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At least 415 records · Page 23

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DOE OSTI2018

Use of in-situ TEM to characterize the deformation-induced martensitic transformation in 304 stainless steel at cryogenic temperature

Highlights: • Unique experimental visualization of DIM transformation in 304SS in-situ in a TEM at cryogenic temperatures. • Three cases of DIM were captured in situ showing how stress and temperature are both effective on the transformation. • (i) formation of ε- martensite through overlapping/bundling of SFs (γ →SFs →ε), • (ii) direct (γ→ α’) transformation with interface migration upon pulling the sample at constant temperature, • (iii) direct γ→ α’ transformation upon cooling, without further pulling the sample. - Abstract: Tensile tests are conducted in-situ in a TEM at cryogenic temperatures (from − 100 °C to 0 °C) using a cooling TEM straining-stage with the goal of capturing the growth of the martensitic phase as it develops under stress in the material. The in-situ technique is used to explore the mechanism of deformation induced martensitic transformation in 304 and 304L austenitic stainless steels. The formation of stacking faults is captured, as well as the subsequent formation of ε-martensite, confirming the role played by Stacking faults (SFs) as intermediate step during the transformation from γ-austenite to ε-martensite. In addition, direct transformation from γ-austenite to α′-martensite is captured (i) upon straining at a fixed temperature and (ii) upon cooling after pulling on the sample, indicating how straining and temperature are both effective on the transformation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2018

Characterising the polymorphic phase transformation at a localised point on a Cu6Sn5 grain

Highlights: • A single-targeted Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} grain adjacent to Sn-rich sites and Cu{sub 3}Sn was investigated using HVTEM. • Phase transformation from hexagonal to monoclinic in a single-targeted Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} grains. • A time-temperature transformation (TTT) diagram was constructed using the HVTEM results. - Abstract: Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} is an important intermetallic for electric interconnects and anode material of Li-ion batteries, with a polymorphic transformation from hexagonal eta-Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} at temperatures higher than 186 °C to monoclinic eta′-Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} at lower temperatures. The polymorphic transformation of Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} has the potential to generate internal stresses in soldered joints during both the soldering process and subsequent device operation involving thermal cycling. Here we developed a systematic method to characterise the polymorphic transformations at localised points in a single grain of Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} that is in intimate contact with adjacent Sn rich and Cu{sub 3}Sn phases to establish a time–temperature transformation (TTT) diagram of the eta to eta′-Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} transformation. The method involves in situ temperature-controlled high-voltage transmission electron microscopy (HVTEM) of a single-targeted Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} grain with observation of diffraction patterns during multiple heating and cooling experiments on a 0.5 μm thick sample made by focused ion beam milling (FIB). The results are compared to previously reported powder X-ray diffraction data. It is concluded that there is good agreement between both techniques and the transformations observed in the powder are representative of those in individual grains present in polycrystalline structures. Based on the newly developed TTT, it was established that the high-temperature eta-Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} could be stablised down to room temperature if the cooling rate exceeded 20 °C min{sup −1}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2013

Martensitic transformation behavior in Ti–Ni–X (Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Tl, Pb, Bi) ternary alloys

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Ag, In and Sn were soluble in TiNi matrix, while Sb, Te, Tl, Pb and Bi were not. • The B2-R-B19′transformation occurred in Ti-Ni-(Ag, In, Sn) alloys. • Solid solution hardening was essential for inducing the B2-R transformation. - Abstract: The microstructures and transformation behaviors of Ti–Ni–X (Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Tl, Pb, Bi) ternary alloys were investigated using electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Micro Vickers hardness tests. All specimens consisted of Ti–Ni matrices and second phase particles. Ag, In and Sn were soluble in Ti–Ni matrices with a limited solubility (≤1.0 at%), while Sb, Te, Tl, Pb and Bi were not soluble. Two-stage B2-R-B19′ transformation occurred in Ti–48.8Ni–1.2Ag, Ti–49.0Ni–1.0In and Ti–49.0Ni–1.0Sn alloys, while one-stage B2-B19′ transformation occurred in Ti–49.0Ni–1.0Ag, Ti–49.0Ni–1.0Sb, Ti–49.0Ni–1.0Te, Ti–49.0Ni–1.0Pb and Ti–49.0Ni–1.0Bi alloys. Micro Vickers hardness of the alloys displaying the B2-R-B19′ transformation (Hv 250–368) was much larger than that (<Hv 200) of the alloys displaying the B2-B19′ transformation. Solid solution hardening was an important factor for inducing the B2-R transformation in Ti–Ni–X (X = non-transition elements) alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2017

Deformation mode and strain path dependence of martensite phase transformation in a medium manganese TRIP steel

The martensite phase transformation dependence upon deformation modes and strain paths in a medium manganese (10 wt%) TRIP steel stamped into a T-shape panel was quantified through combination of 3D digital image correlation and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The T-shape emulates a portion of a common anti-intrusion component. The stamping speed was kept intentionally slow (1 mm/s) so as to avoid excessive heat generation. The steel, which belongs to the third generation advanced high strength steel (3GAHSS) family, was chosen for two reasons: (1) it is two-phase, i.e. austenite and ferrite, with martensite resulting from deformation-induced phase transformation; (2) the 66 vol.% initial retained austenite volume fraction (RAVF) enabled a thorough examination of the martensite phase transformation at large deformation levels without exhaustion. Strain fields were coupled with measured RAVF values of small specimens extracted from specific locations on a formed T-shape panel. This enabled an exploration of the effects of linear, bilinear, and non-linear strain paths as well as deformation modes such as tension, plane strain, biaxial tension, and equibiaxial tension. Results suggest a significant martensite phase transformation dependence on deformation mode and strain path in the absence of fracture and when martensite phase transformation is unaffected by heat generated during forming. In general, the uniaxial and biaxial tension deformation modes facilitate the martensite phase transformation, while the smallest amount of martensite phase transformation occurs under plane strain. In conclusion, some discussion as to further application of the experimental methods detailed in this study to other 3GAHSS and the effects of fracture on martensite phase transformation is provided.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2013

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition during oncogenic transformation induced by hexavalent chromium involves reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism in lung epithelial cells

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an important human carcinogen associated with pulmonary diseases and lung cancer. Exposure to Cr(VI) induces DNA damage, cell morphological change and malignant transformation in human lung epithelial cells. Despite extensive studies, the molecular mechanisms remain elusive, it is also not known if Cr(VI)-induced transformation might accompany with invasive properties to facilitate metastasis. We aimed to study Cr(VI)-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion during oncogenic transformation in lung epithelial cells. The results showed that Cr(VI) at low doses represses E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression, enhances mesenchymal marker vimentin expression and transforms the epithelial cell into fibroblastoid morphology. Cr(VI) also increases cell invasion and promotes colony formation. Further studies indicated that Cr(VI) uses multiple mechanisms to repress E-cadherin expression, including activation of E-cadherin repressors such as Slug, ZEB1, KLF8 and enhancement the binding of HDAC1 in E-cadherin gene promoter, but DNA methylation is not responsible for the loss of E-cadherin. Catalase reduces Cr(VI)-induced E-cadherin and vimentin protein expression, attenuates cell invasion in matrigel and colony formation on soft agar. These results demonstrate that exposure to a common human carcinogen, Cr(VI), induces EMT and invasion during oncogenic transformation in lung epithelial cells and implicate in cancer metastasis and prevention. - Graphical abstract: Epithelial–mesenchymal transition during oncogenic transformation induced by hexavalent chromium involves reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms in lung epithelial cells. - Highlights: • We study if Cr(VI) might induce EMT and invasion in epithelial cells. • Cr(VI) induces EMT by altering E-cadherin and vimentin expression. • It also increases cell invasion and promotes oncogenic transformation. • Catalase reduces Cr(VI)-induced EMT, invasion and transformation.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

Expression of the small T antigen of Lymphotropic Papovavirus is sufficient to transform primary mouse embryo fibroblasts

Polyomaviruses induce cell proliferation and transformation through different oncoproteins encoded within the early region (ER): large T antigen (LT), small T antigen (sT) and, in some cases, additional components. Each virus utilizes different mechanisms to achieve transformation. For instance, the LTs of Simian virus 40 (SV40), BK and/or JC virus can induce transformation; but Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) requires expression of sT. Lymphotropic Papovavirus (LPV) is closely related to Human Polyomavirus 9 (HuPyV9) and, under similar conditions, mice expressing LPV.ER exhibit higher rates of tumor formation than mice expressing SV40.ER. We have investigated the contributions of individual LPV.ER components to cell transformation. In contrast to SV40, LPV.ER transforms mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), but expression of LPV LT is insufficient to transform MEFs. Furthermore, LPV sT induces immortalization and transformation of MEFs. Thus, in the case of LPV, sT is the main mediator of oncogenesis. - Highlights: • Characterization of early region products from the Lymphotropic Polyomavirus (LPV). • On its own, sT immortalizes and transforms mouse primary cells, and is able to block p53 activation. • Combined LT and sT expression induces a greater rate of proliferation than either LT or sT alone.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

SWAP-70 contributes to spontaneous transformation of mouse embryo fibroblasts

Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) grow slowly after cultivation from animals, however, after an extended period of cultivation, their growth accelerates. We found that SWAP-70 deficient MEFs failed to increase growth rates. They maintain normal growth rates and proliferation cycles for at least 5 years. Complementing SWAP-70 deficiency in one of these MEF clones, MEF1F2, by expressing human SWAP-70 resulted in fast growth of the cells after further cultivation for a long period. The resulting cells show a transformation phenotype, since they grow on top of each other and do not show contact inhibition. This phenotype was reverted when sanguinarine, a putative SWAP-70 inhibitor, was added. Two SWAP-70 expressing clones were examined in detail. Even after cell density became very high their cdc2 and NFκB were still activated suggesting that they do not stop growing. One of the clones formed colonies in soft agar and formed tumors in nude mice. Lately, one more clone became transformed being able to make colonies in soft agar. We maintain 4 human SWAP-70 expressing MEF1F2 cell lines. Three out of 4 clones exhibited transforming phenotypes. The mouse SWAP-70 gene also promoted transformation of MEFs. Taken together our data suggest that SWAP-70 is not a typical oncogene, but is required for spontaneous transformation of MEFs. - Highlights: • Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking SWAP-70 do not cause spontaneous transform. • Adding back of SWAP-70 to SWAP-70-deficient MEFs induces spontaneous transformation. • SWAP-70 is required for spontaneous transformation of MEFs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1992

Chromosomal changes in cultured human epithelial cells transformed by low- and high-LET radiation

For a better assessment of radiation risk in space, an understanding of the responses of human cells, especially the epithelial cells, to low- and high-LET radiation is essential. In our laboratory, we have successfully developed techniques to study the neoplastic transformation of two human epithelial cell systems by ionizing radiation. These cell systems are human mammary epithelial cells (H184B5) and human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). Both cell lines are immortal, anchorage dependent for growth, and nontumorigenic in athymic nude mice. Neoplastic transformation was achieved by irradiating cells successively. Our results showed that radiogenic cell transformation is a multistep process and that a single exposure of ionizing radiation can cause only one step of transformation. It requires, therefore, multihits to make human epithelial cells fully tumorigenic. Using a simple karyotyping method, we did chromosome analysis with cells cloned at various stages of transformation. We found no consistent large terminal deletion of chromosomes in radiation-induced transformants. Some changes of total number of chromosomes, however, were observed in the transformed cells. These transformants provide an unique opportunity for further genetic studies at a molecular level.

NASA Discipline Number 04-10↗

DOE OSTI2012

Transformer Efficiency Assessment - Okinawa, Japan

The US Army Engineering & Support Center, Huntsville (USAESCH), and the US Marine Corps Base (MCB), Okinawa, Japan retained Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to conduct a Transformer Efficiency Assessment of “key” transformers located at multiple military bases in Okinawa, Japan. The purpose of this assessment is to support the Marine Corps Base, Okinawa in evaluating medium voltage distribution transformers for potential efficiency upgrades. The original scope of work included the MCB providing actual transformer nameplate data, manufacturer’s factory test sheets, electrical system data (kWh), demand data (kWd), power factor data, and electricity cost data. Unfortunately, the MCB’s actual data is not available and therefore making it necessary to de-scope the original assessment. Note: Any similar nameplate data, photos of similar transformer nameplates, and basic electrical details from one-line drawings (provided by MCB) are not a replacement for actual load loss test data. It is recommended that load measurements are performed on the high and low sides of transformers to better quantify actual load losses, demand data, and power factor data. We also recommend that actual data, when available, be inserted by MCB Okinawa where assumptions have been made and then the LCC analysis updated. This report covers a generalized assessment of modern U.S. transformers in a three level efficiency category, Low-Level efficiency, Medium-Level efficiency, and High-Level efficiency.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2012

Transformer Efficiency Assessment - Okinawa, Japan

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2012

Transformer Efficiency Assessment - Okinawa, Japan

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2012

The effect of chemical composition and austenite conditioning on the transformation behavior of microalloyed steels

In this investigation, by using continuous cooling torsion (CCT) testing, the transformation behavior of four microalloyed steels under two circumstances of austenite conditioning and non-conditioning was studied. A full scale hot-rolling schedule containing a 13-pass deformation was employed for the conditioning of the austenite. The CCT tests were then employed till temperature of {approx} 540 Degree-Sign C and the flow curves obtained from this process were analyzed. The initial and final microstructures of the steels were studied by optical and electron microscopes. Results show that alloying elements would decrease the transformation temperature. This effect intensifies with the gradual increase of Mo, Nb and Cu as alloying elements added to the microalloyed steels. As well, austenite conditioning increased the transformation start temperature due mainly to the promotion of polygonal ferrite formation that resulted from a pancaked austenite. The final microstructures also show that CCT alone would decrease the amount of bainite by inducing ferrite transformation in the two phase region. In addition, after the transformation begins, the deformation might result in the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization in the ferrite region. This could lead to two different ferrite grain sizes at the end of the CCT. Moreover, the Nb bearing steels show no sign of decreasing the strength level after the transformation begins in the non-conditioned situation and their microstructure is a mix of polygonal ferrite and bainite indicating an absence of probable dynamic recrystallization in this condition. In the conditioned cases, however, these steels show a rapid decrease of the strength level and their final microstructures insinuate that ferrite could have undergone a dynamic recrystallization due to deformation. Consequently, no bainite was seen in the austenite conditioned Nb bearing steels. The pancaking of austenite in the latest cases produced fully polygonal ferrite structures. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Adding alloying elements would decrease the transformation temperatures. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Austenite conditioning increases the transformation start temperature. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Deformation could induce the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization in ferrite region.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2014

In situ X-ray diffraction strain-controlled study of Ti–Nb–Zr and Ti–Nb–Ta shape memory alloys: crystal lattice and transformation features

Phase and structure transformations in biomedical Ti–21.8Nb–6.0Zr (TNZ) and Ti–19.7Nb–5.8Ta (TNT) shape memory alloys (at.%) under and without load in the − 150 to 100 °S temperature range are studied in situ using an original tensile module for a low-temperature chamber of an X-ray diffractometer. Alpha″- and beta-phase lattice parameters, the crystallographic resource of recovery strain, phase and structure transformation sequences, and microstress appearance and disappearance are examined, compared and discussed. For both alloys, the crystallographic resource of recovery strain decreases with temperature increase to become 4.5% for TNZ and 2.5% for TNT alloy (at RT). Loading at low temperatures leads to additional α″-phase formation and reorientation. Heating under load, as compared to strain-free heating, affects the reverse transformation sequence of both alloys in different ways. For TNZ alloy, strain-free heating results in simultaneous ω→β and α″→β transformations, whereas during heating under stress, they are sequential: β + ω→α″ precedes α″→β. For TNT alloy, strain-free heating results in reverse α″→β transformation, whereas during heating under stress, α″→β transformation is preceded by α″-phase reorientation. - Highlights: • Comparative in situ XRD analysis of Ti–Nb–Zr(Ta) shape memory alloys is realized. • Lattice parameters of β- and α″-phases are calculated in the − 150 to + 100 °C range. • The higher the temperature, the lower the α″→β transformation strain. • Loading at low temperatures results in α″-phase formation and reorientation. • Transformation sequences upon heating with and without loading are different.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2013

Effect of thickness and Ti interlayers on stresses and texture transformations in thin Ag films during thermal cycling

The driving forces for the (111) to (100) texture transformation often observed during annealing of thin face-centered cubic metal films were investigated. Thin passivated silver films were produced with and without Ti adhesion layers. Stresses were measured in situ during heating to induce the texture transformation, and the texture was characterized using x-ray diffraction. Sufficiently thin films did not transform and sufficiently thick films transformed fully. Intermediate thickness films transformed to an extent dependent on thickness, leading to stable mixed textures. In the prevailing thermodynamic model, texture transformation is attributed to minimization of strain and interface energies. However, calculations using the measured stresses, known elastic constants, and estimated interface energies in this model reveal that the stresses are not sufficient to cause the texture transformation and, furthermore, that variations in interface energy cannot lead to the observed behavior. The results suggest that neither the interface energy nor the stress plays decisive roles in the texture transformation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2019

Graphite to diamond transformation under shock compression: Role of orientational order

To gain insight into the role of orientational order on the shock-induced graphite to diamond phase transformation, three pyrolytic graphite types having different orientational orders were shock-compressed along the average c -axis to peak stresses between 35 and 69 GPa. The materials studied were ZYB-grade highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), ZYH-grade HOPG, and as-deposited pyrolytic graphite (PG) having mosaic spreads of 0.8° ± 0.2°, 3.5° ± 1.5°, and ~45°, respectively. Wave profiles, obtained using laser interferometry, show a multiple-wave structure with a distinct, rapid (<10 ns) rise to the high-pressure phase for each graphite type. Multiple-wave profiles, first observed in this study for the less ordered ZYH-grade HOPG and PG samples, show that somewhat poorly oriented pyrolytic graphites also undergo a well-defined phase transformation. Previously, rapid transformation was reported for ZYB-grade but not ZYH-grade HOPG. The measured wave profiles for both HOPG grades are very similar and both grades show a ~22 GPa transformation stress. In contrast, the PG wave profiles are quite different and show a ~46 GPa transformation stress. The continuum results (stress-density states) presented here cannot distinguish between the different high-pressure phases [hexagonal diamond (HD) or cubic diamond] reported in recent x-ray studies. Because ZYB-grade HOPG was recently shown to transform to HD and due to the similar peak states for both HOPG grades, it seems likely that ZYH-grade also transforms into HD. In conclusion, the very different shock responses of PG and HOPG suggest different transformation mechanisms for PG and HOPG, but the high-pressure PG phase remains unclear in the present work.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Reconfigurable unitary transformations of optical beam arrays

Spatial transformations of light are ubiquitous in optics, with examples ranging from simple imaging with a lens to quantum and classical information processing in waveguide meshes. Multi-plane light converter (MPLC) systems have emerged as a platform that promises completely general spatial transformations, i.e., a universal unitary. However, until now, MPLC systems have demonstrated transformations that are far from general, e.g., converting from a Gaussian to Laguerre-Gauss mode. Here, we demonstrate the promise of an MLPC, the ability to impose an arbitrary unitary transformation that can be reconfigured dynamically. Specifically, we consider transformations on superpositions of parallel free-space beams arranged in an array, which is a common information encoding in photonics. We experimentally test the full gamut of unitary transformations for a system of two parallel beams and make a map of their fidelity. We obtain an average transformation fidelity of 0.85 ± 0.03. This high-fidelity suggests that MPLCs are a useful tool for implementing the unitary transformations that comprise quantum and classical information processing.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2019

HEMP Transformer Defense Through Power Electronics

High altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) generated by exoatmospheric nuclear burst has the ability to affect the electric power grid. The main power grid components, cables and transformers, act as large antennas that have current induced in them from the HEMP. These currents are called geomagneticallyinduced currents (GIC), and they can occur during geomagnetic disturbances from HEMP or solar flares. HEMPs produce pulses with high electric field strengths that breakdown the dielectric of most electronics and, it is broken into three stages: E1 pulse with a microsecond width, E2 the falling trail of the pulse, and E3 a constant DC component. Oak Ridge National Laboratory has proven that transformers fitted with lightning arrestors do not receive damage from E1 and E2 pulses. However, the DC component of the E3 causes the transformer’s core to saturate and induce rapid heating that damages the transformer. SRNL is developing a power electronic system that is connected to the neutral of the high voltage side of large power transformers (LPT). This system will inject the inverse of the DC effect from the HEMP into the primary side of the transformer canceling out the E3 waveform and protecting the transformer from half-cycle-saturation. This year SRNL successfully simulated removing the DC injected and accurately simulated saturation on the transformer.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

NASA NTRS2007

Effects of Stoichiometry on Transformation Temperatures and Actuator-Type Performance of NiTiPd and NiTiPdX High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

High-temperature shape memory NiTiPd and NiTiPdX (X=Au, Pt, Hf) alloys were produced with titanium equivalent (Ti+Hf) compositions of 50.5, 50.0, 49.5, and 49.0 at.%. Thermo-mechanical testing in compression was used to evaluate the transformation temperatures, transformation strain, work output, and permanent deformation behavior of each alloy to study the effects of quaternary alloying and stoichiometry on high-temperature shape memory alloy behavior. Microstructural evaluation showed the presence of second phases for all alloy compositions. No load transformation temperatures in the stoichiometric alloys were relatively unchanged by Au and Pt substitutions, while the substitution of Hf for Ti causes a drop in transformation temperatures. The NiTiPd, NiTiPdAu and NiTiPdHf alloys exhibited transformation temperatures that were highest in the Ti-rich compositions, slightly lower at stoichiometry, and significantly reduced when the Ti equivalent composition was less than 50 at.%. For the NiTiPdPt alloy, transformation temperatures were highest for the Ti-rich compositions, lowest at stoichiometry, and slightly higher in the Ni-rich composition. When thermally cycled under constant stresses of up to 300 MPa, all of the alloys had transformation strains, and therefore work outputs, which increased with increasing stress. In each series of alloys, the transformation strain and thus work output was highest for stoichiometric or Ti-rich compositions while permanent strain associated with the constant-load thermal cycling was lowest for alloys with Ni-equivalent-rich compositions. Based on these results, basic rules for optimizing the composition of NiTiPd alloys for actuator performance will be discussed.

Bigelow, Glen S.↗