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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2011

Design and Fabrication of the Mu2e Cable Test Solenoid

Superconducting solenoids developed for the Fermilab Mu2e require an extended R&D on superconductor cables performance, working in strong field in the critical currents range. To test these cables, the Mu2e Cable Test Solenoid was designed and fabricated at Fermilab. The solenoid contains three coils (two Main coils, and one Test coil), connected in series. The Main coils are wound with the well known SSC NbTi cable. They are permanently attached to the solenoid top and bottom carbon steel flanges. The Test coil is replaceable, and meant to be installed between two Main coils. This coil can be wound with any superconductor cable which needs to be tested (the first Test coil was wound with RIKEN heavy aluminum stabilized NbTi cable). The cables cross section ratio in the Main Coils and the Test coil ensures operating of Main coils in the current ranges well below the critical value for their cable, while the Test coil always works near its critical current range. The solenoid design and some cable splicing issues are presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Design and Fabrication of the Superconducting Horizontal Bend Magnet for the Super High Momentum Spectrometer at Jefferson Lab

A collaboration exists between NSCL and JLab to design and build JLab's Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) horizontal bend magnet that allows the bending of the 12 GeV/c particles horizontally by 3° to allow SHMS to reach angles as low as 5.5°. Two full size coils have been wound and are cold tested for both magnetic and structural properties. Each coil is built from 90 layers of single-turn SSC outer conductor cable. An initial test coil with one third the turns was fabricated to demonstrate that the unique saddle shape with fully contoured ends could be wound with Rutherford superconducting cable. Learned lessons during the trial winding were integrated into the two complete full-scale coils that are now installed in the helium vessel. The fabrication of the iron yoke, cold mass, and thermal shield is complete, and assembly of the vacuum vessel is in progress. This paper presents the process and progress along with the modified magnet design to reduce the fringe field in the primary beam region and also includes the impact of the changes on coil forces and coil restraint system.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2018

On‐line discrimination of storage shelf‐life and prediction of post‐harvest quality for strawberry fruit by visible and near infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Quick assessment of storage time is important for the guarantee of fruit shelf‐life. On‐line discrimination of refrigerated storage time and prediction of post‐harvest quality for strawberry fruit was carried out by visible and near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy. For the classification of samples with storage time of 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) achieved correct classified rates of 93.3–97.4% in prediction based on selected wavelengths obtained by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) at speeds of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 m/s. Moreover, for prediction of soluble solids content (SSC) in strawberry, the determination coefficient ( r p 2 ), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and RPD value obtained by PLS coped with CARS at fruit moving speed of 0.10 m/s was 0.733, 0.699 °Brix and 1.96, respectively. Overall, this study indicates that Vis–NIR spectroscopy offers the potential as an on‐line tool for quality assurance of strawberry fruit. Practical applications Visible and near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy is a very attractive technique for nondestructive evaluation of quality of food products. Strawberry has an extremely short shelf‐life which is estimated to be less than 5 days. Rapid identification its postharvest storage time is essential for the evaluation of its shelf‐life. Based on the results reported here, Vis–NIR has the potential for on‐line monitoring of postharvest storage time and post‐harvest quality for strawberry fruit in real situation.

Shen, Fei↗

DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-I-87: Automated Liver Segmentation Method for CBCT Dataset by Combining Sparse Shape Composition and Probabilistic Atlas Construction

Purpose: The aiming of this study was to extract liver structures for daily Cone beam CT (CBCT) images automatically. Methods: Datasets were collected from 50 intravenous contrast planning CT images, which were regarded as training dataset for probabilistic atlas and shape prior model construction. Firstly, probabilistic atlas and shape prior model based on sparse shape composition (SSC) were constructed by iterative deformable registration. Secondly, the artifacts and noise were removed from the daily CBCT image by an edge-preserving filtering using total variation with L1 norm (TV-L1). Furthermore, the initial liver region was obtained by registering the incoming CBCT image with the atlas utilizing edge-preserving deformable registration with multi-scale strategy, and then the initial liver region was converted to surface meshing which was registered with the shape model where the major variation of specific patient was modeled by sparse vectors. At the last stage, the shape and intensity information were incorporated into joint probabilistic model, and finally the liver structure was extracted by maximum a posteriori segmentation.Regarding the construction process, firstly the manually segmented contours were converted into meshes, and then arbitrary patient data was chosen as reference image to register with the rest of training datasets by deformable registration algorithm for constructing probabilistic atlas and prior shape model. To improve the efficiency of proposed method, the initial probabilistic atlas was used as reference image to register with other patient data for iterative construction for removing bias caused by arbitrary selection. Results: The experiment validated the accuracy of the segmentation results quantitatively by comparing with the manually ones. The volumetric overlap percentage between the automatically generated liver contours and the ground truth were on an average 88%–95% for CBCT images. Conclusion: The experiment demonstrated that liver structures of CBCT with artifacts can be extracted accurately for following adaptive radiation therapy. This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61201441), Research Fund for Excellent Young and Middle-aged Scientists of Shandong Province (No. BS2012DX038), Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (No. J12LN23), Jinan youth science and technology star (No.20120109)

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2015

Hadronic origin of the TeV flare of M87 in April 2010

M87 is a giant radio galaxy with FR-I morphology. It underwent three episodes of TeV flaring in recent years with the strongest one in April 2010 which was jointly monitored by MAGIC, VERITAS and H.E.S.S. We explain its spectral energy distribution in the energy range 0.3–5 TeV by assuming that the flaring occurs in the innermost region of the jet. In this region the low energy SSC photons serve as the target for the Fermi-accelerated high energy protons of energy ≤30 TeV to form a delta resonance. The TeV photons are produced from the subsequent decay of the delta resonance to neutral pions. In this scenario the observed TeV flux of April 2010 flare is fitted very well.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Multi-TeV flaring from blazars: Markarian 421 as a case study

The TeV blazar Markarian 421 underwent multi-TeV flaring during April 2004 and simultaneously observations in the X-ray and TeV energies were made. It was observed that the TeV outbursts had no counterparts in the lower energy range. One implication of this is that it might be an orphan flare. We show that Fermi-accelerated protons of energy ≤168 TeV can interact with the low energy tail of the background synchrotron self-Compton photons in the inner region of the blazar to produce the multi-TeV flare and our results fit very well with the observed spectrum. Based on our study, we predict that the blazars with a deep valley in between the end of the synchrotron spectrum and the beginning of the SSC spectrum are possible candidates for orphan flaring. Future possible candidates for this scenario are the HBLs Mrk 501 and PG 1553 + 113 objects.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2019

The Ω c -puzzle solved by means of quark model predictions

The observation of five $$\varOmega _c $$ Ω c = ssc states by LHCb [Aaij et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 , 182001(2017)] and the confirmation of four of them by Belle [Yelton et al. Phys. Rev. D 97 , 051102(2018)], may represent an important milestone in our understanding of the quark organization inside hadrons. By providing results for the spectrum of $$\varOmega _{ c}$$ Ω c baryons and predictions for their $$\varXi _{ c}^{+}K^{-}$$ Ξ c + K - and $$\varXi _{ c}'^{+}K^{-}$$ Ξ c ' + K - decay amplitudes within an harmonic oscillator based model, we suggest a possible solution to the $$\varOmega _{c}$$ Ω c quantum number puzzle and we extend our mass and decay width predictions to the $$\varOmega _b$$ Ω b states. Finally, we discuss why the set of $$\varOmega _{ c(b)}$$ Ω c ( b ) baryons is the most suitable environment to test the validity of three-quark and quark–diquark effective degrees of freedom.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2019

PySAM (Python Wrapper for System Advisor Model "SAM") [SWR-19-57]

PySAM is a Python wrapper for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s System Advisor Model (SAM). SAM is a performance and financial model designed to facilitate decision making for people involved in the renewable energy industry. PySAM provides a native Python interface for the models found in SAM Simulation Core, SSC.

Gilman, Paul↗

DOE OSTI2020

Structures, Systems, and Components Classification Criteria for the Versatile Test Reactor

The Versatile Test Reactor (VTR) is a fast spectrum test reactor currently being developed in the United States under the direction of the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Nuclear Energy. The VTR mission is to enable accelerated testing of advanced reactor fuels and materials required for advanced reactor technologies. The conceptual design of the 300 MWth sodium-cooled metallic-fueled pool-type fast reactor has been led by the U.S. National Laboratories in collaboration with General Electric-Hitachi and Bechtel National Inc. As part of the VTR authorization process by the DOE, it is necessary to identify the safety classification of structures, systems, and components (SSCs) to determine the proper design, surveillance, operation, and incident-reporting requirements. Since VTR is utilizing a risk-informed, performance-based authorization process based on the Licensing Modernization Project (LMP) described in NEI 18-04 [1], the criteria for SSC classification, which are reviewed here, includes both risk information from the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) and prescriptive requirements.

Grabaskas, David↗

DOE OSTI2010

Treatment of Passive Component Reliability in Risk-Informed Safety Margin Characterization FY 2010 Report

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2011

Very High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection (PR&PP)

This report documents the detailed background information that has been compiled to support the preparation of a much shorter white paper on the design features and fuel cycles of Very High-Temperature Reactors (VHTRs), including the proposed Next-Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP), to identify the important proliferation resistance and physical protection (PR&PP) aspects of the proposed concepts. The shorter white paper derived from the information in this report was prepared for the Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Science and Technology for the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) VHTR Systems Steering Committee (SSC) as input to the GIF Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection Working Group (PR&PPWG) (http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/horizontal/proliferation.htm). The short white paper was edited by the GIF VHTR SCC to address their concerns and thus may differ from the information presented in this supporting report. The GIF PR&PPWG will use the derived white paper based on this report along with other white papers on the six alternative Generation IV design concepts (http://www.gen-4.org/Technology/systems/index.htm) to employ an evaluation methodology that can be applied and will evolve from the earliest stages of design. This methodology will guide system designers, program policy makers, and external stakeholders in evaluating the response of each system, to determine each system's resistance to proliferation threats and robustness against sabotage and terrorism threats, and thereby guide future international cooperation on ensuring safeguards in the deployment of the Generation IV systems. The format and content of this report is that specified in a template prepared by the GIF PR&PPWG. Other than the level of detail, the key exception to the specified template format is the addition of Appendix C to document the history and status of coated-particle fuel reprocessing technologies, which fuel reprocessing technologies have yet to be deployed commercially and have only been demonstrated in testing at a laboratory scale.

Moses, David Lewis↗

DOE OSTI2011

An Overview of Nuclear vs. Non-Nuclear Design Code Requirements for a Candidate Steam Supply System for Commercial Applications

The objective is to identify (mostly for industrial end-users) the difference between a Section III nuclear steam generator (classified as Structures, Systems and Components (SSC)) and a Section VIII steam generator in the same general conditions, but used in a conventional application. Specifically, applicable temperature and pressure ranges and a more quantitative description of how materials change, design margins change and required design rigor changes are of interest. This overview focuses on the steam generator pressure boundary but the downstream piping will also be considered. Within the designations of Section III and Section VIII there are subcategories with their specific regions of applicability. Each of these subcategories has evolved their own unique features with respect to design rules and their implementation. A general overview of the various design codes will be provided in sufficient detail to illustrate the major differences; however, a detailed discussion of the various design requirements and their implementation is beyond the scope of this discussion. References (1) and (2) are sources of more detailed information. Also, example wall sizing calculations will be provided to illustrate the application of the relevant design codes under the candidate design conditions. The candidate steam supply Design Conditions are 600C (1112F) and 24MPa (3,480psi). The Operating Conditions or Service Levels will be somewhat lower and the difference shows up in some of the various design methodologies employed.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2012

Discovery of Very High Energy Gamma Rays from PKS 1424+240 and Multiwavelength Constraints on its Redshift

We report the first detection of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission above 140GeV from PKS 1424+240, a BL Lac object with an unknown redshift. The photon spectrum above 140GeV measured by VERITAS is well described by a power law with a photon index of 3.8 {+-}0.5 stat {+-} 0.3 syst and a flux normalization at 200 GeV of (5.1 {+-} 0.9 stat {+-} 0.5 syst ) x 10 -11 TeV -1 cm -2 s -1 , where stat and syst denote the statistical and systematical uncertainty, respectively. The VHE flux is steady over the observation period between MJD 54881 and 55003 (2009 February 19 to June 21). Flux variability is also not observed in contemporaneous high energy observations with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). Contemporaneous X-ray and optical data were also obtained from the Swift XRT and MDM observatory, respectively. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) is well described by a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1. Using the photon index measured with Fermi in combination with recent extragalactic background light (EBL) absorption models it can be concluded from the VERITAS data that the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than 0.66.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2012

Robustness of RISMC Insights under Alternative Aleatory/Epistemic Uncertainty Classifications: Draft Report under the Risk-Informed Safety Margin Characterization (RISMC) Pathway of the DOE Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program

The Risk-Informed Safety Margin Characterization (RISMC) pathway is a set of activities defined under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program. The overarching objective of RISMC is to support plant life-extension decision-making by providing a state-of-knowledge characterization of safety margins in key systems, structures, and components (SSCs). A technical challenge at the core of this effort is to establish the conceptual and technical feasibility of analyzing safety margin in a risk-informed way, which, unlike conventionally defined deterministic margin analysis, would be founded on probabilistic characterizations of uncertainty in SSC performance. In the context of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) technology, there has arisen a general consensus about the distinctive roles of two types of uncertainty: aleatory and epistemic, where the former represents irreducible, random variability inherent in a system, whereas the latter represents a state of knowledge uncertainty on the part of the analyst about the system which is, in principle, reducible through further research. While there is often some ambiguity about how any one contributing uncertainty in an analysis should be classified, there has nevertheless emerged a broad consensus on the meanings of these uncertainty types in the PRA setting. However, while RISMC methodology shares some features with conventional PRA, it will nevertheless be a distinctive methodology set. Therefore, the paradigms for classification of uncertainty in the PRA setting may not fully port to the RISMC environment. Yet the notion of risk-informed margin is based on the characterization of uncertainty, and it is therefore critical to establish a common understanding of uncertainty in the RISMC setting.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2012

Integrating NASA Earth Science Capabilities into the Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center for Improvements in Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling

This report describes the development of algorithms to derive accurate surface roughness and displacement height values from NASA satellite data for both urban and vegetation environments and to evaluate the potential benefit of improved surface data characterization on atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling. One of the key factors limiting the accuracy of near-surface wind profile modeling and dispersion simulations is the lack of location-specific and seasonally-dependent surface characteristic values. Currently, land use category look-up tables are commonly used to provide grid-cell estimates of surface characteristics values, even though surface roughness values can vary significantly within the same land-use category. This report documents: i) the derivation of surface characteristic values by Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and Stennis Space Center (SSC) from NASA satellite multispectral imagery, ii) their incorporation into atmospheric meteorological and transport models, and iii) the results of a dispersion modeling study for Oklahoma City and the surrounding region to evaluate the impact of GSFC/SSC roughness on National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) / Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center (IMAAC) emergency response dispersion predictions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2013

Integrating Safety Assessment Methods using the Risk Informed Safety Margins Characterization (RISMC) Approach

Safety is central to the design, licensing, operation, and economics of nuclear power plants (NPPs). As the current light water reactor (LWR) NPPs age beyond 60 years, there are possibilities for increased frequency of systems, structures, and components (SSC) degradations or failures that initiate safety significant events, reduce existing accident mitigation capabilities, or create new failure modes. Plant designers commonly “over-design” portions of NPPs and provide robustness in the form of redundant and diverse engineered safety features to ensure that, even in the case of well-beyond design basis scenarios, public health and safety will be protected with a very high degree of assurance. This form of defense-in-depth is a reasoned response to uncertainties and is often referred to generically as “safety margin.” Historically, specific safety margin provisions have been formulated primarily based on engineering judgment backed by a set of conservative engineering calculations. The ability to better characterize and quantify safety margin is important to improved decision making about LWR design, operation, and plant life extension. A systematic approach to characterization of safety margins and the subsequent margin management options represents a vital input to the licensee and regulatory analysis and decision making that will be involved. In addition, as research and development (R&D) in the LWR Sustainability (LWRS) Program and other collaborative efforts yield new data, sensors, and improved scientific understanding of physical processes that govern the aging and degradation of plant SSCs needs and opportunities to better optimize plant safety and performance will become known. To support decision making related to economics, readability, and safety, the RISMC Pathway provides methods and tools that enable mitigation options known as margins management strategies. The purpose of the RISMC Pathway R&D is to support plant decisions for risk-informed margin management with the aim to improve economics, reliability, and sustain safety of current NPPs. As the lead Department of Energy (DOE) Laboratory for this Pathway, the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is tasked with developing and deploying methods and tools that support the quantification and management of safety margin and uncertainty.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2013

Support of US CLIVAR Project Office 2012

Director of JOSS, supervised the U.S. CLIVAR Project Office Director and helped direct the officer to enhance the goals and objectives of the U.S. CLIVAR Project and budget. Financial Manager of JOSS, worked to complete proposals and monitor compliance with award requirements and funding limitations and ensure the U.S. CLIVAR Project Office complied with UCAR policies and procedures. Project Coordinator administered the funding for the U.S. CLIVAR Project Office and was responsible for coordinating special projects that required additional support from JOSS technical staff. These projects included activities such as website updates, technology upgrades, production of printed reports, and development of graphic elements like logos. Web Developer worked both on web development and graphic work and the work consisted of the following: Maintaining the site ? installing updates to Drupal CMS (Content Management System). Creating new templates for webpages and styling them with CSS and JavaScript/jQuery code. Fixing the styling on webpages that the content contributor/manager (Jenn Mays) created and has had trouble with. Creating new web forms for abstract uploading, subscriptions, and meeting registrations. Created 4 webpages for the ?ASP: Key Uncertainties in the Global Carbon-Cycle? meeting. Developed a document review form, instruction webpages, login redirect, dynamic table with form submissions for the US CLIVAR SSC Science Plan Document Review. This was open to the public from June 12, 2013 until July 10, 2013. During this time the user accounts had to be checked (daily) that were created by the public, to delete any spam ones. Graphics work: preparing images for general use on webpages, webpage banners, and for meeting name badges, creating a US CLIVAR letterhead, redesigning the US AMOC logo. System Administrator spent time working on the migration of the US CLIVAR site from the USGCRP office to UCAR here Boulder. This was done to increase the general speed of the site & to allow the web developer to work in it more efficiently. Main tasks were to Archive the old Site, create new development site for web developer, and move web address to new website when web developer was finished with development. There are no patients or equipment related to this proposals

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2013

Additional EIPC Study Analysis: Interim Report on High Priority Topics

Between 2010 and 2012 the Eastern Interconnection Planning Collaborative (EIPC) conducted a major long-term resource and transmission study of the Eastern Interconnection (EI). With guidance from a Stakeholder Steering Committee (SSC) that included representatives from the Eastern Interconnection States Planning Council (EISPC) among others, the project was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved a long-term capacity expansion analysis that involved creation of eight major futures plus 72 sensitivities. Three scenarios were selected for more extensive transmission- focused evaluation in Phase 2. Five power flow analyses, nine production cost model runs (including six sensitivities), and three capital cost estimations were developed during this second phase. The results from Phase 1 and 2 provided a wealth of data that could be examined further to address energy-related questions. A list of 13 topics was developed for further analysis; this paper discusses the first five.

Electricity Grid↗