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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Preliminary study of the effect of the turbulent flow field around complex surfaces on their acoustic characteristics

Fundamental theories for noise generated by flow over surfaces exist for only a few simple configurations. The role of turbulence in noise generation by complex surfaces should be essentially the same as for simple configurations. Examination of simple-surface theories indicates that the spatial distributions of the mean velocity and turbulence properties are sufficient to define the noise emission. Measurements of these flow properties were made for a number of simple and complex surfaces. The configurations were selected because of their acoustic characteristics are quite different. The spatial distribution of the turbulent flow properties around the complex surfaces and approximate theory are used to locate and describe the noise sources, and to qualitatively explain the varied acoustic characteristics.

Olsen, W. A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Combining In-situ Diagnostics and Data Analytics for Discovery of Process-Structure-Property Relationships in AM parts – A Step Toward Digital Twins

In-situ additive manufacturing (AM) diagnostic tools (e.g., optical/infrared imaging, acoustic, etc.) already exist to correlate process anomalies to printed part defects. This current work aimed to augment existing capabilities by: 1) Incorporating in-situ imaging w/ machine learning (ML) image processing software (ORNL- developed "Peregrine") for AM process anomaly detection 2) Synchronizing multiple in-situ sensors for simultaneous analysis of AM build events 3) Correlating in-situ AM process data, generated part defects and part mechanical properties The key R&D question investigated was to determine if these new combined hardware/software tools could be used to successfully quantify defect distributions for parts build via SNL laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) machines, aiming to better understand data-driven process-structure-property- performance relationships. High resolution optical cameras and acoustic microphones were successfully integrated in two LPBF machines and linked to the Peregrine ML software. The software was successfully calibrated on both machines and used to image hundreds of layers of multiple builds to train the ML software in identifying printed part vs powder. The software's validation accuracy to identify this aspect increased from 56% to 98.8% over three builds. Lighting conditions inside the chamber were found to significantly impact ML algorithm predictions from in-situ sensors, so these were tailored to each machine's internal framework. Finally, 3D part reconstructions were successfully generated for a build from the compressed stack of layer-wise images. Resolution differences nearest and furthest from the optical camera were discussed. Future work aims to improve optical resolution, increase process anomalies identified, and integrate more sensor modalities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Generalizing synthetic data-trained acoustic predictive models to real-world measurements

Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy (ARS) is highly sensitive to structural properties such as material, geometry, and environmental conditions; as a consequence, it can noninvasively measure internal properties that are unobservable by most other methods. Because of its sensing capabilities and low implementation cost and complexity, ARS has potential as a paradigm shift in noninvasive sensing, characterization, and monitoring applications. However, extracting specific properties from ARS measurements, comprising the vibration spectrum of a test object, is challenging due to the sensitivity of the spectra to other structural changes not being measured, e.g. manufacturing tolerances, component coupling, environmental variation, etc. Neural Networks are promising tools for identifying trends in ARS measurements, but their training typically requires large datasets, which are often impractical to obtain for real-world systems. Synthetic data can be simulated efficiently, but discrepancies between synthetic and real-world data frequently lead to poor generalization when testing on the real-world data. We propose a novel ARS model training framework that enables networks trained exclusively on synthetic ARS data to generalize effectively to real-world measurements. Our approach leverages the Correlation Alignment (CORAL) technique to enforce the extraction of features common to both synthetic and real-world domains. As a case study, we demonstrate noninvasive ARS-based pressure measurements in sealed systems. Finite element method (FEM) simulations were used to generate synthetic training data across diverse vessel configurations and pressure conditions, and model performance was then tested on real-world measurements. We demonstrate that robust machine learning models for ARS can be developed without large real-world datasets, significantly broadening the applicability of ARS for noninvasive sensing. Moreover, the approach is extensible to other sensing modalities where synthetic data are abundant but real-world data are limited.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2010

Acoustic Liner for Turbomachinery Applications

The purpose of this innovation is to reduce aircraft noise in the communities surrounding airports by significantly attenuating the noise generated by the turbomachinery, and enhancing safety by providing a containment barrier for a blade failure. Acoustic liners are used in today's turbofan engines to reduce noise. The amount of noise reduction from an acoustic liner is a function of the treatment area, the liner design, and the material properties, and limited by the constraints of the nacelle or casement design. It is desirable to increase the effective area of the acoustic treatment to increase noise suppression. Modern turbofan engines use wide-chord rotor blades, which means there is considerable treatment area available over the rotor tip. Turbofan engines require containment over the rotors for protection from blade failure. Traditional methods use a material wrap such as Kevlar integrated with rub strips and sometimes metal layers (sandwiches). It is possible to substitute the soft rub-strip material with an open-cell metallic foam that provides noise-reduction benefits and a sacrificial material in the first layer of the containment system. An open-cell foam was evaluated that behaves like a bulk acoustic liner, serves as a tip rub strip, and can be integrated with a rotor containment system. Foams can be integrated with the fan-containment system to provide sufficient safety margins and increased noise attenuation. The major innovation is the integration of the foam with the containment.

Huff, Dennis L.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Phase Time and Envelope Time in Time-Distance Analysis and Acoustic Imaging

Time-distance analysis and acoustic imaging are two related techniques to probe the local properties of solar interior. In this study, we discuss the relation of phase time and envelope time between the two techniques. The location of the envelope peak of the cross correlation function in time-distance analysis is identified as the travel time of the wave packet formed by modes with the same w/l. The phase time of the cross correlation function provides information of the phase change accumulated along the wave path, including the phase change at the boundaries of the mode cavity. The acoustic signals constructed with the technique of acoustic imaging contain both phase and intensity information. The phase of constructed signals can be studied by computing the cross correlation function between time series constructed with ingoing and outgoing waves. In this study, we use the data taken with the Taiwan Oscillation Network (TON) instrument and the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) instrument. The analysis is carried out for the quiet Sun. We use the relation of envelope time versus distance measured in time-distance analyses to construct the acoustic signals in acoustic imaging analyses. The phase time of the cross correlation function of constructed ingoing and outgoing time series is twice the difference between the phase time and envelope time in time-distance analyses as predicted. The envelope peak of the cross correlation function between constructed ingoing and outgoing time series is located at zero time as predicted for results of one-bounce at 3 mHz for all four data sets and two-bounce at 3 mHz for two TON data sets. But it is different from zero for other cases. The cause of the deviation of the envelope peak from zero is not known.

Chou, Dean-Yi↗
DOE OSTI2025

Anisotropic Thermal Transport in Quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper Hybrid Perovskite Superlattices

Two-dimensional hybrid metal-halide perovskites (2D-MHPs) have emerged as important solution-processed semiconductors with favorable optical and electronic properties for diverse applications in photovoltaics, optoelectronics, and spintronics. The quasi-2D layered structures, featuring large acoustic impedance mismatches between the organic and inorganic sublattices, are expected to result in distinct and anisotropic thermal transport properties along the cross-plane and in-plane directions. Here, we introduce transducer-free vibrational-pump-visible-probe (VPVP) approaches that enable accurate quantification of anisotropic thermal transport properties in various archetypical single-crystalline 2D-MHPs. Specifically, using VPVP spectroscopy and VPVP microscopy, we measure the anisotropic thermal diffusivities of 2D-MHPs with systematically varied Pb-I octahedral layer thicknesses, as well as organic spacer types and lengths, revealing how these structural parameters alter the cross-plane and in-plane thermal transport properties in distinct ways. While diffuse interface scattering plays an important role in dictating cross-plane thermal transport, in-plane thermal transport is primarily determined by phonon transport within interconnected inorganic layers. Density functional theory incorporating four-phonon scatterings provides further insight into the low thermal conductivity and modest thermal conduction anisotropy in 2D-MHPs. Our work demonstrates a new all-optical and noncontact method, which requires minimal sample preparation and allows direct visualization of cross-plane and in-plane thermal transport, potentially compatible with sample environments. The demonstrated VPVP approaches can advance understanding of thermal transport in 2D-MHPs as well as wide-ranging hybrid and polymeric semiconductors beyond 2D-MHPs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Scalable phononic metamaterials: Tunable bandgap design and multi-scale experimental validation

Phononic metamaterials offer unprecedented control over wave propagation, making them essential for applications such as vibration isolation, waveguiding, and acoustic filtering. However, achieving scalable and precisely tunable bandgap properties across different length scales remains challenging. This study presents a user-friendly design framework for phononic metamaterials, enabling ultra-wide bandgap tunability (B/ω c ratios up to 172 %) across multiple frequency ranges and scales. Using finite element simulations of a Yablonovite-inspired unit cell, we establish a comprehensive parametric design space that illustrates how geometric parameters, such as sphere size and beam diameter, controls bandgap width and frequency. The scalability and robustness of the framework are validated through experimental testing on additively manufactured structures at both macro (10 mm) and micro (80 µm) scales, fabricated using Stereolithography and Two-Photon Polymerization. Transmission loss measurements, conducted with piezoelectric transducers and laser vibrometry, closely match simulations in the kHz and MHz frequency ranges, confirming the reliability and consistency of the bandgap behavior across scales. This work bridges theory and experiments at multiple scales, offering a practical methodology for the rapid design of phononic metamaterials and expanding their potential for diverse applications across a broad range of frequencies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1971

Sound propagation and absorption in foam - A distributed parameter model.

Liquid-base foams are highly effective sound absorbers. A better understanding of the mechanisms of sound absorption in foams was sought by exploration of a mathematical model of bubble pulsation and coupling and the development of a distributed-parameter mechanical analog. A solution by electric-circuit analogy was thus obtained and transmission-line theory was used to relate the physical properties of the foams to the characteristic impedance and propagation constants of the analog transmission line. Comparison of measured physical properties of the foam with values obtained from measured acoustic impedance and propagation constants and the transmission-line theory showed good agreement. We may therefore conclude that the sound propagation and absorption mechanisms in foam are accurately described by the resonant response of individual bubbles coupled to neighboring bubbles.

Manson, L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Ultrasonic measurement of elastic moduli in slender specimens using extensional and torsional wave pulses.

The pulse-echo method using extensional and torsional waves is described relative to determining elastic properties and other characteristics of specimens which are slender acoustically. Several applications are reviewed, including: glass fibers of diameter 16 to 42 microns; glass rods of diameter about 1 mm, tested to 700 C; iron-base alloys of diameter 3.2 mm, tested from nearly -200 up to +200 C; titanium specimens of rectangular cross section, 1.5 by 3 mm; and tantalum-base alloys of diameter 6.4 mm, tested up to 1400 C. Limitations are pointed out regarding dispersive materials and geometry.

Lynnworth, L. C.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Airfoil gust response and the sound produced by airifoil-vortex interaction

This paper contributes to the understanding of the noise generation process of an airfoil encountering an unsteady upwash. By using a fast Fourier transform together with accurate airfoil response functions, the lift-time waveform for an airfoil encountering a delta function gust (the indicial function) is calculated for a flat plate airfoil in a compressible flow. This shows the interesting property that the lift is constant until the generated acoustic wave reaches the trailing edge. Expressions are given for the magnitude of this constant and for the pressure distribution on the airfoil during this time interval. The case of an airfoil cutting through a line vortex is also analyzed. The pressure-time waveform in the far field is closely related to the left-time waveform for the above problem of an airfoil entering a delta function gust. The effects of varying the relevant parameters in the problem are studied, including the observed position, the core diameter of the vortex, the vortex orientation and the airfoil span. The far field sound varies significantly with observer position, illustrating the importance of non-compactness effects. Increasing the viscous core diameter tends to smooth the pressure-time waveform. For small viscous core radius and infinite span, changing the vortex orientation changes only the amplitude of the pressure-time waveform, and not the shape.

Amiet, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Flight measured and calculated exhaust jet conditions for an F100 engine in an F-15 airplane

The exhaust jet conditions, in terms of temperature and Mach number, were determined for a nozzle-aft end acoustic study flown on an F-15 aircraft. Jet properties for the F100 EMD engines were calculated using the engine manufacturer's specification deck. The effects of atmospheric temperature on jet Mach number, M10, were calculated. Values of turbine discharge pressure, PT6M, jet Mach number, and jet temperature were calculated as a function of aircraft Mach number, altitude, and power lever angle for the test day conditions. At a typical test point with a Mach number of 0.9, intermediate power setting, and an altitude of 20,000 ft, M10 was equal to 1.63. Flight measured and calculated values of PT6M were compared for intermediate power at altitudes of 15500, 20500, and 31000 ft. It was found that at 31000 ft, there was excellent agreement between both, but for lower altitudes the specification deck overpredicted the flight data. The calculated jet Mach numbers were believed to be accurate to within 2 percent.

Hernandez, Francisco J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Flight effects on the aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of inverted profile coannular nozzles

The effect of forward flight on the jet noise of coannular exhaust nozzles, suitable for Variable Stream Control Engines (VSCE), was investigated in a series of wind tunnel tests. The primary stream properties were maintained constant at 300 mps and 394 K. A total of 230 acoustic data points was obtained. Force measurement tests using an unheated air supply covered the same range of tunnel speeds and nozzle pressure ratios on each of the nozzle configurations. A total of 80 points was taken. The coannular nozzle OASPL and PNL noise reductions observed statically relative to synthesized values were basically retained under simulated flight conditions. The effect of fan to primary stream area ratio on flight effects was minor. At take-off speed, the peak jet noise for a VSCE was estimated to be over 6 PNdB lower than the static noise level. High static thrust coefficients were obtained for the basic coannular nozzles, with a decay of 0.75 percent at take-off speeds.

Kozlowski, H.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Acoustics at the nanoscale (nanoacoustics): A comprehensive literature review. Part I: Materials, devices and selected applications

We report in the past decade, acoustics at the nanoscale (i.e., nanoacoustics) has evolved rapidly with continuous and substantial expansion of capabilities and refinement of techniques. Motivated by research innovations in the last decade, for the first time, recent advancements of acoustics-associated nanomaterials/nanostructures and nanodevices for different applications are outlined in this comprehensive review, which is written in two parts. As part I of this two-part review, firstly, active and passive nanomaterials and nanostructures for acoustics are presented. Following that, representative applications of nanoacoustics including material property characterization, nanomaterial/nanostructure manipulation, and sensing, are discussed in detail. Finally, a summary is presented with point of views on the current challenges and potential solutions in this burgeoning field.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2012

Configuration Effects on Liner Performance

The acoustic performance of a duct liner depends not only on the intrinsic properties of the liner but also on the configuration of the duct in which it is used. A series of experiments is performed in the NASA Langley Research Center Curved Duct Test Rig (at Mach 0.275) to evaluate the effect of duct configuration on the acoustic performance of single degree of freedom perforate-over-honeycomb liners. The liners form the sidewalls of the duct's test section. Variations of duct configuration include: asymmetric (liner on one side and hard wall opposite) and symmetric (liner on both sides) wall treatment; inlet and exhaust orientation, in which the sound propagates either against or with the flow; and straight and curved flow path. The effect that duct configuration has on the overall acoustic performance, particularly the shift in frequency and magnitude of peak attenuation, is quantified. The redistribution of incident mode content is shown. The liners constitute the side walls of the liner test section and the scatter of incident horizontal order 1 mode by the asymmetric treatment and order 2 mode by the symmetric treatment into order 0 mode is shown. Scatter of order 0 incident modes into higher order modes is also shown. This redistribution of mode content is significant because it indicates that the liner design can be manipulated such that energy is scattered into more highly attenuated modes, thus enhancing liner performance.

Gerhold, Carl H.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Non-invasive, in situ diagnosis and monitoring of corrosion in high temperature systems

Techniques for non-invasive diagnosis and/or monitoring of corrosion in high temperature systems using specialized sensors that produce multi-mode acoustic signals in situ for accurate determination of wall loss and/or physical property changes for a vessel in contact with a high temperature, highly corrosive substance are disclosed. Sensitivity of a few microns (or about 0.1%) of wall loss, detection of changes in physical properties of vessel contents (e.g., approximately 1%), or both, at temperatures of 500° C., 600° C., or higher may be realized. Corrosion may be identified and/or monitored using time domain, frequency domain, or mixed time domain and frequency domain analysis of signal characteristics, signal delay, or both, for relatively short circumferential acoustic wave propagation (e.g., a few inches), as well as relatively long axial acoustic wave propagation (e.g., tens of feet).

Findikoglu, Alp Tugrul↗
DOE OSTI2020

Low-frequency Raman spectrum of 2D layered perovskites: Local atomistic motion or superlattice modes?

We report the low-frequency Raman spectrum (ω = 10 cm -1 –150 cm -1 ) of a wide variety of alkylammonium iodide based 2D lead halide perovskites (2D LHPs) as a function of A-site cation (MA = methylammonium and FA = formamidinium), octahedral layer thickness (n = 2–4), organic spacer chain length (butyl-, pentyl-, hexyl-), and sample temperature (T = 77 K–293 K). Using density functional theory calculations under the harmonic approximation for n = 2 BA:MAPbI, we assign several longitudinal/transverse optical phonon modes between 30 cm -1 and 100 cm -1 , the eigen displacements of which are analogous to that observed previously for octahedral twists/distortions in bulk MAPbI. Additionally, we propose an alternative assignment for low-frequency modes below this band (<30 cm -1 ) as zone-folded longitudinal acoustic phonons corresponding to the periodicity of the entire layered structure. Furthermore, we compare measured spectra to predictions of the Rytov elastic continuum model for zone-folded dispersion in layered structures. Our results are consistent across the various 2D LHPs studied herein, with energetic shifts of optical phonons corresponding to microscopic structural differences between materials and energetic shifts of acoustic phonons according to changes in the periodicity and elastic properties of the perovskite/organic subphases. This study highlights the importance of both the local atomic order and the superlattice structure on the vibrational properties of layered 2D materials.

2D materials↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cyclically symmetric radially self-similar phononic pseudocrystal isolator for broadband, ultrasonic vibration bandstop filtering

A 2D phononic pseudocrystal isolator exhibiting cyclic symmetry and radial self-similarity is measured and demonstrated to block a wide range of ultrasonic vibration. Measurements of longitudinal and shear wave blocking effects are made and compared with computational results. The use of the bandgap edge ratio is recommended for quantifying suppression in very-wide-bandgap materials. In conclusion, the upper-to-lower suppression edge frequency ratios of 3–4 are remarkably large for shear waves and even larger for longitudinal waves upper-to-lower suppression ratio (13 at 5 dB), such that 92.5% of frequencies in that range experience ≥ 5 dB of suppression.

Acoustic metamaterial↗