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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Fiber Optic Sensing Technologies for Battery Management Systems and Energy Storage Applications

Applications of fiber optic sensors to battery monitoring have been increasing due to the growing need of enhanced battery management systems with accurate state estimations. The goal of this review is to discuss the advancements enabling the practical implementation of battery internal parameter measurements including local temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index for general operation, as well as the external measurements such as temperature gradients and vent gas sensing for thermal runaway imminent detection. A reasonable matching is discussed between fiber optic sensors of different range capabilities with battery systems of three levels of scales, namely electric vehicle and heavy-duty electric truck battery packs, and grid-scale battery systems. The advantages of fiber optic sensors over electrical sensors are discussed, while electrochemical stability issues of fiber-implanted batteries are critically assessed. This review also includes the estimated sensing system costs for typical fiber optic sensors and identifies the high interrogation cost as one of the limitations in their practical deployment into batteries. Finally, future perspectives are considered in the implementation of fiber optics into high-value battery applications such as grid-scale energy storage fault detection and prediction systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1978

Response of lead-acid batteries to chopper-controlled discharge

The results of tests on an electric vehicle battery, using a simulated electric vehicle chopper-speed controller, show energy output losses up to 25 percent compared to constant current discharges at the same average current of 100 A. However, an energy output increase of 22 percent is noticed at the 200 A average level and 44 percent increase at the 300 A level using pulse discharging. Because of these complex results, electric vehicle battery/speed controller interactions must be considered in vehicle design.

Cataldo, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The GSFC Battery Workshop

The proceedings of a conference on electric storage batteries are presented. The subjects discussed include the following: (1) a low cost/standardization program, (2) test and flight experience, (3) materials and cell components, and (4) new developments in the nickel/hydrogen system. The application of selected batteries in specific space vehicles is examined.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electrical Safety Practices Developed for Automotive Lithium Ion Battery Dismantlement

ORNL is developing electrical safety practices for handling and disassembling automotive lithium ion batteries in a research environment. Online literature searches did not reveal any standard electrical safety practices for disassembling lithium ion battery stacks from automobiles. Until recently, there has been insufficient motivation to recycle or refurbish spent automotive lithium ion batteries due to limited volumes entering the secondary market. However, a growing volume of spent lithium ion batteries are beginning to collect in automobile salvage yards, recycling facilities, landfills, and other places due to a shortage of economically and environmentally viable end-of-life options. ORNL studied automotive battery pack, module, and cell dismantlement to understand the risks, hazards, and controls necessary to perform dismantlement safely and economically. Packs, modules, and cells were manually taken apart, while wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, with insulated hand tools. These dismantlement studies point out the hazards and risks associated with dismantling automotive lithium ion batteries and describe practices for controlling such hazards and risks while demonstrating the controls through a case study of a first-generation Chevrolet Volt battery pack.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Assessment of Light-Duty Plug-in Electric Vehicles in the United States, 2010 – 2021

The number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) sold in the United States has consistently grown since 2010, reaching 4% of the light-duty vehicle market in 2021. This report examines how the characteristics for these PEVs has changed over this decade, evaluating range, energy efficiency, costs, and performance. Given the vehicle characteristics, this report estimates miles driven, electricity consumption, petroleum reduction, and greenhouse gas emissions attributable to electric vehicles. This report also explores vehicle manufacturing and battery production, considering supply chains from battery cells to assembly. Over 2.1 million PEVs have been sold in the United States through December 2021, with 1.3 million of these all fully-electric battery electric vehicles (BEV), and 800,000 plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) which have the capability of using gasoline. The sales-weighted average range for BEVs reached 290 miles in 2021 and 28 miles for PHEVs. We estimate that electric vehicles have driven 68 billion miles on electricity since 2010, thereby reducing national gasoline consumption by 0.54% in 2021 and 2.5 billion gallons cumulatively through 2021. In 2021, PEVs used 6.1 terawatt-hours of electricity to drive 19.1 billion miles, offsetting 700 million gallons of gasoline. We find that this fuel switching reduced consumer fuel costs by $1.3 billion in 2021. Since 2010, 65% of PEVs sold in the United States have been assembled domestically, and over 110 gigawatt-hours of lithium-ion batteries have been installed in vehicles to date.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Control Oriented Model of Cabin-HVAC System in a Long-Haul Trucks for Energy Management Applications

Super Truck II is a 48V mild hybrid class 8 truck with an all auxiliary loads powered purely by the battery pack. Electric Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) load is the most prominent battery load during the hotel period, when the truck driver is resting inside the sleeper. For the PACCAR Super Truck II (ST-II) project a 48 V battery system provides the required power during the hotel period. A cabin-HVAC model estimates the electric load on the 48V battery system, allowing the control system to implement an efficient energy management strategy that avoids engine idling during the hotel period. The thermal model accounts for the sun load due to the time of day and the geographic location of the truck during the hotel period. The cabin-HVAC model has two parts. First, a grey box model with two heat exchangers (Condenser and Evaporator) working in unison with refrigerant mass flow rate as an input and HVAC load as an output. Second, a two-node cabin model formulated to estimate the cabin temperature as a function of the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), HVAC load and ambient temperature. The models are calibrated using experimental cabin-HVAC system data as for long-haul class 8 truck (e.g. ST-II). Here, the model simulations show that the overall Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value of 0.4°C between the experimental and simulated cabin temperature.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS2000

Solar Powered Aircraft, Photovoltaic Array/Battery System Tabletop Demonstration: Design and Operation Manual

A system was constructed to demonstrate the power system operation of a solar powered aircraft. The system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a charge controller, a battery, an electric motor and propeller. The system collects energy from the PV array and either utilizes this energy to operate an electric motor or stores it in a rechargeable battery for future use. The system has a control panel which displays the output of the array and battery as well as the total current going to the electric motor. The control panel also has a means for adjusting the output to the motor to control its speed. The entire system is regulated around 12 VDC.

Colozza, Anthony J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Electric vehicle test report Cutler-Hammer Corvette

Vehicles were characterized for the state of the art assessment of electric vehicles. The vehicle evaluated was a Chevrolet Corvette converted to electric operation. The original internal combustion engine was replaced by an electric traction motor. Eighteen batteries supplied the electrical energy. A controller, an onboard battery charger, and several dashboard instruments completed the conversion. The emphasis was on the electrical portion of the drive train, although some analysis and discussion of the mechanical elements are included. Tests were conducted both on the road (actually a mile long runway) and in a chassis dynamometer equipped laboratory. The majority of the tests performed were according to SAE Procedure J227a and included maximum effort accelerations, constant speed range, and cyclic range. Some tests that are not a part of the SAE Procedure J227a are described and the analysis of the data from all tests is discussed.

Source record↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Weight and Balance Considerations for Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Applied to the Parallel Electric-Gas Architecture with Synergistic Utilization Scheme (PEGASUS) Concept

The focus of this research was to understand the impact of batteries and electric motors on the weight and balance of the Parallel Electric-Gas Architecture with Synergistic Utilization Scheme (PEGASUS) concept. Because electrified aircraft propulsion components can comprise a large part of an aircraft’s weight, their integration has a significant impact on the center of gravity location and the related stability characteristics of the aircraft. We developed an analysis framework that enabled estimating the weight and volume of electrified aircraft components, their contribution to the center of gravity location, and the stability and performance of the aircraft. Trades were performed on battery placement, wing attachment point, and electric motor power to determine their impact on figures of merit such as maximum takeoff weight and block fuel. We identified batteries, and to a lesser extent electric motors, as having a large impact on aircraft center of gravity and the required horizontal tail size for longitudinal static stability. Placing electric component weight as far forward as possible resulted in reductions in the horizontal tail size required to maintain static stability. Configurations output from this framework were also evaluated using a six-degree-of-freedom simulation to quantify dynamic stability characteristics. Although shifting weight forward reduced horizontal tail size, it negatively impacted dynamic stability. This study confirms that mass property modeling and dynamic simulation, which are usually limited in conceptual design, are important for electrified aircraft concepts.

electrified aircraft propulsion↗
DOE OSTI2023

Hybrid electric vehicle and method of operating engine of the same

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) for multiple operation modes includes: a gasoline diffusion flame (GDF) combustion engine configured to perform gasoline diffusion flame combustion; a motor-generator operatively connected to the GDF combustion engine and configured to selectively drive the HEV with electric power of a battery or generate electric power to charge the battery; and a multi-mode controller including a processor and configured to receive operating conditions of the GDF combustion engine and the motor-generator and define a plurality of mode operating regions based on the received operating conditions. In particular, the plurality of mode operating regions includes: an electric vehicle (EV) only mode operating region, a GDF mode operating region where the GDF combustion engine operates and drives the HEV while the motor-generator stops, and a GDF+EV mode operating region where the motor-generator assists the operation of the GDF combustion engine to drive the HEV.

Bourcier, Mark↗
DOE OSTI2021

Optimization of Localized High Concentration Electrolytes (LHCE) for Li||LiCoO 2 and Si|| LiCoO 2 Batteries used in Consumer Electronics Applications (Final Report for I3T Project 75934)

This project will optimize localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE) for Li/LCO and Si/LCO batteries for consumer electronics applications, including select the best solvent and diluent, optimize the ratios of the solvents and the salt concentration. Results will be demonstrated not only in both coin cells, but also in pouch cells, which is required for large-scale commercial applications. This work can provide better understanding that would also benefit other LMB projects, including Li/NMC and Li/S batteries for electric vehicle applications. In the history of rechargeable batteries, all batteries have been first used in small scale consumer electronics, then eventually penetrate to large scale applications such as electrical vehicle or grid. We believe this development route will also be true for LMBs. By developing the best electrolyte for Li/LCO and Si/LCO chemistry, we will not only get the early market entry in consumer electronics, but we can also accumulate experience on the practical application of LMBs which can be used to further develop other types of LMBs for EV and other large-scale applications pursued by DOE.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2018

Remaining Flying Time Prediction Implementing Battery Prognostics Framework for Electric UAV's

In this paper the problem of building trust in the online safety prediction of an fixed wing small electric unmanned aerial vehicles (e-UAV) for remaining flying time is addressed. A series of flight tests are described to verify the performance of the remaining flying time prediction algorithm. The estimate of remaining flying time is used to activate an alarm when the predicted remaining time falls below a threshold of two minutes. This updates the pilot to transition to the landing sequence of the flight profile. A second alarm is activated when the battery state of charge (SOC) falls below a specified safety limit threshold. This SOC threshold is the point at which the battery energy reserve would no longer safely support enough aborted landing attempts. During the test flights, the motor system is operated with the same predefined timed airspeed profile for each test. To test the robustness of the developed prediction algorithm, partial tests were performed with and remaining were performed without a simulated power train fault. To simulate a partial power train fault in the e-UAV the pilot engages a resistor bank at a specified time during the test flight. The flying time prediction system is agnostic of the pilot's activation of the fault and must adapt to the vehicle's state. The time at which the limit threshold on battery SOC is reached, it is then used to measure the accuracy of the remaining flying time predictions. This is demonstrated through comparing results from two battery models being developed. Accuracy requirements for the alarms are considered and the results discussed.

Kulkarni, Chetan↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Comparison and Application of Battery Modeling Methods for Conceptual Electric Aircraft

Growing interest in design and optimization of electrified aircraft propulsion concepts prompts the need for accurate, flexible, and efficient methods to model battery systems. Presented in this paper are three battery modeling methods that have been used at NASA’s Glenn Research Center, each representing different mathematical or electrical approaches. Thévenin equivalent circuit, normalization, and curve-fitting methods are compared against battery cell test data for the X-57 Maxwell electric aircraft technology demonstrator. The methods are then applied in a simple multidisciplinary optimization context using NASA’s Six-Passenger Electric Quadrotor concept to determine their applicability and performance. The normalization method achieves the highest accuracy for steady and unsteady discharge rates with a voltage mean error percentage of 0.423% and 1.186%, respectively. Optimal quadrotor mission range between the models varies up to 0.5 nmi, identifying current battery modeling methods as a potentially significant contributor to mission analysis error. A set of relevant tools and techniques for conceptual battery modeling are identified in this paper, with conclusions made on the utility of each modeling approach for various design challenges.

power↗
DOE OSTI2025

Simultaneous Heat and Electricity Storage in a Flow Battery System

This study investigates the dual-storage capability of a redox flow battery (RFB) system, enabling simultaneous storage of heat and electricity within a single platform. Through electrochemical and thermal experiments, we evaluated how heat storage affects battery performance and vice versa using a counterflow heat exchanger integrated in a conventional RFB configuration. The results show that incorporating heat storage had a minimal impact on the electrochemical charging and discharging processes. Further, the heat discharge operated independently of electrochemical storage, confirming that both functions can coexist without interference. The combined system also enhanced overall energy conversion efficiency, demonstrating its potential as an efficient solution for supplying both thermal and electrical energythe two most widely used energy forms.

Electrical energy↗
DOE OSTI1991

Physical and Operational Status of the Photovoltaic Systems in the Municipality of Pinotepa de Don Luis, Oaxaca, One Year after Their Installation [Estado fisico y operativo de los sistemas fotovoltaicos en el municipio de Pinotepa de Don Luis, Oaxaca un ano despues de su instalacion]

In November 1990, an inspection visit was made to the residential lighting photovoltaic systems that had been installed approximately one year before in the rural communities of the Municipality of Pinotepa de Don Luis, in the State of Oaxaca. The main purpose of the visit was to evaluate the physical and operational status of these systems. The systems typically consist of a photovoltaic module with a capacity of 30 or 35 Watts, an automotive type battery, an indicator of the status of charge of the battery, 3 fluorescent lamps and the corresponding installation, including cables, connection or outlet box and switches. It can be seen that the systems are in good physical condition and do not show any signs of intentionally caused damage. However, the incidence of failures is higher than what had been expected; therefore the operational status of these systems is considered to be below a level that could be accepted, with a tendency to getting worse. The main problem that has been detected is the lack of automatic charge controllers. This problem has caused other important failures. Serious deficiencies were appreciated in the installations, which show evidence of the poor workmanship of the installers. The lack of system standardization is evident, both regarding the components and the installation. As a consequence, there are technical factors which indicate that the installed systems will keep deteriorating at a rate faster than normal, and will stop operating in a short time unless urgent preventive and corrective measures are taken. The attitude of the users with respect to the systems is generally positive. However, there are elements that make the correct operation and maintenance of these systems a very difficult task. The users did not receive any training regarding the best way to operate and take care of their systems, nor any other information in relation to their technical limitations.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1982

DSCS 3 life test progress report

Life test considerations for a spacecraft power supply system, a battery system, designed for synchronous communication satellites for the Defense Satellite Communication System are described. The following equipment specifications considered in the life tests were: the nickel cadmium cells; bus conductors; diodes; battery casings; electric discharges; voltage drops; pressure, and temperature measurements. Battery performance data collected during eclipse periods is presented in tabular form.

Thierfelder, H. E.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Fission Batteries: Definition, Key Attributes and Research and Development Needs

The term battery was first introduced by the American scientist and inventor Benjamin Franklin in 1749, followed by invention of the first true battery in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. Today, batteries are a ubiquitous source of portable electric power across different applications. Batteries are widely used across a range of scales from consumer products to grid-scale energy storage. There are different types of batteries, but they can be broadly classified as chemical or electric batteries [1], atomic batteries, nuclear batteries, tritium batteries or radioisotope generators [2, 3]. Atomic batteries, nuclear batteries, tritium batteries, and radioisotope generators have gained significant attention for applications requi-ing long-term power supply and high-power density, including the space power reactor [4]. While a number of reactor systems, particularly micro-reactors, are referred to as fission batteries, this paper defines key attributes required for a fission reactor to achieve capabilities comparable with the characteristics of batteries that enable their wide-spread use. Achieving this full vision of a fission battery will enable broad deployment of fission reactors that function like batteries. The research and development (R&D) activities needed to achieve the desired fission battery attributes are discussed below.

46 - INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AN↗