus or minus SD) participated in a 60-d 6 degree head-down tilt bed rest (BR) study after providing written informed consent. Subjects were assigned to one of two groups: a non- exercising CON group or an EX group performing LBNPex 2-4 d/wk and Rex every 3rd-d. VO2pk was measured with a maximal, graded, upright treadmill test performed pre-BR and on 3-d after BR. BMD was assessed pre-BR and 3-d after BR by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry total body DEXA scan (DEXA; HOLOGIC QDR 4500 Elite ). A Cybex dynamometer was employed to measure the isokinetic KES before and 5-d after BR. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA were performed with time as the repeated factor. Statistical significance was set at p less than 0.05. CON experienced a significant decrease in BMD in the trochanter (PRE: 0.670 0.045; POST: 0.646 0.352 g(raised dot) per square centimeter) and in the whole hip (PRE: 0.894 0.059; POST: 0.858 0.057 g(raised dot) per square centimeter). BMD also decreased significantly in EX in the trochanter (PRE: 0.753 plus or minus 0.0617; POST: 0.741 plus or minus 0.061 g(raised dot) per square centimeter) and whole hip (PRE: 0.954 plus or minus 0.067; POST: 0.935 plus or minus 0.069 g(raised dot) per square centimeter). BMD losses were significantly less in EX than in CON subjects. VO2pk was significantly decreased in the CON after BR (PRE: 38.0 plus or minus 4.8; POST: 29.9 plus or minus 4.2 ml(raised dot) per kilogram per minute), but not in the EX (PRE: 39.0 plus or minus 2.0; POST: 37.8 plus or minus 1.9 ml(raised dot) per kilogram per minute). KES was significantly reduced by 30% in CON (PRE: 113 plus or minus 12; POST: 78 plus or minus 8 N-m), but was not different in EX (PRE: 126 plus or minus 25; POST: 115 plus or minus 25 N-m). The combination LBNPex and Rex during 60-d BR protects against cardiovascular and musculoskeletal deconditioning and may be an efficacious countermeasure for prolonged space flight.

Meuche, S.↗

Lower Body Negative Pressure Treadmill Exercise and Resistive Exercise Countermeasures Maintain Physiologic Function in Women during Simulated Microgravity

We hypothesized that supine LBNP treadmill exercise combined with Flywheel resistive exercise maintains upright physiologic responses following 60-days of head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest (BR). METHODS: 16 healthy women (age 25-40 years) underwent 60-days HDT (-6deg.) BR. Women were assigned to either a non-exercise control group (CON, n=8) or to an exercise group (EX, n=8). EX subjects performed a 40-min, variable intensity LBNP exercise protocol at foot-ward forces between 1.0-1.1 times body weight, followed by 10- min of resting LBNP 3-4 days/week. Resistive exercise of maximal concentric and eccentric supine leg press and heel raise exercises were performed using a flywheel ergometer 2-3 days/week. IRBs approved this study with informed/written consent. RESULTS: Post-BR VO2pk was not different in EX (-3.3+/-1.2%) but decreased significantly in CON (-21.2+/-2.1%), p< 0.05. Post-BR orthostatic tolerance time (mean se) decreased significantly less in EX (19.3+/-1.3 to 14.4+/-1.5 min) than in CON (17.5+/-0.1 to 9.1+/- 1.5 min), p=0.03. Post-BR muscle strength decreased significantly in CON, but was preserved in EX. Post-BR bone resorption was greater than pre-BR in both groups (p<0.05). Bone formation markers, were significantly elevated (p<0.05) in EX than in CON. CONCLUSIONS: Supine LBNP treadmill exercise along with flywheel resistive exercise maintains upright exercise capacity, orthostatic responses and muscle strength during 60-days HDT BR.

Macias, B. R.↗

NASA's Functional Task Test: High Intensity Exercise Improves the Heart Rate Response to a Stand Test Following 70 Days of Bedrest

Cardiovascular adaptations due to spaceflight are modeled with 6deg head-down tilt bed rest (BR) and result in decreased orthostatic tolerance. We investigated if high-intensity resistive and aerobic exercise with and without testosterone supplementation would improve the heart rate (HR) response to a 3.5-min stand test and how quickly these changes recovered following BR. During 70 days of BR male subjects performed no exercise (Control, n=10), high intensity supine resistive and aerobic exercise (Exercise, n=9), or supine exercise plus supplemental testosterone (Exercise+T, n=8; 100 mg i.m., weekly in 2-week on/off cycles). We measured HR for 2 min while subjects were prone and for 3 min after standing twice before and 0, 1, 6, and 11 days after BR. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to evaluate group, time, and interaction effects. Compared to pre-bed rest, prone HR was elevated on BR+0 and BR+1 in Control, but not Exercise or Exercise+T groups, and standing HR was greater in all 3 groups. The increase in prone and standing HR in Control subjects was greater than either Exercise or Exercise+T groups and all groups recovered by BR+6. The change in HR from prone to standing more than doubled on BR+0 in all groups, but was significantly less in the Exericse+T group compared to the Control, but not Exercise group. Exercise reduces, but does not prevent the increase in HR observed in response to standing. The significantly lower HR response in the Exercise+T group requires further investigation to determine physiologic significance.

Laurie, Steven S.↗

Individual Variability in Aerobic Fitness Adaptations to 70-d of Bed Rest and Exercise Training

Change in maximal aerobic capacity (VO2pk) in response to exercise training and disuse is highly variable among individuals. Factors that could contribute to the observed variability (lean mass, daily activity, diet, sleep, stress) are not routinely controlled in studies. The NASA bed rest (BR) studies use a highly controlled hospital based model as an analog of spaceflight. In this study, diet, hydration, physical activity and light/dark cycles were precisely controlled and provided the opportunity to investigate individual variability. PURPOSE. Evaluate the contribution of exercise intensity and lean mass on change in VO2pk during 70-d of BR or BR + exercise. METHODS. Subjects completed 70-d of BR alone (CON, N=9) or BR + exercise (EX, N=17). The exercise prescription included 6 d/wk of aerobic exercise at 70 - 100% of max and 3 d/wk of lower body resistance exercise. Subjects were monitored 24 hr/d. VO2pk and lean mass (iDXA) were measured pre and post BR. ANOVA was used to evaluate changes in VO2pk pre to post BR. Subjects were retrospectively divided into high and low responders based on change in VO2pk (CON > 20% loss, n=5; EX >10% loss, n=4, or 5% gain, n=4) to further understand individual variability. RESULTS. VO2pk decreased from pre to post BR in CON (P<0.05) and was maintained in EX; however, significant individual variability was observed (CON: -22%, range: -39% to -.5%; EX: -1.8%, range: -16% to 12.6%). The overlap in ranges between groups included 3 CON who experienced smaller reduction in VO2pk (<16%) than the worst responding EX subjects. Individual variability was maintained when VO2pk was normalized to lean mass (range, CON: -33.7% to -5.7%; EX: -15.8% to 11%), and the overlap included 5 CON with smaller reductions in VO2pk than the worst responding EX subjects. High responders to disuse also lost the most lean mass; however, this relationship was not maintained in EX (i.e. the largest gains/losses in lean mass were observed in both high and low responders). Change in VO2pk was not related to exercise intensity. CONCLUSION. Change in VO2pk in response to disuse and exercise was highly variable among individuals, even in this tightly controlled study. Loss in lean mass accounts for a significant degree of variability in the CON; however, training induced gains in VO2pk appear unrelated to lean mass or exercise intensity.

Downs, Meghan↗

Sleep, Sleepiness, and Performance Across Three In-Flight Bunk Rest Opportunities

Introduction: Airline pilots are required to take a rest break in a bunk during long-haul flights in an effort to reduce sleepiness during critical phases of flight. It is unclear, however, whether each rest break affords equal opportunity for sleep. We aimed to characterize sleep, sleepiness, and performance outcomes across three in-flight rest breaks during long-haul flights. Methods: Thirty-seven pilots wore actiwatches and completed sleep diaries for approximately two weeks while flying a variety of long-haul routes (n=126 flights). Self-reported in-flight bunk rest (BR) periods were used to set rest intervals and sleep was estimated within these intervals using actigraphy software (wake threshold set to medium). Pilots provided Karolinska Sleepiness Scale ratings (KSS) and performed a 5-minute psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) before landing. A linear mixed-effects model with participant included as a random effect and allowed to vary by intercept was used to assess differences between BR opportunities. Results : The majority (97%, n=122) of bunk rest periods contained sleep (as estimated by actigraphy). The mean (+/- standard deviation) sleep duration for the first, middle, and third BR opportunity was 152.8 (69.7), 149.2 (44.1), 125.2 (44.9) minutes, respectively. There was a significant effect of BR opportunity for sleep duration (F2,54 = 3.747, p=.03) and KSS (F2,44 = 7.869, p=.001). Bonferroni adjusted planned pairwise contrasts revealed that pilots using the third BR obtained significantly less sleep than in the first BR (p=.029). KSS ratings prior to landing were higher for the third BR compared to both the first (p=.001) and middle BR (p=.017). There were no significant differences for PVT speed or lapses (all p>05). Conclusion: These results suggest that the last rest break is associated with shorter sleep, lower alertness, and no differences in performance relative to the other rest breaks. Further analysis is required to determine whether the higher KSS ratings following the third rest break are associated with sleep inertia, or whether other factors may be involved.

sleepiness↗

Materials Data on PBr5 by Materials Project

PBr5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four Br1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.20 Å) and three longer (2.22 Å) P–Br bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Br1- sites. In the first Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ and one Br1- atom. The Br–Br bond length is 3.14 Å. In the second Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ and one Br1- atom. The Br–Br bond length is 3.05 Å. In the third Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a see-saw-like geometry to four Br1- atoms. The Br–Br bond length is 3.26 Å. In the fourth Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ and one Br1- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on TlBr2 by Materials Project

TlTlBr4 is Iron carbide-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnna space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four thallium molecules and four TlBr4 clusters. In each TlBr4 cluster, Tl is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four Br atoms. There are two shorter (2.63 Å) and two longer (2.64 Å) Tl–Br bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Tl atom. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Tl atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on KBrO4 by Materials Project

KBrO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.86–3.33 Å. There are three inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded to three equivalent K and one Br atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OK3Br tetrahedra. The O–Br bond length is 1.66 Å. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent K and one Br atom. The O–Br bond length is 1.65 Å. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one K and one Br atom. The O–Br bond length is 1.64 Å. Br is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Th6CoBr15 by Materials Project

Th6CoBr15 crystallizes in the cubic Im-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of two Th6CoBr15 frameworks. Th is bonded to one Co and five Br atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ThCoBr5 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. The Th–Co bond length is 2.79 Å. There are four shorter (2.93 Å) and one longer (3.09 Å) Th–Br bond lengths. Co is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent Th atoms. There are two inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two equivalent Th atoms. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Th atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Br2O by Materials Project

OBr2 is High Pressure (4-7GPa) Tellurium structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pna2_1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four bromoether molecules. O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Br atoms. There is one shorter (1.87 Å) and one longer (1.98 Å) O–Br bond length. There are two inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on La3C2Br3 by Materials Project

La3C2Br3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic C222_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are seven inequivalent La3+ sites. In the first La3+ site, La3+ is bonded to four C3- and four Br1- atoms to form LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids that share edges with two equivalent LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one LaC2Br4 octahedra, edges with two equivalent LaC3Br4 pentagonal bipyramids, and faces with two equivalent LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids. There are two shorter (2.64 Å) and two longer (2.86 Å) La–C bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.06 Å) and two longer (3.46 Å) La–Br bond lengths. In the second La3+ site, La3+ is bonded to four C3- and four Br1- atoms to form LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one LaC3Br4 pentagonal bipyramid, an edgeedge with one LaC2Br4 octahedra, edges with two equivalent LaC3Br4 pentagonal bipyramids, and faces with three LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of La–C bond distances ranging from 2.60–2.85 Å. There are a spread of La–Br bond distances ranging from 3.10–3.40 Å. In the third La3+ site, La3+ is bonded to three C3- and four Br1- atoms to form distorted LaC3Br4 pentagonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramid, edges with four LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one LaC2Br4 octahedra, an edgeedge with one LaC3Br4 pentagonal bipyramid, and a faceface with one LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of La–C bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.79 Å. There are a spread of La–Br bond distances ranging from 3.06–3.36 Å. In the fourth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded to four C3- and four Br1- atoms to form LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one LaC2Br4 octahedra, edges with two LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one LaC2Br4 octahedra, an edgeedge with one LaC3Br4 pentagonal bipyramid, faces with two equivalent LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids, and a faceface with one LaC3Br4 pentagonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 7°. There are a spread of La–C bond distances ranging from 2.62–2.85 Å. There are a spread of La–Br bond distances ranging from 3.09–3.34 Å. In the fifth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to three C3- and four Br1- atoms. There are a spread of La–C bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.78 Å. There are a spread of La–Br bond distances ranging from 3.13–3.24 Å. In the sixth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded to two equivalent C3- and four Br1- atoms to form LaC2Br4 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids, edges with five LaC4Br4 hexagonal bipyramids, and edges with two equivalent LaC3Br4 pentagonal bipyramids. Both La–C bond lengths are 2.39 Å. There are two shorter (3.10 Å) and two longer (3.24 Å) La–Br bond lengths. In the seventh La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to three C3- and four Br1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.34 Å) and two longer (2.75 Å) La–C bond lengths. There are a spread of La–Br bond distances ranging from 3.12–3.25 Å. There are four inequivalent C3- sites. In the first C3- site, C3- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to five La3+ and one C3- atom. The C–C bond length is 1.40 Å. In the second C3- site, C3- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to five La3+ and one C3- atom. In the third C3- site, C3- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to five La3+ and one C3- atom. The C–C bond length is 1.40 Å. In the fourth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to five La3+ and one C3- atom. There are six inequivalent Br1- sites. In the first Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four La3+ atoms. In the second Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four La3+ atoms. In the third Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four La3+ atoms. In the fourth Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four La3+ atoms. In the fifth Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four La3+ atoms. In the sixth Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to four La3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on DyBr2 by Materials Project

DyBr2 is Baddeleyite-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbca space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven Br atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Br bond distances ranging from 2.90–3.22 Å. There are two inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded to four equivalent Dy atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing BrDy4 tetrahedra. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent Dy atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Rb2SbBr6 by Materials Project

(Rb)2SbBr6 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/amd space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen rubidium molecules and eight SbBr6 clusters. In each SbBr6 cluster, Sb2- is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six Br atoms. There are four shorter (2.76 Å) and two longer (2.77 Å) Sb–Br bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb2- atom. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb2- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗