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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Preliminary Design of a LAMP DTL

A preliminary Drift Tube Linac (DTL) layout was designed to create an algorithm for developing the conceptual design of the proposed LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP) final section: the proton linear accelerator from 3 MeV to 100 MeV. Preceding reports describe the proposed layouts of the LEBT, the RFQ, and the MEBT subsections of the linac. Initial estimates of the needed RF power for the DTL are also presented in the report. Present report describes the initial layout of the DTL and the first longitudinal beam dynamics results of the simulations n simplified models. The follow-up reports will include the transverse focusing scheme and beam dynamics in details. Present report in the last section will only describe the planned focusing scheme, based on the existing LANCE DTL.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

CryoSegNet: accurate cryo-EM protein particle picking by integrating the foundational AI image segmentation model and attention-gated U-Net

Picking protein particles in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) micrographs is a crucial step in the cryo-EM-based structure determination. However, existing methods trained on a limited amount of cryo-EM data still cannot accurately pick protein particles from noisy cryo-EM images. The general foundational artificial intelligence–based image segmentation model such as Meta’s Segment Anything Model (SAM) cannot segment protein particles well because their training data do not include cryo-EM images. Here, we present a novel approach (CryoSegNet) of integrating an attention-gated U-shape network (U-Net) specially designed and trained for cryo-EM particle picking and the SAM. The U-Net is first trained on a large cryo-EM image dataset and then used to generate input from original cryo-EM images for SAM to make particle pickings. CryoSegNet shows both high precision and recall in segmenting protein particles from cryo-EM micrographs, irrespective of protein type, shape and size. On several independent datasets of various protein types, CryoSegNet outperforms two top machine learning particle pickers crYOLO and Topaz as well as SAM itself. The average resolution of density maps reconstructed from the particles picked by CryoSegNet is 3.33 Å, 7% better than 3.58 Å of Topaz and 14% better than 3.87 Å of crYOLO. It is publicly available at https://github.com/jianlin-cheng/CryoSegNet

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Parametric Modeling and Economic Analysis of a 2MW th 3-Stream sCO 2 Heat Exchanger

Here, this paper presents the design and cost optimization of a novel 2MW th 3-stream sCO2 plate-fin heat exchanger. This heat exchanger design is unique in that it uses reduced metal oxide particle-to-sCO2 heat exchanger for cost-effective energy storage applications. The design uses low velocity, laminar air as the re-oxidizing reactant to transfer the heat of the re-oxidizing reaction to a sCO2 power loop. The design of the heat exchanger is based on a 2-D, 3-fluid plate/fin heat transfer model. The model parameterizes the size, shape, and number of passages of the heat exchanger to calculate the temperature profile, pressure drop, and fluid velocities of all three fluids. Global heat exchanger parameters such as the effectiveness and total heat transferred to the sCO2 are then calculated for overall performance. Due to the value and increased use of sCO2 heat exchangers in power cycles, a cost model of the system based on the unique high temperature/high pressure operating conditions was created using quotes from reference projects and market analysis. These quoted air-to-sCO2 heat exchangers are then processed using multiple weighting factors pertinent to heat exchanger design, including heat exchanger type, maximum temperature, differential pressures, fluids, duty, and more. These factors are then used in an exponential function in order to generate a parameterized cost curve. The design and cost of the heat exchanger are then optimized using the SMPSO genetic algorithm in Python. The optimization objectives for the system are to maximize the overall system effectiveness, including an air recuperator for preheating, and to minimize unit costs. Additional constraints are added to the system for the sCO2 and air pressure drops, air velocity to reduce particle entrainment, and the length and volume of the heat exchanger.

Cost Model↗
DOE OSTI2022

Niowave Design and Analysis of a 200 kW Converter

LANL is providing support to Niowave Inc. on the design and analysis of a 200 kW converter. The current design of the 200 kW (40 MeV, 5 mA electron beam) converter consists of LBE flowing from the top to the bottom. When compared to the Mk.5 20 kW converter, which flowed LBE from the bottom, flowing over a divider plate to create a waterfall, the 200 kW converter eliminates the divider plate, which would otherwise have melted with the higher beam power. Because the LBE flows from the top to the bottom, alternate methods to the divider plate need to be utilized to ensure a stable flow that minimizes splashing at the bottom of the LBE waterfall, while maintaining a uniform LBE thickness at the beam, and steady LBE flow at the desired flow rate.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electrode Mesoscale as a Collection of Particles: Coupled Electrochemical and Mechanical Analysis of NMC Cathodes

Battery electrodes are composed of polydisperse particles and a porous, composite binder domain. These materials are arranged into a complex mesostructure whose morphology impacts both electrochemical performance and mechanical response. We present image-based, particle-resolved, mesoscale finite element model simulations of coupled electrochemical-mechanical performance on a representative NMC electrode domain. Beyond predicting macroscale quantities such as half-cell voltage and evolving electrical conductivity, studying behaviors on a per-particle and per-surface basis enables performance and material design insights previously unachievable. Voltage losses are primarily attributable to a complex interplay between interfacial charge transfer kinetics, lithium diffusion, and, locally, electrical conductivity. Mesoscale heterogeneities arise from particle polydispersity and lead to material underutilization at high current densities. Particle-particle contacts, however, reduce heterogeneities by enabling lithium diffusion between connected particle groups. While the porous composite binder domain (CBD) may have slower ionic transport and less available area for electrochemical reactions, its high electrical conductivity makes it the preferred reaction site late in electrode discharge. Mesoscale results are favorably compared to both experimental data and macrohomogeneous models. This work enables improvements in materials design by providing a tool for optimization of particle sizes, CBD morphology, and manufacturing conditions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Griffin: A MOOSE-based reactor physics application for multiphysics simulation of advanced nuclear reactors

Griffin is a Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) based reactor physics application for multiphysics simulations of advanced reactor designs jointly developed by Idaho National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory. This paper summarizes the motivation, significance, architecture, design, and features of Griffin. Griffin offers flexible and extensible features to address the challenges associated with advanced reactor designs. These features range from fundamental particle transport to specific reactor physics tasks. The features cover a wide range including on-the-fly and traditional two-step cross-section generation methods, steady-state and transient transport solvers suitable for both heterogeneous and homogeneous models, high-fidelity depletion where thousands of isotopes can be tracked and low-fidelity depletion characterized by burnup, etc. The most fundamental aspect that sets Griffin apart from other reactor analysis codes is that it is developed based on the MOOSE framework. A modular development approach is strongly enforced, with multiphysics being an essential element considered since the beginning of Griffin’s development. Griffin links various MOOSE physics modules and couples to other MOOSE-based applications and non-MOOSE-based applications for multiphyiscs simulations. Griffin includes three modules: ISOXML for preparing and managing multigroup cross sections, radiation transport for solving the neutron transport equation, and reactor analysis for user-oriented reactor physics analysis functionalities. Griffin uses various finite element methods for spatial discretization, multigroup approximation for energy discretization and discrete ordinates method, spherical harmonics expansion method, and diffusion approximation for streaming direction discretization to solve the neutron transport equation. Griffin’s flexibility is evidenced through Griffin’s various applications to fast reactor, high-temperature reactor, pebble bed reactor, molten salt reactor, and microreactor designs. Griffin development follows the software quality assurance procedure for MOOSE-based applications and with software requirements consistent with the ASME NQA-1 standard. Griffin has been adopted into the reactor analysis system for the U.S. NRC and is in use at U.S. companies, universities and national laboratories.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Charge per Micro-Pulse Calculation for Ideal Lujan and WNR beams

A complete redesign of the LANSCE front-end is currently under development for the Los Alamos Modernization Project (LAMP). This includes the replacement of the traditional Cockroft-Walton injection system to the newer radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) standard. LANSCE accelerates both H- and H+ beams and therefore requires an unconventional application for RFQ systems. A new facility could consider using an independent RFQ for each beam species. However, with the tight space of the LANSCE injector facility, it would prove difficult to instrument. Our initial studies have shown that a single RFQ could be used. The negatively- and positively-charged direct current (DC) beams are shaped, bunched, and accelerated out of phase to each other, with very little interaction. This would work for all possible H+ beam gates and most H- Beam gates. However, a challenge arises with the Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) beam structure that requires the acceleration of bunched beams at higher charge density per pulse. The Long Bunch Enable Gate (LBEG) used for the Lujan center is the best example of a standard injector beam gate. The beam gate, or Macro-Pulse (MP), is 625-us long, separated by at least 8.3 ms. A chopper is used to dice the MP into 1750 mini-Pulses (mP), which are 290-ns wide. After chopping, the MP contains 100,000 micro-Pulses (uP), which are generated by the linac acceleration structure modulated at 201.25 MHz; that is, the micro-Pulses are separated 5 ns apart from each other. The H+ beam structure will be very similar once a chopper is added to its transport. However, the Multi-Pulse Enable Gate (MPEG) used for WNR is significantly different in structure. In this case, the mP is chopped to be only 35-ns wide. This width is then rotated into a single 201.25 MHz RF bucket using the Low Frequency Buncher (LFB). This is proving difficult for the RFQ design in the LAMP upgrade. We began investigating the amount of current sent to WNR for two reasons. Firstly, we wanted to find a solution to avoid using the Low Frequency Buncher to simplify the LAMP RFQ design. It is simple to inject and accelerate a 35 mA DC beam in the LAMP RFQ (this is done in numerous accelerator facilities). However, injecting a short bunch with a larger current (once compressed to 5 ns to meet the RFQ frequency) may be difficult. Second, we have a technique called PSR2WNR in which we do not employ the Low Frequency Buncher, but rather accumulate 5 LBEG uP (5 ns) in the PSR and deliver the accumulated beam to WNR every 1.8 us. As a result, we could provide to WNR with five accumulated LBEG uPs every shot. The goal here is to create a rapid kicker with a frequency response of 555 kHz. DARHT-II and other accelerator facilities have constructed kickers of this type for other uses, and our engineers consider this technology as feasible.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

LEBT Buncher / Feed Forward / Frequency Generation: System Design Document (SDD)

The LAMP Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) transfers a continuous beam at 100 keV from the ion source to RFQ in LEBT. A LEBT buncher imposes an energy tilt to initiate velocy bunching in the chopped beam pulse about 25 ns long to form a short MPEG bunch. One possible option for the LEBT buncher based on a two-gap LC-circuit driven structure was considered, which is similar to the existing LANSCE low-frequncy buncher (LFB). Another possible option is a non-resonant element driven by a pulse-forming-network that provides a single pulse at the repetition frequency of MPEG beam, with a period of 1.8 µs. The LEBT operation is synchronized with the accelerator timing system.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

LAMP Technical Readiness Evaluation Report (Rev. 1)

An internal preliminary evaluation of Critical Technology Elements (CTEs) for the LANSCE Modernization Project (LAMP) was completed. Corresponding Technical Readiness Levels (TRLs) were also determined for all subsystems using the criteria of DOE G 413.3-4A, Technical Readiness Assessment Guide. The scope of the evaluation was limited to the project Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) elements as defined for the RFQ Injector and Drift Tube Linac (DTL) systems only. Integration of Instrumentation and Controls (I&C) and Safety Systems was not considered, although specific technologies as related to the RFQ and DTL systems were included. Other elements of the project such as Shielding, System Design, Technical Management, and additional facility integration needed to enable off-line testing and pre-installation commissioning were also not evaluated. Each technical subsystem element was evaluated for technical readiness, however, not all were found to meet the criteria for a CTE. Only two subsystem elements were determined to meet the CTE criteria. Their associated TRLs are summarized in the table below. These subsystem elements of the project have the lowest technical readiness due to either being new, novel or modified, requiring additional R&D before being capable of meeting the project Key Performance Parameters (KPPs) and subsystem requirements, or present technology exists but has not yet been demonstrated in a relevant environment. All other subsystems were determined to have a TRL of 8, indicating that actual operating systems exist having similar performance requirements as needed for LAMP. Details of the technical readiness evaluation for each subsystem is given in the following sections of this report.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

MEBT Chopper System: System Design Document (SDD)

The Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) chopper removes unwanted beam bunches by deflecting them to a target from a bunched beam transported through the MEBT from RFQ to the Drift-Tube Linac (DTL) entrance. The unchopped bunches propagate through the MEBT to DTL, while the deflected bunches are deposited on a target downstream of chopper. The chopper system consists of a deflecting structure, where the beam-deflecting fields are created, and a pulse generator (pulser) that feeds this structure with voltage pulses having the required time pattern. Ideally, the system should turn deflection on and off in the time interval between the bunches to prevent partially chopped / deflected bunches. This usually requires traveling slow-wave chopper structures where the field propagates with the same velocity as the beam, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

LAMP Technical Readiness Evaluation Report

An internal preliminary evaluation of Critical Technology Elements (CTEs) for the LANSCE Modernization Project (LAMP) was completed in 2023. This included determining corresponding Technical Readiness Levels (TRLs) for all subsystems using the criteria of DOE G 413.3-4A, Technical Readiness Assessment Guide. This revised report includes a summary of the recent design modifications required to meet the project Key Performance Requirements (KPPs), some of which may reduce technical risk to the project. These recent design modifications include: • Further optimization of the low-energy and medium-energy beam transport regions (LEBT and MEBT, respectively), including relocation of various functional elements (ie choppers, kickers, and bunchers). • An additional H - ion source to separate ion-source function based on beam delivery requirements. • A high-repetition-rate pulsed kicker magnet to select/merge the two H ion beams into a common low-energy beam transport. • Modification and further optimization to a more conventional RFQ design. Performance of the RFQ has been optimized to deliver the required three types of beams while meeting the project KPPs. • The addition of a second chopper in the medium-energy beam transport (MEBT) line to reduce the required pulser voltages. The scope of the evaluation was limited to the project Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) elements as defined for the RFQ Injector and Drift Tube Linac (DTL) systems only. Integration of Instrumentation and Controls (I&C) and Safety Systems was not considered, although specific technologies as related to the RFQ and DTL systems were included. Other elements of the project such as Shielding, System Design, Technical Management, and additional facility integration needed to enable off-line testing and pre-installation commissioning were also not evaluated. Each technical subsystem element was evaluated for technical readiness, however, not all were found to meet the criteria for a CTE. Three subsystem elements were determined to meet the CTE criteria. Their associated TRLs are summarized in the table below. These subsystem elements of the project have the lowest technical readiness due to either being new, novel or modified, requiring additional R&D before being capable of meeting the project Key Performance Parameters (KPPs) and subsystem requirements, or present technology exists but has not yet been demonstrated in a relevant environment. All other subsystems were determined to have a TRL of 8, indicating that actual operating systems exist having similar performance requirements as needed for LAMP. Details of the technical readiness evaluation for each subsystem is given in the following sections of this report.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

LEBT Chopper System: System Design Document (SDD)

The Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) chopper creates a required beam time structure by chopping out (removing by deflecting from the beam path) unwanted parts of a continuous beam transported from the ion source to RFQ in LEBT. The unchopped parts of the beam propagate through the LEBT, while the deflected parts are deposited on an absorbing target. The chopper system in general consists of a deflecting structure, where the beam-deflecting fields are created, and a pulse generator that feeds this structure with voltage pulses having the required time pattern. The system should turn deflection on and off within a short time interval, because the beam parts within the pulse front and end will be only partially deflected and will form unwanted tails of the beam pulse downstream. This can be achieved with traveling slow-wave chopper structures where the field propagates with the same velocity as the beam, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

LAMP DTL Scoping Studies (Technical Report)

The present studies are based on the preliminary design efforts, and on the Scoping Studies of the “Strawman” design of LAMP front-end upgrade, referred in the text below to as “Feb.2024 Iteration”, presented in. The main accomplishment of present studies was substantial increase of the fidelity of the beam dynamics simulations in the proposed drift tube linac (DTL). The main accent was on development of the methodology for calculation of the longitudinal (synchrotron) and transverse (betatron) oscillations frequencies (phase advance per focusing period) values and providing the accelerating structure focusing lattice that has safe parameters of such oscillations to avoid unwanted emittance growth and possible beam halo formation. The resulting values of the oscillations phase advances are presented in Table 1, and in Figure 5 in the main body of the report. Special efforts were made to achieve the RF power consumption within limits of the existing RF power system and make sure that DTL fits in the existing tunnel. The LAMP scope does not suggest any additional building and/or tunnel construction. Table 1 summarizes some of these results, as well as Table 3 in the main body of the report.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Thermal Analysis of a Solid Particle Light-Trapping Planar Cavity Receiver Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Concentrated solar power (CSP) is one of the most effective ways of harnessing solar power to create efficient, durable, and resilient energy systems. This study entails thermal modeling and analysis of a novel central tower receiver configuration. This receiver uses solid particles as the heat transfer fluid (HTF), a promising option for third-generation CSP systems. The configuration considered here is the light-trapping planar cavity receiver (LTPCR) introduced by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. While heat transfer studies of various LTPCR subsystems have been done, system-level thermal analysis of the LTPCR receiver has not been attempted. This study also presents important sensitivity analyses of the operating parameters of the CSP system, which can help guide the design of future central tower receivers. This study employs Ansys Fluent as a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool to model fluid dynamics and heat transfer in the receiver, intending to quantify its thermal performance. The model seamlessly integrates Monte Carlo ray tracing data, which generates absorbed solar flux profiles from the heliostat field design, with the heat transfer characteristics of the fluidized particle bed. This unified model is designed to accurately predict the thermal behavior of the LTPCR. Analysis of preliminary results reveals that the primary loss mechanisms are radiative and natural convective losses, in that order. Based on observations from a baseline case, several strategies are suggested and numerically tested. These solutions include selective cooling of high-temperature regions and manipulation of particle bed parameters. Selective cooling of high-temperature regions reduced the peak temperature by 151 degrees C and decreased thermal losses by 0.9%. Improving the particle-wall heat transfer coefficient (P-W HTC) of the particle bed decreased the thermal losses by 1.7% and decreased the peak temperatures by 57 degrees C. Decreasing the particle inlet temperature (PIT) also reduced thermal losses by 3.5% and decreased peak temperatures by 29 degrees C. Compounding these strategies improved the thermal losses of the receiver from 13.5% in the baseline case to 7.5%. Additionally, the study explores the variation in thermal performance across different locations of the receiver, where a variation of thermal losses from 12.9% to 17.3% is found. This allows a comprehensive evaluation of potential improvements in efficiency and temperature management.

computational fluid dynamics↗
DOE OSTI2024

ORBUMP Pulsed Dipole Magnet Design for Fermilab Booster

Fermilab initiated the accelerator magnet system upgrade project PIP-II for future neutrino experiments. Old ORBUMP pulsed dipoles should be replaced with new stronger magnets occupying the same space as old ones. Four of these magnets connected in series form dogleg type of proton beam orbit. The magnet field and 19 kA current pulse length are close to 1 ms. Old magnet cores were based on a ferrite material. For new magnets, a magnet gap field is above 0.4 T, which completely saturates ferrite material. So, for the magnet core, 0.127 mm thick laminations of low carbon steel with inorganic coating, as the magnet were placed in a vacuum box. There were investigated transient magnet parameters including skin effect in the iron core and in the single-turn copper coil. The integrated field homogeneity was improved by the copper coil shimming. Simulated by OPERA3D power losses were used for the thermal analysis by ANSYS code. The magnet performance is strongly coupled with the power source. The dynamic magnet inductance and resistance were included in the pulsed power source design. Finally, the paper presented the ORBUMP magnet system design.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Design, construction and commissioning of a technological prototype of a highly granular SiPM-on-tile scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter

The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of 72 × 72 cm^2 and a tile size of 3 × 3 cm^2. With 38 active layers, the prototype has nearly 22,000 readout channels, and its total thickness amounts to 4.4 nuclear interaction lengths. The dedicated readout electronics provide time stamping of each hit with an expected resolution of about 1 ns. The prototype was constructed in 2017 and commissioned in beam tests at DESY. It recorded muons, hadron showers and electron showers at different energies in test beams at CERN in 2018. In this paper, the design of the prototype, its construction and commissioning are described. The methods used to calibrate the detector are detailed, and the performance achieved in terms of uniformity and stability is presented.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Hybrid Solar System (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

GTI Energy (GTI) teamed with the University of California at Merced (UCM) to scaleup the hybrid solar system (HSS) technology for demonstrating its performance at the US Gypsum (USG) plant in Plaster City, California. The technology integrates two-stage concentrating solar collector with matching particle thermal transport and storage (TSS) system to deliver cost-effective, and on-demand distributed high temperature industrial process heat up to 600°C with solar thermal, in this case to a gypsum kettle, to reduce its fuel use and carbon footprint. Current solar technologies, which reach these temperatures, are not distributable (towers) or cost-effective (dish). The research team developed a conceptual system design for host site retrofit, including preliminary heat balance, process flow diagram, particle to process heat exchanger and equipment placements at the site. Subsequently, parallel efforts were carried out at UCM to design, build and test a 12 m long commercial scale prototype concentrating thermal-only collector system and at GTI to design, build and test a matching 650°C capable particle TTS system. The nominal 50 kWth collector consists of a parabolic trough and three 4 m long two-stage receivers in series. Prior to on-sun testing, a 4 m long receiver was fabricated and successfully tested at 650 °C in a laboratory setting for 100 hrs of continuous operation showing less than 15% radiation loss. A 7 m wide x 17 m long parabolic trough was then installed at UCM for on-sun testing of the 12 m long receiver, and concurrently several 4 m long receivers were built. The optics of the parabolic trough were calibrated, and on-sun test were carried out on 12 m long receivers. During tests, the intense solar radiation (53x) caused the absorber tubes in the receivers to bend, reducing the overall optical efficiency. To address the bending issue, a self-consistent algorithm that includes ray tracing, thermal and deformation models was developed to perform thermal stress analysis on absorbers for parabolic solar collectors. Results obtained with this algorithm showed a dramatic rise in deformation as absorber tube length increases. A combined efficiency parameter that includes the occluded area for the mounts was developed to obtain an optimized tube length obtained. Based on the results, a length of 2.7 m for the absorber + 0.2 m for the coupler was chosen to minimize any bending and optimize optical efficiency while maintaining ease of mounting. The associated particle TTS system was designed, built and successfully tested at GTI. It includes storage, receiving and lock hoppers and piping that simulates the transfer of captured solar energy to an actual industrial furnace. Tests over 77 charge-discharge cycles demonstrated <2% particle degradation, with no problematic particle accumulations and no flow interruptions. The piping pressure drop was about 5 psi. The team also worked with Stanley Consultants (Stanley) to prepare conceptual and preliminary engineering packages to facilitate follow-on development and commercialization efforts. These include process and instrumentation diagram’s (P&ID’s), general arrangements, electrical one-line, project definitions document, equipment data sheets, schedule, and construction cost estimate for 2 MWth system. Updated HSS technology commercialization and customer engagement plans and detailed costs and evaluated market trade-offs and manufacturing.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Review of Polymeric Nanoparticle Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications

Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are solid particles that contain macromolecular polymers ranging in size from 1-1000 nm. They have a wide variety of structures that are determined by their identity as either natural biopolymers, synthetic polymers or a combination of both. In the design of PNPs, the polymeric system, size, internal structure, additional molecules, and synthetic pathway can be engineered, allowing for a multitude of properties including differing responses to physiological environments and the incorporation of a drug. The easily accessible fine tuning of PNPs allows for a multitude of applications in medicine. PNPs allow for increased pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and targeting strength when utilized as carriers for drugs. Currently there are a wide range of PNPs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in clinical settings and many more being investigated in clinical studies. There is also research that is being conducted for the usage of PNPs in controlled drug delivery systems and as carriers through the blood brain barrier to aid in treating neurological diseases.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗