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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Effect of sewage sludge content on gas quality and solid residues produced by cogasification in an updraft gasifier

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Cogasification of sewage sludge with wood pellets in updraft gasifier was analysed. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The effects of sewage sludge content on the gasification process were examined. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Sewage sludge addition up to 30 wt.% reduces moderately the process performance. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer At high sewage sludge content slagging and clinker formation occurred. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Solid residues produced resulted acceptable at landfills for non-hazardous waste. - Abstract: In the present work, the gasification with air of dehydrated sewage sludge (SS) with 20 wt.% moisture mixed with conventional woody biomass was investigated using a pilot fixed-bed updraft gasifier. Attention was focused on the effect of the SS content on the gasification performance and on the environmental impact of the process. The results showed that it is possible to co-gasify SS with wood pellets (WPs) in updraft fixed-bed gasification installations. However, at high content of sewage sludge the gasification process can become instable because of the very high ash content and low ash fusion temperatures of SS. At an equivalent ratio of 0.25, compared with wood pellets gasification, the addition of sewage sludge led to a reduction of gas yield in favor of an increase of condensate production with consequent cold gas efficiency decrease. Low concentrations of dioxins/furans and PAHs were measured in the gas produced by SS gasification, well below the limiting values for the exhaust gaseous emissions. NH{sub 3}, HCl and HF contents were very low because most of these compounds were retained in the wet scrubber systems. On the other hand, high H{sub 2}S levels were measured due to high sulfur content of SS. Heavy metals supplied with the feedstocks were mostly retained in gasification solid residues. The leachability tests performed according to European regulations showed that metals leachability was within the limits for landfilling inert residues. On the other hand, sulfate and chloride releases were found to comply with the limits for non-hazardous residues.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Comparison of the acidogenic and methanogenic potential of agroindustrial residues

Highlights: • Mixed acidogenic fermentation shows lower yields but higher product value than methanogenesis. • VFA concentrations reported are among the highest in literature for batch acidogenic fermentation. • Trub is an attractive residue for valorisation due to the potential for caproic acid production. • Brewery residues have a significant economic potential. - Abstract: The methanogenic and acidogenic potentials of six different agroindustrial residues, i.e. of fruit pulps and brewery residues, were determined. For all substrates, the methanogenic conversion yield was systematically higher than the acidogenic one in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) terms, ranging from 0.46 to 0.87 g{sub COD{sub CH4}}/{sub gCOD{sub substrate{sub fed}}} and from 0.24 to 0.56 g{sub COD{sub tVFA}}/g{sub COD{sub substrate{sub fed}}}, respectively. During methanogenic conversion, brewery trub exhibited the highest methane potential (304 ml{sub CH4}/g{sub COD{sub substrate}}). Trub also exhibited the highest total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) concentrations in the mixed liquor (ML) during acidogenic conversion (29.7 g{sub COD{sub tVFA}}/kg{sub ML}). Acetic, butyric and caproic acids were the main carboxylates produced by the different substrates. Despite the lower conversion yields, the economic value of the acidogenic product (carboxylate streams) is higher than that of methanogenic conversion (methane) due to the higher value of carboxylates and their potential use in finer applications (e.g. bio-based products) compared to energy production form methane.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Mechanistic Examination of Cβ–Cγ Bond Cleavages of Tryptophan Residues during Dissociations of Molecular Peptide Radical Cations

In this study, we used collision-induced dissociation (CID) to examine the gas-phase fragmentations of [GnW]•+ (n = 2-4) and [GXW]•+ (X = C, S, L, F, Y, Q) species. The Cβ–Cγ bond cleavage of a C-terminal decarboxylated tryptophan residue ([M - CO2]•+) can generate [M - CO2 - 116]+, [M - CO2 - 117]•+, and [1H-indole]•+ (m/z 117) species as possible product ions. Competition between the formation of [M - CO2 - 116]+ and [1H-indole]•+ systems implies the existence of a proton-bound dimer formed between the indole ring and peptide backbone. Formation of such a proton-bound dimer is facile via a protonation of the tryptophan γ-carbon atom as suggested by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT calculations also suggested the initially formed ion 2--the decarboxylated species that is active against Cβ–Cγ bond cleavage -can efficiently isomerize to form a more-stable -radical isomer (ion 9) as supported by Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) modeling. The Cβ–Cγ bond cleavage of a tryptophan residue also can occur directly from peptide radical cations containing a basic residue. CID of [WGnR]•+ (n = 1-3) radical cations consistently resulted in predominant formation of [M-116]+ product ions. It appears that the basic arginine residue tightly sequesters the proton and allows the charge-remote Cβ–Cγ bond cleavage to prevail over the charge-directed one. DFT calculations predicted the barrier for the former is 6.2 kcal mol -1 lower than that of the latter. Furthermore, the pathway involving a salt-bridge intermediate also was accessible during such a bond cleavage event.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2017

Lignocellulose fermentation and residual solids characterization for senescent switchgrass fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum in the presence and absence of continuous in situ ball-milling

Milling during lignocellulosic fermentation, henceforth referred to as cotreatment, is investigated as an alternative to thermochemical pretreatment as a means of enhancing biological solubilization of lignocellulose. We investigate the impact of milling on soluble substrate fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum with comparison to yeast, document solubilization for fermentation of senescent switchgrass with and without ball milling, and characterize residual solids. Soluble substrate fermentation by C. thermocellum proceeded readily in the presence of continuous ball milling but was completely arrested for yeast. Total fractional carbohydrate solubilization achieved after fermentation of senescent switchgrass by C. thermocellum for 5 days was 0.45 without cotreatment or pretreatment, 0.81 with hydrothermal pretreatment (200 degrees C, 15 minutes, severity 4.2), and 0.88 with cotreatment. Acetate and ethanol were the main fermentation products, and were produced at similar ratios with and without cotreatment. Analysis of solid residues was undertaken using molecular beam mass spectrometry (PyMBMS) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in order to provide insight into changes in plant cell walls during processing via various modes. The structure of lignin present in residual solids remaining after fermentation with cotreatment appeared to change little, with substantially greater changes observed for hydrothermal pretreatment - particularly with respect to formation of C-C bonds. The observation of high solubilization with little apparent modification of the residue is consistent with cotreatment enhancing solubilization primarily by increasing the access of saccharolytic enzymes to the feedstock, and C. thermocellum being able to attack all the major linkages in cellulosic biomass provided that these linkages are accessible.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The DEHVILS in the details: Type Ia supernova Hubble residual comparisons and mass step analysis in the near-infrared

Measurements of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in the near-infrared (NIR) have been used both as an alternate path to cosmology compared to optical measurements and as a method of constraining key systematics for the larger optical studies. With the DEHVILS sample, the largest published NIR sample with consistent NIR coverage of maximum light across three NIR bands ( Y, J , and H ), we check three key systematics: (i) the reduction in Hubble residual scatter as compared to the optical, (ii) the measurement of a “mass step” or lack thereof and its implications, and (iii) the ability to distinguish between various dust models by analyzing slopes and correlations between Hubble residuals in the NIR and optical. We produce SN Ia simulations of the DEHVILS sample and find that it is harder to differentiate between various dust models than previously understood. Additionally, we find that fitting with the current SALT3-NIR model does not yield accurate wavelength-dependent stretch-luminosity correlations, and we propose a limited solution for this problem. From the data, we see that (i) the standard deviation of Hubble residual values from NIR bands treated as standard candles are 0.007–0.042 mag smaller than those in the optical, (ii) the NIR mass step is not constrainable with the current sample size of 47 SNe Ia from DEHVILS, and (iii) Hubble residuals in the NIR and optical are correlated in the data. We test a few variations on the number and combinations of filters and data samples, and we observe that none of our findings or conclusions are significantly impacted by these modifications.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2012

Generation of residual energy in the turbulent solar wind

In situ observations of the fluctuating solar wind flow show that the energy of magnetic field fluctuations always exceeds that of the kinetic energy, and therefore the difference between the kinetic and magnetic energies, known as the residual energy, is always negative. The same behaviour is found in numerical simulations of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. We study the dynamics of the residual energy for strong, anisotropic, critically balanced magnetohydrodynamic turbulence using the eddy damped quasi-normal Markovian approximation. Our analysis shows that for stationary critically balanced magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, negative residual energy will always be generated by nonlinear interacting Alfven waves. This offers a general explanation for the observation of negative residual energy in solar wind turbulence and in the numerical simulations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Determination of residual monomers resulting from the chemical polymerization process of dental materials

The residual monomer present in post-polymerized dental materials encourages premature degradation of the reconstructed tooth. That is why the residual monomer should be quantified in a simple, fast, accurate and reproducible manner. In our work we propose such an approach for accurate determination of the residual monomer in dental materials which is based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. The results of the NMR approach are compared with those of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The samples under study contain the main monomers (2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) constituting the liquid phase of most dental materials and an initiator. Two samples were analyzed with different ratios of chemical initiation systems: N,N-dimethyl-p-toluide: benzoyl peroxide (1:2 and 0.7:1.2). The results obtained by both techniques highlight that by reducing the initiator the polymerization process slows down and the amount of residual monomer reduces. This prevents the premature degradation of the dental fillings and consequently the reduction of the biomaterial resistance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Compensation of residual amplitude modulation fluctuations in an optoelectronic system for laser radiation frequency stabilisation

Fluctuations of residual amplitude modulation in a scheme of laser frequency stabilisation by a Fabry – Perot cavity reduce the frequency stability of the laser systems intended for interrogating clock transitions of atoms and ions. The dependences of the residual amplitude modulation on a temperature of the waveguide-based electro-optical modulator used for modulating the radiation phase and on polarisation of the radiation are measured. The parameters are found, at which the influence of the residual amplitude modulation on the frequency stability is minimal. A system for active compensation is created, which reduces the contribution of fluctuations of residual amplitude modulation to the instability down to 2.1 × 10{sup −16}, which makes it possible to reach the thermal noise limit of a silicon cryogenic cavity. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Key Residues for Catalytic Function and Metal Coordination in a Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase

Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are non-heme iron-containing enzymes found in all domains of life that generate biologically important apocarotenoids. Prior studies have revealed a critical role for a conserved 4-His motif in forming the CCD iron center. By contrast, the roles of other active site residues in catalytic function, including maintenance of the stringent regio- and stereo-selective cleavage activity, typically exhibited by these enzymes have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we examined the functional and structural importance of active site residues in an apocarotenoid-cleaving oxygenase (ACO) from Synechocystis. Most active site substitutions variably lowered maximal catalytic activity without markedly affecting the K m value for the all-trans-8'-apocarotenol substrate. Native C15-C15' cleavage activity was retained in all ACO variants examined suggesting that multiple active site residues contribute to the enzyme's regioselectivity. Crystallographic analysis of a nearly inactive W149A-substituted ACO revealed marked disruption of the active site structure, including loss of iron coordination by His-238 apparently from an altered conformation of the conserved second sphere Glu-150 residue. Gln- and Asp-150-substituted versions of ACO further confirmed the structural/functional requirement for a Glu side chain at this position, which is homologous to Glu-148 in RPE65, a site in which substitution to Asp has been associated with loss of enzymatic function in Leber congenital amaurosis. The novel links shown here between ACO active site structure and catalytic activity could be broadly applicable to other CCD members and provide insights into the molecular pathogenesis of vision loss associated with an RPE65 point mutation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

THE IMPACT OF POINT-SOURCE SUBTRACTION RESIDUALS ON 21 cm EPOCH OF REIONIZATION ESTIMATION

Precise subtraction of foreground sources is crucial for detecting and estimating 21 cm H I signals from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). We quantify how imperfect point-source subtraction due to limitations of the measurement data set yields structured residual signal in the data set. We use the Cramer-Rao lower bound, as a metric for quantifying the precision with which a parameter may be measured, to estimate the residual signal in a visibility data set due to imperfect point-source subtraction. We then propagate these residuals into two metrics of interest for 21 cm EoR experiments-the angular power spectrum and two-dimensional power spectrum-using a combination of full analytic covariant derivation, analytic variant derivation, and covariant Monte Carlo simulations. This methodology differs from previous work in two ways: (1) it uses information theory to set the point-source position error, rather than assuming a global rms error, and (2) it describes a method for propagating the errors analytically, thereby obtaining the full correlation structure of the power spectra. The methods are applied to two upcoming low-frequency instruments that are proposing to perform statistical EoR experiments: the Murchison Widefield Array and the Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization. In addition to the actual antenna configurations, we apply the methods to minimally redundant and maximally redundant configurations. We find that for peeling sources above 1 Jy, the amplitude of the residual signal, and its variance, will be smaller than the contribution from thermal noise for the observing parameters proposed for upcoming EoR experiments, and that optimal subtraction of bright point sources will not be a limiting factor for EoR parameter estimation. We then use the formalism to provide an ab initio analytic derivation motivating the 'wedge' feature in the two-dimensional power spectrum, complementing previous discussion in the literature.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

THE FUNDAMENTAL METALLICITY RELATION REDUCES TYPE Ia SN HUBBLE RESIDUALS MORE THAN HOST MASS ALONE

Type Ia supernova Hubble residuals have been shown to correlate with host galaxy mass, imposing a major obstacle for their use in measuring dark energy properties. Here, we calibrate the fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) of Mannucci et al. for host mass and star formation rates measured from broadband colors alone. We apply the FMR to the large number of hosts from the SDSS-II sample of Gupta et al. and find that the scatter in the Hubble residuals is significantly reduced when compared with using only stellar mass (or the mass-metallicity relation) as a fit parameter. Our calibration of the FMR is restricted to only star-forming galaxies and in the Hubble residual calculation we include only hosts with log(SFR) > - 2. Our results strongly suggest that metallicity is the underlying source of the correlation between Hubble residuals and host galaxy mass. Since the FMR is nearly constant between z = 2 and the present, use of the FMR along with light-curve width and color should provide a robust distance measurement method that minimizes systematic errors.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

HOST GALAXY PROPERTIES AND HUBBLE RESIDUALS OF TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE FROM THE NEARBY SUPERNOVA FACTORY

We examine the relationship between Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) Hubble residuals and the properties of their host galaxies using a sample of 115 SNe Ia from the Nearby Supernova Factory. We use host galaxy stellar masses and specific star formation rates fitted from photometry for all hosts, as well as gas-phase metallicities for a subset of 69 star-forming (non-active galactic nucleus) hosts, to show that the SN Ia Hubble residuals correlate with each of these host properties. With these data we find new evidence for a correlation between SN Ia intrinsic color and host metallicity. When we combine our data with those of other published SN Ia surveys, we find the difference between mean SN Ia brightnesses in low- and high-mass hosts is 0.077 {+-} 0.014 mag. When viewed in narrow (0.2 dex) bins of host stellar mass, the data reveal apparent plateaus of Hubble residuals at high and low host masses with a rapid transition over a short mass range (9.8 {<=} log (M{sub *}/M{sub Sun }) {<=} 10.4). Although metallicity has been a favored interpretation for the origin of the Hubble residual trend with host mass, we illustrate how dust in star-forming galaxies and mean SN Ia progenitor age both evolve along the galaxy mass sequence, thereby presenting equally viable explanations for some or all of the observed SN Ia host bias.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Type Ia supernova Hubble residuals and host-galaxy properties

Kim et al. introduced a new methodology for determining peak-brightness absolute magnitudes of type Ia supernovae from multi-band light curves. We examine the relation between their parameterization of light curves and Hubble residuals, based on photometry synthesized from the Nearby Supernova Factory spectrophotometric time series, with global host-galaxy properties. The K13 Hubble residual step with host mass is 0.013 ± 0.031 mag for a supernova subsample with data coverage corresponding to the K13 training; at <<1σ, the step is not significant and lower than previous measurements. Relaxing the data coverage requirement of the Hubble residual step with the host mass is 0.045 ± 0.026 mag for the larger sample; a calculation using the modes of the distributions, less sensitive to outliers, yields a step of 0.019 mag. The analysis of this article uses K13 inferred luminosities, as distinguished from previous works that use magnitude corrections as a function of SALT2 color and stretch parameters: steps at >2σ significance are found in SALT2 Hubble residuals in samples split by the values of their K13 x(1) and x(2) light-curve parameters. x(1) affects the light-curve width and color around peak (similar to the Δm {sub 15} and stretch parameters), and x(2) affects colors, the near-UV light-curve width, and the light-curve decline 20-30 days after peak brightness. The novel light-curve analysis, increased parameter set, and magnitude corrections of K13 may be capturing features of SN Ia diversity arising from progenitor stellar evolution.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effect of cooldown and residual magnetic field on the performance of niobium–copper clad superconducting radio-frequency cavity

Here, we present the results of rf measurements on a niobium–copper clad superconducting radio-frequency cavity with different cooldown conditions and residual magnetic field in a vertical test Dewar in order to explore the effect of thermal current induced magnetic field and its trapping on the performance of the cavity. The residual resistance, extracted from the Q 0 ( T ) curves in the temperature range 4.3–1.5 K, showed no dependence on a temperature gradient along the cavity during the cooldown across the critical temperature up to ~50 K m –1 . The rf losses due to the trapping of residual magnetic field during the cavity cooldown were found to be ~4.3 nΩ μ T –1 , comparable to the values measured in bulk niobium cavities. An increase of residual resistance following multiple cavity quenches was observed along with evidence of trapping of magnetic flux generated by thermoelectric currents.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Residual foreground contamination in the WMAP data and bias in non-Gaussianity estimation

We analyze whether there is any residual foreground contamination in the cleaned WMAP 7 years data for the differential assemblies, Q, V and W. We calculate the correlation between the foreground map, from which long wavelength correlations have been subtracted, and the foreground reduced map for each differential assembly after applying the Galaxy and point sources masks. We find positive correlations for all the differential assemblies, with high statistical significance. For Q and V, we find that a large fraction of the contamination comes from pixels where the foreground maps have positive values larger than three times the rms values. These findings imply the presence of residual contamination from Galactic emissions and unresolved point sources. We redo the analysis after masking the extended point sources cataloque of Scodeller et al. [7] and find a drop in the correlation and corresponding significance values. To quantify the effect of the residual contamination on the search for primordial non-Gaussianity in the CMB we add estimated contaminant fraction to simulated Gaussian CMB maps and calculate the characteristic non-Gaussian deviation shapes of Minkowski Functionals that arise due to the contamination. We find remarkable agreement of these deviation shapes with those measured from WMAP data, which imply that a major fraction of the observed non-Gaussian deviation comes from residual foreground contamination. We also compute non-Gaussian deviations of Minkowski Functionals after applying the point sources mask of Scodeller et al. and find a decrease in the overall amplitudes of the deviations which is consistent with a decrease in the level of contamination.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Synchrotron measurements of local microstructure and residual strains in ductile cast iron

The local microstructure and distribution of thermally induced residual strains in ferrite matrix grains around an individual spherical graphite nodule in ductile cast iron (DCI) were measured using a synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction technique. It is found that the matrix grains are deformed, containing dislocations and dislocation boundaries. Each of the residual strain components in the matrix grains exhibits a complex pattern along the circumferential direction of the nodule. Along the radial direction of the nodule, strain gradients from the interface to the grain interior are seen for some strain components, but only in some matrix grains. The observed residual strain patterns have been analysed by finite element modelling, and a comparison between the simulation and experiments is given. The present study of local residual stress by both experimental characterization and simulation provide much needed information for understanding the mechanical properties of DCI, and represent an important contribution for the microstructural design of new DCI materials.

Zhang, Y B↗
DOE OSTI2020

In situ characterization of residual stress evolution during heat treatment of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites using high-energy X-ray diffraction

Volumetric strains were measured in silicon carbide/silicon carbide melt-infiltrated ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) at ambient and high temperatures using high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). Both silicon and silicon carbide constituents were interrogated utilizing a broad spectrum of diffracting planes that would be largely inaccessible to common laboratory XRD equipment. Residual room-temperature principal strains in the melt-infiltrated silicon phase were found to be approximately 1100 mu epsilon in compression, corresponding to stresses of approximately 300 MPa using simplifying constitutive assumptions. Residual room-temperature principal strains in silicon carbide particles found throughout the matrix were approximately 500 mu epsilon in tension, corresponding to approximately 300 MPa. Residual strains were found to decrease considerably as temperatures increased from ambient temperature to 1250 degrees C. Additionally, residual strains returned to approximately preheat treatment values after cool-down to ambient temperature. Strain measurements in the silicon phase were found to be significantly affected by dissolved boron dopant levels causing contraction of the silicon lattice. This contraction must be accounted for in high-temperature experiments for accurate calculation of stresses in the silicon phase.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Identification of xylan arabinosyl 2- O -xylosyltransferases catalyzing the addition of 2- O -xylosyl residue onto arabinosyl side chains of xylan in grass species

Grass xylan, the major hemicellulose in both primary and secondary cell walls, is heavily decorated with α-1,3-linked arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues that may be further substituted at O-2 with xylosyl (Xyl) or Araf residues. Although xylan 3-O-arabinosyltransferases (XATs) catalyzing 3-O-Araf addition onto xylan have been characterized, glycosyltransferases responsible for the transfer of 2-O-Xyl or 2-O-Araf onto 3-O-Araf residues of xylan to produce the Xyl-Araf and Araf-Araf disaccharide side chains remain to be identified. In this report, we showed that a rice GT61 member, named OsXAXT1 (xylan arabinosyl 2-O-xylosyltransferase 1) herein, was able to mediate the addition of Xyl-Araf disaccharide side chains onto xylan when heterologously co-expressed with OsXAT2 in the Arabidopsis gux1/2/3 (glucuronic acid substitution of xylan 1/2/3) triple mutant that lacks any glycosyl substitutions. Recombinant OsXAXT1 protein expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells exhibited a xylosyltransferase activity catalyzing the addition of Xyl from UDP-Xyl onto arabinosylated xylooligomers. Further, consistent with its function as a xylan arabinosyl 2-O-xylosyltransferase, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutations of the OsXAXT1 gene in transgenic rice plants resulted in a reduction in the level of Xyl-Araf disaccharide side chains in xylan. Furthermore, we revealed that XAXT1 close homologs from several other grass species, including switchgrass, maize, and Brachypodium, possessed the same functions as OsXAXT1, indicating functional conservation of XAXTs in grass species. Together, our findings establish that grass XAXTs are xylosyltransferases catalyzing Xyl transfer onto O-2 of Araf residues of xylan to form the Xyl-Araf disaccharide side chains, which furthers our understanding of genes involved in xylan biosynthesis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗