Analysis of the dynamic behavior of flooded porous electrodes.
Steady state and transient analysis of flooded isothermal porous electrodes without bulk flow of electrolyte
ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM↗
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Results for “Porous flow”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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The Compressible Laminar Boundary Layer with Fluid Injection
A solution of the equations of the compressible laminar boundary layer including the effects of transpiration cooling is presented. The analysis applies to the flow over an isothermal porous plate with a velocity of fluid injection proportional to the reciprocal of the square root of the distance from the leading edge. The effect of several flow parameters on coolant-flow rates is discussed with the aid of representative examples. A stability analysis indicates that, although transpiration cooling requires a lower surface temperature for stable flow than does internal wall cooling, this lower temperature can be obtained with a smaller expenditure of coolant.
Low, George M↗
Instabilities orginating from suction holes used for Laminar Flow Control (LFC)
A small-scale wind tunnel previously used for turbulent boundary layer studies has been modified for experiments in laminar flow control. The facility incorporates suction through interchangeable porous test surfaces which are used to stabilize the boundary layer and delay transition to turbulent flow. The thin porous test surfaces are supported by a baffled plenum chamber box which also acts to gather the flow through the surface into tubes which are routed to a high pressure fan. An elliptic leading edge is attached to the assembly to establish a new layer on the test plate. A slot is used to remove the test section flow below the leading edge. The test section was lengthened and fitted with a new ceiling. Substantial modifications were also made to the 3D probe traverse. Detailed studies have been made using isolated holes to explore the underlying instability mechanisms. The suction is perturbed harmonically and data are averaged on the basis of the phase of the disturbance. Conditions corresponding to strong suction and without suction have been studied. In both cases, 3D contour surfaces in the vicinity of the hole show highly three-dimensional T-S waves that fan out away from the hole with streamwise distance. With suction, the perturbations on the centerline are much stronger and decay less rapidly, while the far field is similar to the case without suction. Downstream the contour surfaces of the bow-shaped TS waves develop spanwise irregularities which eventually form into clumps. The contours remain smooth when suction is not applied. Even without suction, the harmonic point source is challenging for CFD; e.g. DNS has been used for streamwise growth. With suction, grid resources are consumed by the hole and this makes DNS even more expensive. Limited DNS results so far indicate that the vortices which emanate from suction holes appear to be stable. The spanwise clumping observed in the experiment is evidence of a secondary instability that could be associated with suction vortices. A typical porous surface for LFC consists of 0.002 inch diameter holes with 0.020 inch grid spacing L, which is too small to resolve disturbances. A 20:1 scale porous test surface has been machined for improved spatial resolution while the L/d is still representative of flight conditions. Designers of porous surfaces use Goldsmith's criterion to minimize crossstream interaction. However nothing is known about the streamwise interactions. Results using two holes, aligned but displaced in the streamwise direction, indicate that partial TS wave cancellation is possible, depending on the hole spacing and disturbance frequency. Using DNS for streamwise interaction studies will be prohibitively expensive if linear superposition cannot be used for the multiple holes.
Watmuff, Jonathan H.↗
Development of braided rope seals for hypersonic engine applications: Flow modeling
A new type of engine seal is being developed to meet the needs of advanced hypersonic engines. A seal braided of emerging high temperature ceramic fibers comprised of a sheath-core construction was selected for study based on its low leakage rates. Flexible, low-leakage, high temperature seals are required to seal the movable engine panels of advanced ramjet-scramjet engines either preventing potentially dangerous leakage into backside engine cavities or limiting the purge coolant flow rates through the seals. To predict the leakage through these flexible, porous seal structures new analytical flow models are required. Two such models based on the Kozeny-Carman equations are developed herein and are compared to experimental leakage measurements for simulated pressure and seal gap conditions. The models developed allow prediction of the gas leakage rate as a function of fiber diameter, fiber packing density, gas properties, and pressure drop across the seal. The first model treats the seal as a homogeneous fiber bed. The second model divides the seal into two homogeneous fiber beds identified as the core and the sheath of the seal. Flow resistances of each of the main seal elements are combined to determine the total flow resistance. Comparisons between measured leakage rates and model predictions for seal structures covering a wide range of braid architectures show good agreement. Within the experimental range, the second model provides a prediction within 6 to 13 percent of the flow for many of the cases examined. Areas where future model refinements are required are identified.
Mutharasan, Rajakkannu↗
Enforcing global constraints for the dispersion closure problem: τ 2 -SIMPLE algorithm
Permeability and effective dispersion tensors are critical parameters to characterize flow and transport in porous media at the continuum scale. Homogenization theory defines a framework in which such effective properties are first computed from solving a closure problem in a repeating unit cell of the periodic microstructure and then used in a macroscopic formulation for efficient computation. The closure problem is formulated as a local boundary value problem subjected to global constraints, which guarantee the uniqueness of the solution and can be difficult to satisfy for complex geometries and at high flow conditions. These constraints also ensure that pore-scale pressure, velocity, and concentration fields can be accurately reconstructed from the closure variable. Building on a previous work, here we present a framework that allows to satisfy global constraints associated to both the permeability and the dispersion closure problems by introducing two artificial time scales. The algorithm, called τ 2 -SIMPLE, computes both permeability and effective dispersion given an arbitrarily complex geometry and flow condition. Furthermore, this algorithm is demonstrated to be accurate for both 2D and 3D geometries across varying flow conditions, and thus it can be used to quickly characterize effective properties from porous media images in many applications.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Simultaneous axial conduction in the fluid and the pipe wall for forced convective laminar flow with blowing and suction at the wall
Numerical solutions are reported for conjugate heat transfer in a porous pipe having an internal flow with blowing or suction at the inner surface of the pipe and constant heat flux at the outer surface. The effect of the simultaneous axial conduction through the wall and the fluid has been studied for the combined hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths. The results show that the ratio of the thermal conductivities of the pipe wall to the fluid and the thickness of the pipe wall may become significant factors on the heat transfer when the Peclet number is small, especially for the case when fluid is injected into the pipe. It is also shown that the effect of axial wall conduction for the case of constant heat flux at the outer wall surface can be neglected when the wall thickness is small and the ratio of the conductivities of the wall to the fluid approaches unity.
Faghri, Amir↗
Variable properties laminar gas flow heat transfer in the entry region of parallel porous plates.
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Doughty, J. R.↗
One-dimensional Calculation of Flow in a Rotating Passage with Ejection Through a Porous Wall
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Eckert, E R G↗
Non-destructive evaluation of specific surface area of porous powder systems using experimental and virtual air permeametry
The correlation of flow-permeable surface area (FSSA) of porous initiator powder to its performance is well-established. More specifically, with age, such powders tend to coarsen (i.e., lose surface area), with an accompanying deterioration in performance. Commercially available permeametry apparatuses, such as that from Fisher Scientific or a more modern version from Micromeritics suffers from a few drawbacks, including: (1) the need to work with a fixed mass equivalent of 1 cm 3 of solid material; (2) the need to re-compact the material to monitor aging effects (which can introduce unwanted errors in the derived results); (3) a superfluous design that involves a reference plug, and for the older Fisher Scientific model, the need to eyeball water meniscus height that can lead to inaccuracies; (4) calibrated and tested only for samples packed in cylindrical geometries.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Improving the modeling of near-wall interphase heat transfer in porous media models of Pebble Bed Reactors
Here, this work aims to improve capabilities for modeling localized effects in porous media models of Pebble Bed Reactors. The wall-channeling effect is the primary local phenomenon of interest in a PBR, where the presence of the reflector wall disrupts the pebble packing, causing the pebbles near the wall to pack less efficiently and creating large void regions. Accurate modeling of the near-wall region is important as it will affect core bypass flow and temperature predictions. Porous media models are commonly used for design scoping and plant-level simulations of PBRs. Although these models have some capabilities to model the near-wall region, the correlations that are available in porous media codes are often inaccurate when a multi-region model is used to discretize the near-wall region. This work employs a high-to-low analysis to study the accuracy of available interphase heat transfer closures. NekRS, a spectral element computational fluid dynamics code, is used to perform Large Eddy Simulations. These LES simulation results are compared to porous media model results from the Pronghorn porous media code. The friction term of the KTA drag closure is first improved, reducing the error in the prediction of the near-wall velocity from over 50% to less than 5%. This is combined with improvements to the form term from previous works to produce a drag closure that is capable of accurately modeling the wall-channeling effect across a variety of flow conditions. The Nusselt number predictions of several heat transfer correlations are compared to the high-fidelity results where it is found that the KTA heat transfer correlation is capable of accurately predicting the local Nusselt numbers that were determined in the high-fidelity simulation. Comparison of the radial solid temperature profiles, however, reveal discrepancies between NekRS and Pronghorn. It is discovered that the implementation of the interphase heat transfer coefficient that exists in many current porous media codes is not valid when local porosities are modeled. Instead, it is suggested that the interphase heat transfer coefficient should be dependent on the local porosity, the Nusselt number, and the local solid surface-to-volume ratio. Implementation of this change produces improvement in the agreement between the results obtained by NekRS and Pronghorn while using the KTA heat transfer correlation.
interphase heat transfer↗
Thermal Analysis of a Carbon Fiber Rope Barrier for Use in the Reusable Solid Rocket Motor Nozzle Joint-2
This study provides for development and verification of analysis methods used to assess performance of a carbon fiber rope (CFR) thermal barrier system that is currently being qualified for use in Reusable Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) nozzle joint-2. Modeled geometry for flow calculations considers the joint to be vented with the porous CFR barriers placed in the "open' assembly gap. Model development is based on a 1-D volume filling approach where flow resistances (assembly gap and CFRs) are defined by serially connected internal flow and the porous media "Darcy" relationships. Combustion gas flow rates are computed using the volume filling code by assuming a lumped distribution total joint fill volume on a per linear circumferential inch basis. Gas compressibility, friction and heat transfer are included in the modeling. Gas-to-wall heat transfer is simulated by concurrent solution of the compressible flow equations and a large thermal 2-D finite element (FE) conduction grid. The derived numerical technique loosely couples the FE conduction matrix with the compressible gas flow equations, Free constants that appear in the governing equations are calibrated by parametric model comparison to hot fire subscale test results. The calibrated model is then used to make full-scale motor predictions using RSRM aft dome environments. Model results indicate that CFR thermal barrier systems will provide a thermally benign and controlled pressurization environment for the RSRM nozzle joint-2 primary seal activation.
Clayton, J. Louie↗
Thermal Analysis of a Carbon Fiber Rope Barrier for Use in the Reusable Solid Rocket Motor Nozzle Joint-2
This study provides development and verification of analysis methods used to assess performance of a carbon fiber rope (CFR) thermal barrier system that is currently being qualified for use in Reusable Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) nozzle joint-2. Modeled geometry for flow calculations considers the joint to be vented with the porous CFR barriers placed in the 'open' assembly gap. Model development is based on a 1-D volume filling approach where flow resistances (assembly gap and CFRs) are defined by serially connected internal flow and the porous media 'Darcy' relationships. Combustion gas flow rates are computed using the volume filling code by assuming a lumped distribution total joint fill volume on a per linear circumferential inch basis. Gas compressibility, friction and heat transfer are included in the modeling. Gas-to-wall heat transfer is simulated by concurrent solution of the compressible flow equations and a large thermal 2-D finite element (FE) conduction grid. The derived numerical technique loosely couples the FE conduction matrix with the compressible gas flow equations. Free constants that appear in the governing equations are calibrated by parametric model comparison to hot fire subscale test results. The calibrated model is then used to make full-scale motor predictions using RSRM aft dome environments. Model results indicate that CFR thermal barrier systems will provide a thermally benign and controlled pressurization environment for the RSRM nozzle joint-2 primary seal activation.
Clayton, J. Louie↗
Mass spectrometry without ions.
Molecular flow mass spectrometer analysis of porous metal membranes for gases of different molecular weights
POROUS MATERIAL↗
Colloidal Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks and Their Application as Porous Liquids
Developing solid porous materials into free-flowing liquids with permanent porosity is a promising strategy for overcoming certain limitations of conventional sorbent materials employed in gas storage and separation applications. The ability to control the pore size and chemical functionalities of organic frameworks gives these particular nanoporous materials distinct advantages over other small cage-like molecules or hollow particles that have been developed into porous liquids. Here, we describe the synthesis of a 3D imine-linked colloidal covalent organic framework (COF)-based porous liquid, designed for efficient size-exclusion of solvent, as well as for long-term stability. By tethering ionic liquids to the colloid surface, the colloids can be dried, purified, and resuspended in a variety of solvents without irreversible aggregation typically observed of COF colloids. Colloid size could be controlled between 50 and 400 nm, with surface areas as high as 800 m2/g. The 3D intertwining morphology of the colloids had pore sizes ranging from 5 to 14 Å, allowing them to efficiently sizeexclude bulky ionic liquids. The COF colloids were stable towards flocculation in an ionic liquid for > 1 year. Permanent porosity was confirmed with a combination of 19F NMR measurements and gas sorption techniques. CO2 and CH4 uptake in these porous liquids increased more than 10 and 20-fold, respectively, over non-porous, neat ionic liquid control samples. The work not only advances the state of COF-based colloid science but also represents a practical advance towards developing more robust, tunable framework-based porous liquid materials for a host of gas storage and separation applications.
Mow, Rachel E.↗
Fast and Accurate Core Analysis by the Full-Immersion Pressure-Pulse Decay: Part 1—Theory
Summary Core-scale measurements are considered the ground truth that oil and gas or electric utility companies use to predict the migration of fluids such as oil, natural gas, carbon dioxide, or brine deep underground during their extraction or injection operations. To provide a greater understanding of petrophysical properties of low-permeability geologic formations such as shales and tight gas sandstones, this study introduces a novel core-analysis procedure. The technique follows conventional pressure-pulse-decay permeametry, where the pressure in an inlet chamber adjacent to a cylindrical core plug undergoes a rapid pressurization, the system is shut in, and the pressure reaches a new equilibrium. However, unlike a standard unidirectional pressure-pulse decay, the full-immersion pressure-pulse decay (Hannon 2019) applies a pressure disturbance to the entire outer surface area of the sample. This article covers the numerical simulator designed to model flow through an anisotropic porous sample in this scenario. The model assumes distinct but uniform permeabilities along the radial and axial directions of the cylindrical plug sample. When extracting a plug vertically (or perpendicular to bedding), the permeability along the radial direction associates with the horizontal permeability (i.e., parallel to bedding), whereas in the axial direction, flow occurs perpendicular to bedding (a vertical permeability). Investigations of these model outputs demonstrate an approximately 20-fold decrease in time to complete a full-immersion experiment compared with conventional pressure-pulse decay. Furthermore, the pressure-decay curves resulting from the full-immersion method have slightly different shapes than those resulting from other unidimensional transient methods. These differences begin to demonstrate that, under achievable experimental conditions, the analysis of pressure data from one full-immersion test could enable the simultaneous estimation of the apparent permeabilities parallel and perpendicular to bedding of a cylindrical sample in addition to its porosity. A follow-up article finalizes the proof of this capability with a parameter-estimation procedure and presents experimental verification through a proof-of-concept study. Described in greater detail in that article, the parameter estimator requires multiple forward simulations to analyze the data, which behooves minimizing the compute time for each simulation. By using an alternating direction implicit time-marching scheme and a structured but variably spaced grid, the numerical simulator built for this purpose provides a forward model output with suitable accuracy in approximately 0.5 seconds.
Energy & Fuels↗
Flow through a wire-form transpiration-cooled vane
Results of recent research to develop techniques for analyzing coolant flow in transpiration-cooled vanes are summarized. Flow characteristics of the wire-form porous material are correlated; the effects on the flow characteristics of oxidation, coolant temperature, gas crossflow, and airfoil curvature are evaluated. An analytical method is presented for predicting coolant flows and pressures in a strut-supported vane.
Kaufman, A. S.↗
Study of Cathode Gas Diffusion Architecture for Improved Oxygen Transport in Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
The high pH environment in hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs) has the potential to reach lower costs than the current proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), the incumbent technology. A significant difference between HEMFCs and PEMFCs is the location of water production within the cell. In PEMFCs, the water is produced on the cathode, limiting oxygen transport. In HEMFCs, the water is produced on the anode where the fuel is pure hydrogen. This allows the cathode to be optimized for oxygen transport without the presence of excess liquid water. Limiting current analysis, a technique previously used in PEMFCs, is adopted in HEMFCs to evaluate the oxygen mass transport resistances for different sections of the cathode. Through elimination of the microporous layer (MPL), gas diffusion layer (GDL), and traditional flow field and using porous nickel foam for gas distribution, the transport resistance at an operating condition of 150 kPa(g) and with the cell temperature at 80 °C was decreased from 112 s m −1 to 48 s m −1 , effectively halved. The optimal configuration for performance was found with Ni foam and a GDL, eliminating the MPL and traditional flow field, which vastly improved oxygen transport while maintaining adequate electrical contact with the cathode catalyst layer.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Sound Absorption of a 2DOF Resonant Liner with Negative Bias Flow
This report describes an experimental study conducted to determine the effect of negative bias flow on the sound absorption of a two degree-of-freedom liner. The backwall for the liner was designed to act as a double-Helmholtz resonator so as to act as a hard wall at all frequencies except at its resonant frequencies. All normal incident impedance data presented herein was acquired in an impedance tube. The effect of bias flow is investigated for a buried septum porosity of 2% and 19.5% for bias flow orifice mach numbers up to 03 11. As a porous backwall is needed for the flow to pass through, the effect of bias flow on this backwall all had to be evaluated first. The bias flow appears to modify the resistance and reactance of the backwall alone at lower frequencies up to about 2 kHz, with marginal effects at higher frequencies. Absorption coefficients close to unity are achieved for a frequency range of 500-4000 Hz for the overall liner for a septum porosity of 2% and orifice mach number of 0.128. Insertion loss tests performed in a flow duct facility for grazing flow Mach numbers up to 0.2 and septum mach numbers up to 0.15 showed that negative bias flow can increase insertion loss by as much as 10 dB at frequencies in the range of 500 - 1400 Hz compared to no grazing flow. The effectiveness of the negative bias flow is diminished as the grazing flow velocity is increased.
Ahuja, K. K.↗