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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Determination of the charge radii of several light nuclei from precision, high-energy electron elastic scattering

Analysis of high-energy electron scattering has been used to determine the charge radii of nuclei for several decades. Recent analysis of the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen found an r.m.s. radius significantly different than the electron scattering result. To understand this puzzle we have analyzed the "LEDEX" data for the (e, e'p) reaction. This experiment includes measurements on several light nuclei, hydrogen, deuterium, lithium, boron, and carbon. To test our ability to measure absolute cross sections, as well as our ability to extract the charge radius, we tested our technique against the extremely well-measured carbon case and found excellent agreement using the Fourier-Bessel parametrization. We then extended the procedure to boron and lithium, which show nice agreement with the latest theoretical calculations. For hydrogen, we see clearly the limits of this technique and therefore, the charge radius is determined from the traditional extrapolation to q 2 = 0. We will show that there is a model dependence in extracting the charge radius of hydrogen and its unambiguous determination is very difficult with available electron-scattering measurements.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Time-resolved electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis of photodissociation: Photoelectron spectra of Fe(CO) 5 , Fe(CO) 4 , and Fe(CO) 3

The prototypical photoinduced dissociation of Fe(CO) 5 in the gas phase is used to test time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for studying photochemical reactions. Upon one-photon excitation at 266 nm, Fe(CO) 5 successively dissociates to Fe(CO) 4 and Fe(CO) 3 along a pathway where both fragments retain the singlet multiplicity of Fe(CO) 5 . The x-ray free-electron laser FLASH is used to probe the reaction intermediates Fe(CO) 4 and Fe(CO) 3 with time-resolved valence and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy, and experimental results are interpreted with ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Changes in the valence photoelectron spectra are shown to reflect changes in the valence-orbital interactions upon Fe–CO dissociation, thereby validating fundamental theoretical concepts in Fe–CO bonding. Chemical shifts of CO 3σ inner-valence and Fe 3p core-level binding energies are shown to correlate with changes in the coordination number of the Fe center. We interpret this with coordination-dependent charge localization and core-hole screening based on calculated changes in electron densities upon core-hole creation in the final ionic states. This extends the established capabilities of steady-state electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis to time-resolved investigations. Lastly, it could also serve as a benchmark for how charge and spin density changes in molecular dissociation and excited-state dynamics are expressed in valence and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1978

Analysis of bunching of an electron beam at optical wavelengths

This paper presents an analysis of the bunching of an electron beam at optical wavelengths by means of the inverse Cerenkov effect. A laser light beam is used to modulate the velocity of the electrons, and this velocity modulation becomes charge-density modulation after an appropriate drift distance. The effects of energy and angular spread of the electrons are included, as well as the impact of scatterings in the index-matching medium. Bunching can occur with reasonable parameter values and the drift distance is of the order of several centimeters.

Chen, C. K.↗
NASA NTRS1968

Elementary review of electron microprobe techniques and correction requirements

Report contains requirements for correction of instrumented data on the chemical composition of a specimen, obtained by electron microprobe analysis. A condensed review of electron microprobe techniques is presented, including background material for obtaining X ray intensity data corrections and absorption, atomic number, and fluorescence corrections.

Hart, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The Del Rio ataxite, Texas

Basic data are presented on the Del Rio, Nordheim, and Monahans ataxites found in Texas. Results are reported for bulk-chemistry analysis, metallographic observations, and electron-microprobe analysis of the Del Rio meteorite. It is shown that Del Rio is distinctly different from the other two ataxites in terms of nickel, phosphorous, and carbon content, and is composed of at least three coarse grains in different crystallographic orientations. All the kamacite in Del Rio is found to have transformation structures that are probable shock products, and minor inclusions of daubreelite, schreibersite, and troilite are observed. It is concluded that Del Rio was apparently mildly shocked prior to its fall.

Henderson, E. P.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Spectral shape variation of interstellar electrons at high energies

The high energy electron spectrum analysis has shown that the electron intensity inside the H2 cloud region, or in a spiral arm, should be much lower than that outside it and the observed electron energy spectrum should flatten again at about 1 TeV. In the framework of the leady box model the recently established rigidity dependence of the escape pathlength of cosmic rays would predict a high energy electron spectrum which is flatter than the observed one. This divergence is explained by assuming that the leaky box model can only apply to cosmic ray heavy nuclei, and light nuclei and electrons in cosmic rays may have different behaviors in the interstellar propagation. Therefore, the measured data on high energy electrons should be analyzed based on the proposed nonuniform galactic disk (NUGD) mode.

Tan, L. C.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Distribution of siderophile and other trace elements in melt rock at the Chicxulub impact structure

Recent isotopic and mineralogical studies have demonstrated a temporal and chemical link between the Chicxulub multiring impact basin and ejecta at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. A fundamental problem yet to be resolved, however, is identification of the projectile responsible for this cataclysmic event. Drill core samples of impact melt rock from the Chichxulub structure contain Ir and Os abundances and Re-Os isotopic ratios indicating the presence of up to approx. 3 percent meteoritic material. We have used a technique involving microdrilling and high sensitivity instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in conjunction with electron microprobe analysis to characterize further the distribution of siderophile and other trace elements among phases within the C1-N10 melt rock.

Schuraytz, B. C.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Direct air capture of CO 2 – topological analysis of the experimental electron density (QTAIM) of the highly insoluble carbonate salt of a 2,6-pyridine-bis(iminoguanidine), (PyBIGH 2 )(CO 3 )(H 2 O) 4

Chemical bonding and all intermolecular interactions in the highly insoluble carbonate salt of a 2,6-pyridine-bis(iminoguanidine), (PyBIGH 2 )(CO 3 )(H 2 O) 4 , recently employed in the direct air capture of CO 2 via crystallization, have been analyzed within the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) based on the experimental electron density derived from X-ray diffraction data obtained at 20 K. Accurate hydrogen positions were included based on an analogous neutron diffraction study at 100 K. Topological features of the covalent bonds demonstrate the presence of multiple bonds of various orders within the PyBIGH 2 2+ cation. Strong hydrogen bonds define ribbons comprising carbonate anions and water molecules. These ribbons are linked to stacks of essentially planar dications via hydrogen bonds from the guanidinium moieties and an additional one to the pyridine nitrogen. The linking hydrogen bonds are approximately perpendicular to the anion–water ribbons. The observation of these putative interactions provided motivation to characterize them by topological analysis of the total electron density. Thus, all hydrogen bonds have been characterized by the properties of their (3,−1) bond critical points. Weaker interactions between the PyBIGH 2 2+ cations have similarly been characterized. Integrated atomic charges are also reported. A small amount of cocrystallized hydroxide ion (∼2%) was also detected in both the X-ray and neutron data, and included in the multipole model for the electron-density refinement. The small amount of additional H + required for charge balance was not detected in either the X-ray or the neutron data. The results are discussed in the context of the unusually low aqueous solubility of (PyBIGH 2 )(CO 3 )(H 2 O) 4 and its ability to sequester atmospheric CO 2 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Evolution of Tantalum Content During Vacuum Induction Melting and Electroslag Remelting of a Novel Martensitic Steel

The need for materials with superior thermal and mechanical properties while mitigating cost increases interest in new complex alloy compositions which brings challenges to manufacturing processes. In this investigation, vacuum induction melting (VIM) and electroslag remelting (ESR) of a novel tantalum (Ta)-containing martensitic steel was performed using standard industry practices at a laboratory scale. A 25 pct loss of Ta was measured from the VIM electrode to the ESR ingot using X-ray fluorescence. Several tools were used for broad characterization of the ingots, including LECO for chemistry analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis for observation of the precipitate and inclusion phases post-VIM and post-ESR as well as computational modeling of the ESR process for the calculation of macrosegregation and inclusion travel. It was found that a significant amount of Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} inclusions formed during VIM and were transferred to the slag during ESR. While ESR was particularly successful at decreasing the number density of inclusions by 95 pct, additional efforts are needed with regard to vacuum leak rate and purity of stock material when melting novel advanced steels.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Dispersion and thermal analysis of carbon nanotube reinforced AA 4032 alloy produced by high energy ball milling

In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were successfully reinforced in AA 4032 nanocrystalline matrix. The elemental powders of AA 4032 composites were mechanically alloyed in the high energy ball mill for 30 h to get nanocrystalline structure. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added at the 29th hour of ball milling process. The morphological changes during milling were studied, using scanning electron microscope analysis and the distribution of the CNTs within the aluminum matrix was successfully revealed, using transmission electron microscope analysis. The results show that the CNTs are effectively distributed within the aluminum matrix without any structural damage. The variation in the melting point was studied using simultaneous thermal analyzer.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Characterization of gold nanoparticle films: Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with image analysis, and atomic force microscopy

Gold nanoparticle films are of interest in several branches of science and technology, and accurate sample characterization is needed but technically demanding. We prepared such films by DC magnetron sputtering and recorded their mass thickness by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The geometric thickness d{sub g}—from the substrate to the tops of the nanoparticles—was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with image analysis as well as by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The various techniques yielded an internally consistent characterization of the films. In particular, very similar results for d{sub g} were obtained by SEM with image analysis and by AFM.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2023

Preliminary Examination of Returned Samples From Bennu Using Quantitative Particle Analysis in the Scanning Electron Microscope

The sample of regolith collected from asteroid Bennu by NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will land in Utah on September 24, 2023. A 100-mg aliquot of fine Bennu dust adhering to the internal surfaces of the sample return capsule and associated hardware will be collected by curation staff during disassembly and analyzed immediately by members of the sample analysis team in a “Quick-Look” (Q-L) procedure. The Q-L objectives are (1) to provide images for release to the public to inform on the nature of the returned sample, and (2) to perform a reconnaissance investigation of the mineralogic characteristics of the returned material for science purposes. We will determine the minerals that occur in the dust, assess their diversity, and determine relative abundances at the >5% level using a combination of optical microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Here we describe the procedures and techniques developed for the Q-L analyses using analog samples analyzed by SEM equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). To test these techniques, we have applied them to several samples, including powders of the Murchison (Fig. 1) and Orgueil meteorites, as well as simulant samples prepared by the mission.

OSIRIS-REx↗
DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-T-98: An Analysis of TG-51 Electron Beam Calibration Correction Factor Uncertainty

Purpose: To analyze the uncertainty of the TG-51 electron beam calibration correction factors for farmer type ion chambers currently used by institutions visited by IROC Houston. Methods: TG-51 calibration data were collected from 181 institutions visited by IROC Houston physicists for 1174 and 197 distinct electron beams from modern Varian and Elekta accelerators, respectively. Data collected and analyzed included ion chamber make and model, nominal energy, N{sub D,w}, I{sub 50}, R{sub 50}, k’R{sub 50}, d{sub ref}, P{sub gr} and pdd(d{sub ref}). k’R{sub 50} data for parallel plate chambers were excluded from the analysis. Results: Unlike photon beams, electron nominal energy is a poor indicator of the actual energy as evidenced by the range of R{sub 50} values for each electron beam energy (6–22MeV). The large range in R{sub 50} values resulted k’R{sub 50} values with a small standard deviation but large range between maximum value used and minimum value (0.001–0.029) used for a specific Varian nominal energy. Varian data showed more variability in k’R{sub 50} values than the Elekta data (0.001–0.014). Using the observed range of R{sub 50} values, the maximum spread in k’R{sub 50} values was determined by IROC Houston and compared to the spread of k’R{sub 50} values used in the community. For Elekta linacs the spreads were equivalent, but for Varian energies of 6 to 16MeV, the community spread was 2 to 6 times larger. Community P{sub gr} values had a much larger range of values for 6 and 9 MeV values than predicted. The range in Varian pdd(d{sub ref} ) used by the community for low energies was large, (1.4–4.9 percent), when it should have been very close to unity. Exradin, PTW Roos and PTW farmer chambers N{sub D,w} values showed the largest spread, ≥11 percent. Conclusion: While the vast majority of electron beam calibration correction factors used are accurate, there is a surprising spread in some of the values used.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Isomorphism and solid solutions among Ag- and Au-selenides

Au-Ag selenides were synthesized by heating stoichiometric mixtures of elementary substances of initial compositions Ag{sub 2−x}Au{sub x}Se with a step of x=0.25 (0≤x≤2) to 1050 °C and annealing at 500 °C. Scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and X-ray powder diffraction methods have been applied to study synthesized samples. Results of studies of synthesized products revealed the existence of three solid solutions with limited isomorphism Ag↔Au: naumannite Ag{sub 2}Se – Ag{sub 1.94}Au{sub 0.06}Se, fischesserite Ag{sub 3}AuSe{sub 2} - Ag{sub 3.2}Au{sub 0.8}Se{sub 2} and gold selenide AuSe - Au{sub 0.94}Ag{sub 0.06}Se. Solid solutions and AgAuSe phases were added to the phase diagram of Ag-Au-Se system. Crystal-chemical interpretation of Ag-Au isomorphism in selenides was made on the basis of structural features of fischesserite, naumannite, and AuSe. - Highlights: • Au-Ag selenides were synthesized. • Limited Ag-Au isomorphism in the selenides is affected by structural features. • Some new phases were introduced to the phase diagram Ag-Au-Se.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1995

Coronal electron stream and Langmuir wave detection inside a propagation channel at 4.3 AU

Observations of an energetic interplanetary electron event associated with the production of Langmuir waves, both of which are identified at 4.3 AU by instruments on the Ulysses spacecraft, are presented in this paper. This electron event propagates inside a well-defined magnetic structure. The existence of this structure is firmly established by joint particle and plasma observations made by Ulysses instruments. Its local estimated radial width is of the order of 2.3 x 10(exp 7) km (0.15 AU). The electron beam is associated with a type III burst observed from Earth at high frequencies and at low frequencies from Ulysses in association with Langmuir waves detected inside the structure. The consistency of local (Ulysses) and remote (Earth) observations in terms of temporal and geometrical considerations establishes that the structure is anchored in the solar corona near the solar active region responisble for the observed type III emission and gives an accurate determination of the injection time for the observed electron beam. Propagation analysis of the electron event is presented. In order to quantify the magnetic field properties, a variance analysis has been performed and is presented in this paper. The analysis establishes that inside the structure the amount of magnetic energy involved in the fluctuations is less than 4% of the total magnetic energy; the minimal variance direction is well defined and in coincidence with the direction of the mean magnetic field. This configuration may produce conditions favorable for scatter free streaming of energetic electrons and/or Langmuir wave production. The results presented show that the magnetic field might play a role in stabilizing the coronal-origin plasma structures and then preserving them to large, approximately 4 AU, distances in the heliosphere.

Buttighoffer, A.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Fabrication and physicochemical characterization of graphene oxide derived from thermally expanded graphite

Graphene oxide was obtained from expanded graphite according to the modified Hummers method. The reaction time was significantly reduced (from 24 to 8 h) by applying the expanded graphite in the oxidation process. The interlayer distance in obtained samples was equal to 0.70–0.74 nm. Structural features of the material were studied by the powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, XPS spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗