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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

On analysis and stochastic modeling of the particle kinetic energy equation in particle-laden isotropic turbulent flows

In this study, we analyze three-dimensional particle-laden, isotropic turbulence to develop an understanding of inertial particle dynamics from a kinetic energy perspective. Data trends implying inhomogeneous sampling of the flow by particles are identified and used to support a proposed particle behavior: particles appear to accumulate in regions of low flow kinetic energy over time because they lose kinetic energy and slow down in such regions, ultimately causing them to spend more time there. To elucidate this behavior, we derive a particle kinetic energy equation from the particle momentum equation, which incorporates inertial effects through the Schiller–Naumann drag correlation. Upon extracting fundamental physics from this equation, hypotheses regarding the role of the Stokes number in the temporal change of particle kinetic energy and the previously proposed particle behavior are evaluated using simulation data considering three Stokes numbers. Finally, a Fokker–Planck equation is used to derive the steady-state probability density function of the particle kinetic energy. The model fits the simulation data well and provides a tool for further investigation into understanding preferential concentration, as well as a reduced order model for predicting particle kinetic energy in turbulent flows.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Shocks in the stacked Sunyaev-Zel’dovich profiles of clusters II: Measurements from SPT-SZ + Planck Compton- y map

ABSTRACT We search for the signature of cosmological shocks in stacked gas pressure profiles of galaxy clusters using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Specifically, we stack the latest Compton-y maps from the 2500 deg2 SPT-SZ survey on the locations of clusters identified in that same data set. The sample contains 516 clusters with mean mass $\langle M_{\rm 200m}\rangle = 10^{14.9} \, {\rm M}_\odot$ and redshift 〈z〉 = 0.55. We analyse in parallel a set of zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations from the three hundred project. The SPT-SZ data show two features: (i) a pressure deficit at R/R200m = 1.08 ± 0.09, measured at 3.1σ significance and not observed in the simulations, and; (ii) a sharp decrease in pressure at R/R200m = 4.58 ± 1.24 at 2.0σ significance. The pressure deficit is qualitatively consistent with a shock-induced thermal non-equilibrium between electrons and ions, and the second feature is consistent with accretion shocks seen in previous studies. We split the cluster sample by redshift and mass, and find both features exist in all cases. There are also no significant differences in features along and across the cluster major axis, whose orientation roughly points towards filamentary structure. As a consistency test, we also analyse clusters from the Planck and Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter surveys and find quantitatively similar features in the pressure profiles. Finally, we compare the accretion shock radius ($R_{\rm sh,\, acc}$) with existing measurements of the splashback radius (Rsp) for SPT-SZ and constrain the lower limit of the ratio, $R_{\rm sh,\, acc}/R_{\rm sp}\gt 2.16 \pm 0.59$.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

FUSARIUM-ID v.3.0: An Updated, Downloadable Resource for Fusarium Species Identification

Species within Fusarium are of global agricultural, medical, and food/feed safety concern and have been extensively characterized. However, accurate identification of species is challenging and usually requires DNA sequence data. FUSARIUM-ID ( http://isolate.fusariumdb.org/blast.php ) is a publicly available database designed to support the identification of Fusarium species using sequences of multiple phylogenetically informative loci, especially the highly informative ~680-bp 5' portion of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) gene that has been adopted as the primary barcoding locus in the genus. However, FUSARIUM-ID v.1.0 and 2.0 had several limitations, including inconsistent metadata annotation for the archived sequences and poor representation of some species complexes and marker loci. Here, we present FUSARIUM-ID v.3.0, which provides the following improvements: (i) additional and updated annotation of metadata for isolates associated with each sequence, (ii) expanded taxon representation in the TEF1 sequence database, (iii) availability of the sequence database as a downloadable file to enable local BLAST queries, and (iv) a tutorial file for users to perform local BLAST searches using either freely available software, such as SequenceServer, BLAST+ executable in the command line, and Galaxy, or the proprietary Geneious software. FUSARIUM-ID will be updated on a regular basis by archiving sequences of TEF1 and other loci from newly identified species and greater in-depth sampling of currently recognized species.

Plant Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2024

Precise measurements of the γ -ray intensities following the β decay of Ce 144 and Nd 147

For many fission products, the γ rays emitted following β decay provide an easily detectable signature that can be used to identify their quantities and distributions in a sample. As a result, γ-ray spectroscopy is often exploited to study fission-product yields, provided sufficiently accurate information on the γ-ray intensities is available. Further, in many cases, the uncertainties in the existing nuclear data are large enough that they compromise the precision achievable for modern experiments and applications. In this paper, we present high-precision results for the absolute γ-ray emission intensities for the most intense transitions in the β decays of 144 Ce and 147 Nd. We measured these intensities to ≲1% accuracy by producing radiopure samples with fission-product beams at CARIBU and detecting the emitted radiation with a 4⁢πβ counter and a meticulously efficiency-calibrated high purity germanium detector at Texas A&M University.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bendability parameter for twisted ribbons to describe longitudinal wrinkling and delineate the near-threshold regime

We propose a dimensionless bendability parameter, ε -1 =[(h/W) 2 ⁢T -1 ] -1 , for wrinkling of thin, twisted ribbons with thickness h, width W, and tensional strain T. Bendability permits efficient collapse of data for wrinkle onset, wavelength, critical stress, and residual stress, demonstrating longitudinal wrinkling's primary dependence on this parameter. This parameter also allows us to distinguish the highly bendable range (ε -1 >20) from moderately bendable samples (ε -1 ϵ(0,20]). We identify scaling relations to describe longitudinal wrinkles that are valid across our entire set of simulated ribbons. When restricted to the highly bendable regime, simulations confirm theoretical near-threshold (NT) predictions for wrinkle onset and wavelength.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Predictive Model for Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Generic E. coli in Soil Amended with Untreated Animal Manure

Abstract This study aimed at developing a predictive model that captures the influences of a variety of agricultural and environmental variables and is able to predict the concentrations of enteric bacteria in soil amended with untreated Biological Soil Amendments of Animal Origin (BSAAO) under dynamic conditions. We developed and validated a Random Forest model using data from a longitudinal field study conducted in mid‐Atlantic United States investigating the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli in soils amended with untreated dairy manure, horse manure, or poultry litter. Amendment type, days of rain since the previous sampling day, and soil moisture content were identified as the most influential agricultural and environmental variables impacting concentrations of viable E. coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli recovered from amended soils. Our model results also indicated that E. coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli declined at similar rates in amended soils under dynamic field conditions.The Random Forest model accurately predicted changes in viable E. coli concentrations over time under different agricultural and environmental conditions. Our model also accurately characterized the variability of E. coli concentration in amended soil over time by providing upper and lower prediction bound estimates. Cross‐validation results indicated that our model can be potentially generalized to other geographic regions and incorporated into a risk assessment for evaluating the risks associated with application of untreated BSAAO. Our model can be validated for other regions and predictive performance also can be enhanced when data sets from additional geographic regions become available.

Pang, Hao↗
DOE OSTI2020

Determination of γ-ray branching ratios for ⁹⁵Zr and ¹⁴⁷Nd

For many fission products, the γ rays emitted following decay provide an easily-detectable signature that can be used to identify their quantities and distributions in a sample. As a result, γ-ray spectroscopy is often exploited to study fission-product yields (FPYs), provided sufficiently accurate information on the γ-ray branching ratio is available. However, in many cases, the uncertainties in the existing nuclear data are large enough that they compromise the precision achievable for modern experiments and applications. To address this need, we have developed a new experimental method that is well suited to precisely measure the γ-ray branching ratios in the decay of long-lived fission products. The approach involves the production of a radiopure sample by implantation of a mass-separated ion beam from the CAlifornium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) facility on a thin carbon foil. The emitted β -decay radiation is detected with a 4π gas proportional counter and a meticulously efficiency-calibrated high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. As a first measurement to demonstrate the approach, we studied the γ-ray branching ratios of the strongest transitions following the decay of ⁹⁵Zr and decay-daughter ⁹⁵Nb and determined these branching ratios to fractional precisions of 1%. We then applied this approach to determine the γ-ray branching ratios for the β decay of ¹⁴⁷Nd. The results for the γ-ray branching ratios are presented here and compared to previous results and evaluations.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

SR19021 Tritium Aging of Regenerated LANA.75 (Final Project Report)

The Savannah River Tritium Enterprise (SRTE) has used the metal hydride LaNi 4.25 Al 0.75 (LANA.75) in the Tritium Facilities for over two decades. The objective of this project was to expand upon the understanding of LANA.75 regeneration. Three distinct scopes were identified: monitor tritium aging of the single sample regenerated, regenerate a second tritium-aged sample, and perform thermal stability testing on a non-tritiated sample of LANA.75.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Preliminary Assessment of Elemental Analysis of X-Ray Fluorescence with Genetic Algorithm

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is a promising approach to elemental analysis of forensic samples. Elements in the mixture can be identified from the XRF data because chemical elements are associated with unique spectra. This report consists of preliminary assessment of automated identification of unknown mixtures of elements from XRF spectra using a genetic algorithm (GA). The XRF spectra are measured at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at the liquid-liquid interface during solvent extraction process. Possible advantages of using GA for identifying elements at the interface from XRF data are discussed, and a path for implementation of GA is outlined.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Progress in Genetic Algorithm Fitting of X-Ray Fluorescence Data for Absorption Spectroscopy of Liquid Surfaces

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy of liquid surfaces is a promising approach to elemental analysis of forensic samples. Elements in the mixture can be identified from the XRF data because chemical elements are associated with unique spectra. This report describes progress in the development of automated identification of unknown mixtures of elements from XRF spectra using a genetic algorithm (GA). The XRF spectra are measured at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at the liquid-liquid interface during solvent extraction process. The usage of the GA is demonstrated and future implementation for related problems are then discussed.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Final Targeting Strategy for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 North Survey

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is a dual-hemisphere, near-infrared (NIR), spectroscopic survey with the goal of producing a chemodynamical mapping of the Milky Way. The targeting for APOGEE-2 is complex and has evolved with time. In this paper, we present the updates and additions to the initial targeting strategy for APOGEE-2N presented in Zasowski et al. (2017). These modifications come in two implementation modes: (i) “Ancillary Science Programs” competitively awarded to Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV PIs through proposal calls in 2015 and 2017 for the pursuit of new scientific avenues outside the main survey, and (ii) an effective 1.5 yr expansion of the survey, known as the Bright Time Extension (BTX), made possible through accrued efficiency gains over the first years of the APOGEE-2N project. For the 23 distinct ancillary programs, we provide descriptions of the scientific aims, target selection, and how to identify these targets within the APOGEE-2 sample. The BTX permitted changes to the main survey strategy, the inclusion of new programs in response to scientific discoveries or to exploit major new data sets not available at the outset of the survey design, and expansions of existing programs to enhance their scientific success and reach. After describing the motivations, implementation, and assessment of these programs, we also leave a summary of lessons learned from nearly a decade of APOGEE-1 and APOGEE-2 survey operations. Finally, a companion paper, F. Santana et al. (submitted; AAS29036), provides a complementary presentation of targeting modifications relevant to APOGEE-2 operations in the Southern Hemisphere.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Bile salt hydrolase probe and method of making and using the same

Probe embodiments for targeting, identifying, and isolating enzymes exhibiting BSH activity as well as devices and kits that use the probes are described herein. Methods of making and using the probes, devices, and kits are also described. In some embodiments, probes, devices, and kits for targeting, identifying, and isolating enzymes in a biological sample are disclosed. In some embodiments, compositions and methods of treatment using the probes, devices, and kits disclosed herein are described.

Wright, Aaron T.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Building Alternative Indices of Socioeconomic Status for Population Modeling in Data-Sparse Contexts (Short Paper)

Population modeling requires clear definitions of socioeconomic status (SES) to ensure overall estimate accuracy and locate potentially underserved subpopulations. This presents a challenge as SES can be measured in myriad ways and for divergent purposes, and the data required to calculate these metrics may be lacking, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMICs). To support more refined SES measurement, we explore improvements upon the Demographic and Health Survey’s (DHS) Wealth Index (DHS-WI) using alternative characterizations of SES based on multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and hierarchical clustering. We produce the MCA-derived metrics first on a full suite of household economic, demographic, and dwelling variables, then on a reduced set of occupant-only SES characteristics. We explore the utility of these metrics relative to DHS-WI based on their ability to 1) differentiate DHS household types and 2) identify mixtures of SES levels within DHS samples and mapped at high spatial resolution. We find that our full suite MCA yields more clearly defined SES segments and that our reduced MCA delineates occupant SES most clearly, suggesting potential pathways to improve upon the DHS-WI in future population modeling efforts for LMICs.

Cunningham, Angela↗
DOE OSTI2022

Material Characterization of Grade 91 Steel Welds using, Micro-resolution Ultrasonic Imaging System

Grade 91 (9Cr-1Mo-V) steel is a common structural material for fossil-fuel fired and nuclear power plants because of its creep strength and oxidation resistance at high temperatures. In this research, we studied the feasibility of correlating the high-resolution images obtained from the immersion ultrasonic imaging technique to microstructure regions in Grade 91 steel plate weldments. The high-resolution ultrasonic images presented in this paper were generated using a 20-MHz focused transducer as the transmitter, and a laser vibrometer as the receiver in the through transmission configuration to produce longitudinal and shear waves. This nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method was used to identify the Fusion Zone (FZ), Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ), and Base Metal (BM) regions of Grade 91 cold metal transfer (CMT) and flux core arc welds (FCAW). The ultrasonic imaging results were analyzed using beam propagation amplitudes and homogeneity, which in turn were used to relate the different microstructure regions of the FCAW and CMT welded samples. With this study, we were able to identify highly susceptible microstructures in the weld that could potentially promote creep type failures.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mechanical evaluation of WC-Co materials with varying microstructures

Tungsten carbide–cobalt materials are useful in a variety of extreme applications due to a desirable blend of properties, yet the technology has not significantly changed since their initial development in the 1920s. The mechanical properties of this class of materials is highly dependent on two variables, the size of the tungsten carbide grains, and the amount of binder phase present in the final body. In this study, the amount of binder phase is isolated across three commercial materials from the same manufacturer with three different grain sizes to investigate the effect on mechanical properties. The mechanical properties investigated are indentation hardness, flexure and tensile strength, as well as fracture toughness. In general, an increase in hardness and tensile strength with decreasing grain size was observed, while the fracture toughness showed the opposite trend with toughness increasing with increasing grain size. The flexure strength results did not show a correlation to grain size. Fractographic analysis identified the dominant strength-limiting flaw for each sample, which largely were in the form of porosity. Other flaws types, such as inclusions from the milling process, clusters of large grains, and machining cracks from the surface finishing process, were also identified. Finally, Weibull analysis was performed and deemed appropriate for analysis of these materials, but strength-size scaling was not conducted due to the variability in the strength-limiting feature between the different specimen geometries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Quick Look at the 3 GHz Radio Sky. II. Hunting for DRAGNs in the VLA Sky Survey

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can often be identified in radio images as two lobes, sometimes connected to a core by a radio jet. This multicomponent morphology unfortunately creates difficulties for source finders, leading to components that are (a) separate parts of a wider whole, and (b) offset from the multiwavelength cross identification of the host galaxy. In this work we define an algorithm, DRAGN HUNTER , for identifying double radio sources associated with AGNs (DRAGNs) from component catalog data in the first epoch Quick Look images of the high-resolution (≈3" beam size) Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS). We use DRAGN HUNTER to construct a catalog of >17,000 DRAGNs in VLASS for which contamination from spurious sources is estimated at ≈11%. A “high-fidelity” sample consisting of 90% of our catalog is identified for which contamination is <3%. Host galaxies are found for ≈13,000 DRAGNs as well as for an additional 234,000 single-component radio sources. Using these data, we explore the properties of our DRAGNs, finding them to be typically consistent with Fanaroff–Riley class II sources and to allow us to report the discovery of 31 new giant radio galaxies identified using VLASS.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Soil properties and biochemical composition of ground-dwelling bee nests in agricultural settings

Soils deliver underrecognized ecosystem services by supplying habitat for ground-dwelling pollinators, such as wild bees and other organisms, that pollinate 80% of insect-pollinated plants and play a critical role in securing resilient pollination provisions. Our objective is to identify soil properties of ground nesting bee nests in agricultural settings of western Oregon, USA. We confirmed ground nesting bee and sand wasp activity in 7 agricultural sites and 1 recreational park. Soils from 17 bee and sand wasp nests were analyzed for pH, particle size distribution, and carbon and nitrogen content. We visually confirmed that 8 of the nesting bees were sweat bees from the Halictidae family and identified a captured bee specimen as Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). We located 2 sites with sand wasps where specimens were identified as Cerceris and Bembix (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). The organic matter composition of three soil samples scraped from the linings of active nests were assessed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The FTICR-MS results identified unknown lipid compounds in the nest soil samples, which we hypothesize are waterproofing lipids secreted to line cell walls. Bee nests occurred in slightly acidic, bare-ground soils with low rock/vegetation coverage, low organic carbon content (<1%), and exhibited significantly higher silt-plus-clay fractions (>75%) versus data published for bee nests in prior work. Our findings present important implications for textural controls on nest site selection in wet, cool environments and demonstrate the importance of integrating soil properties to improve our understanding of ground-dwelling organisms and associated soil habitats.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗