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At least 415 records · Page 23

Theoretical Study of Doped and Co-doped Gallium Nitride with (Cr, Ni): an LDA-SIC and Monte Carlo Study

Using a composition of first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Monte Carlo simulation with the calculation within the self-interaction-correction local-density approximation, the electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of doped and co-doped GaN (Ga{sub 1−x}Cr{sub x}N, Ga{sub 1−x}Ni{sub x}N) and GaN (Ga{sub 1−2x}Cr{sub x}Ni{sub x}N) (x = 0.03 and 0.06), respectively, have been investigated. Our results have proven that the half-metallic ferromagnetic state still persists of co-doped GaN. In comparing the total energies, ab initio calculations certify the magnetic-state stability of the ferromagnetic phase compared with the spin-glass state. The exchange interactions obtained from the ab initio calculations were used as input parameters in a classical Ising model by Monte Carlo simulation to confirm the half-metallic ferromagnetic states with high Neel temperature.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Dependence of the Magnetic Transition Temperatures T{sub N1} and T{sub N2} and Magnetization Plateau of the 2D Checkerboard Lattice Structure with the Superblock (N,N)

Magnetic properties of the 2D checkerboard lattice structure with the superblock (N,N) were studied using Monte Carlo simulation based on the Ising model. Thermal magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of 2D checkerboard lattice with several superblocks are given. Two magnetic anomalies at collinear-to-spiral transition temperature t{sub C1} and transition temperature t{sub C2}have been determined. We discuss the effect of exchange interactions and superblocks on 2D checkerboard lattice. Magnetic hysteresis cycle of 2D checkerboard lattice for several superblocks have been shown. Superparamagnetic behaviour has been observed. Magnetization plateau, visible as anomalies in magnetic hysteresis, is one of the hallmarks of frustrated magnetism.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Theoretical description of magnetocaloric effect in the shape memory alloy exhibiting metamagnetic behavior

A simple thermodynamic theory is proposed for the quantitative description of giant magnetocaloric effect observed in metamagnetic shape memory alloys. Both the conventional magnetocaloric effect at the Curie temperature and the inverse magnetocaloric effect at the transition from the ferromagnetic austenite to a weakly magnetic martensite are considered. These effects are evaluated from the Landau-type free energy expression involving exchange interactions in a system of a two magnetic sublattices. The findings of the thermodynamic theory agree with first-principles calculations and experimental results from Ni-Mn-In-Co and Ni-Mn-Sn alloys, respectively.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Effect of the Milling Conditions on the Properties of ZnO Doped with Fe

(Zn{sub 0.9}Fe{sub 0.1})O powders were produced with different ball to powder weight ratios (BPR) by ball milling of ZnO and Fe elemental powders. The BPR used were 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, and 30:1. The prepared samples were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS). The XRD patterns showed a zinc oxide (ZnO) single phase with wurtzite structure, except for the 15:1 ratio, which exhibits an additionally bcc structure associated to α-Fe. The mean crystallite sizes were found to be around 100 Å. The Mössbauer spectra were fitted using two doublets, associated to the incorporation of Fe ions into the ZnO lattice, which correspond to the Fe{sup 3+} and Fe{sup 2+} oxidation states except for the 15:1 ratio, for which an additional sextet was necessary to obtain a good fit, this sextet was associated to segregated Fe into the sample. The increase of the BPR allowed that all Fe penetrated into the ZnO matrix. The magnetization measurement using VSM reveals that the system exhibits ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. For sample with BPR 15:1, the ferromagnetism is due to the segregated Fe, and for higher BPRs, from 20:1 up to 30:1, we propose that their ferromagnetism is due to the percolation of polarons. These polarons appear due to the oxygen vacancies (detected by XRD) which are occupied by electrons, which appear in the charge balance. Exchange interaction between the electron spins located in the vacancies or holes and those of the magnetic impurities (Fe atoms) leads to the formation of bound magnetic polarons, which percolate, producing in this way magnetic behavior.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

D{sup 0} magnetism in Ca doped narrow carbon nanotubes: First principle chirality effect study

Curvature has always had crucial effects on the physical properties of narrow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and here spin-polarized density functional calculations were employed to study electronic and magnetic properties of calcium-decorated narrow (5,5) and (9,0)CNTs with close diameters (∼7 Å) and different chiralities. Our results showed that chirality had great impact on the electronic structure and magnetization of the doped CNTs. In addition, internally or externally doping of the calcium atoms was studied comparatively and although for the (9,0)CNT the internal doping was the most stable configuration, which involves a novel kind of spin-polarization originated from Ca-4s electrons, but for the (5,5)tube the external doping was the most stable one without any spin-polarization. On the other hand, calcium doping in the center of the (5,5)CNT was an endothermic process and led to the spin-polarization of unoccupied Ca-3d orbitals via direct exchange interaction between adjacent Ca atoms. In the considered systems, the existence of magnetization in the absence of any transition-metal elements was an example of valuable d{sup 0} magnetism title.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Studies of magnetocaloric effect on spin-1/2 J{sub 1}-J{sub 2} Heisenberg hexagons

Magnetocaloric effect of four different spin-1/2 J{sub 1}-J{sub 2} Heisenberg hexagons has been studied in terms of adiabatic demagnetization. Four hexagons with different combinations of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic Heisenberg exchange interactions are considered. Level of frustration on those models is different. Studies on the magnetization process, nature of isentrops and properties of magnetocaloric effect have been carried out. Comparison of results on those models has been discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Nonstationary Model of a Low-Density Plasma Jet Ejected from a Stationary Plasma Thruster

A time-dependent problem on finding the parameters of a low-density plasma jet ejected from a stationary plasma thruster is analyzed. In contrast to earlier works in which a stationary problem was solved using a Crook-type kinetic model, a set of kinetic equations is derived at the accuracy level accepted in the kinetic theory with allowance for resonant charge-exchange interaction between ions and neutrals. A method to solve the obtained set of equations is developed and used to perform test simulations, some results of which are presented.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

First-principles prediction of magnetic superatoms in 4d-transition-metal-doped magnesium clusters

We theoretically predict magnetic superatoms in the 4d-transition-metal-doped Mg{sub 8} clusters using a spin-polarized density functional theory method. We demonstrate that TcMg{sub 8} is highly energetically stable in both structure and magnetic states, and identify it as a magnetic superatom with a magnetic moment as large as 5 μ{sub B}. The magnetic TcMg{sub 8} with 23 valence electrons has a configuration of 1S{sup 2}1P{sup 6}1D{sup 10} closed shell and 2S{sup 1}2D{sup 4} open shell, complying with Hund's rule similar to the single atom. We elucidate the formation mechanism of the magnetic TcMg{sub 8} superatom based on the detailed analysis of molecular orbitals, and attribute it to the large exchange interaction and moderate crystal field effect. Finally, we predict that the magnetic TcMg{sub 8} may exhibit semiconductor-like property with spin polarization characteristics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

An excitonic approach to the intraband THz response of semiconductor nanostructures

Considerable effort has been devoted in recent years to developing an accurate and computationally-viable theoretical treatment of the THz response of semiconductor nanostructures that are excited by ultrashort optical pulses. Although most approaches, such as the semiconductor Bloch equations, employ an electron-hole basis, we have developed an excitonic approach that has significant advantages in many situations. Our approach includes the exchange interaction between excitons, the effects of the Pauli exclusion principle for the excitons (which are composite Bosons), and the dipole-dipole interactions between excitons. In this paper we review our excitonic formalism and apply it to examine the THz absorption of optically-excited CdSe nanorods and 2D GaAs quantum wells.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Phase evolution and magnetic properties of HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x}

The phase evolution of HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x} exhibits the phase transformations from the original HoIn{sub 3} with cubic structure to the intermediated HoCo{sub 2}In with orthorhombic structure and to the final HoCo{sub 3} with rhombohedral structure. The corresponding magnetic states are found to closely associate with the structural phase transformation of HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x}.With increasing Co contents, HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x} are paramagnetic in region of x < 0.6, mixture of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic in range of 0.6 < x < 1.8, and ferromagnetic in range of 3 > x > 2.4 at room temperature, respectively. The field dependence of magnetization curves follows an equation of M=M{sub s}(1−a/H )+χH, where M{sub s} and χ are corresponding to the saturation moment and susceptibility; a is a parameter related to the external field. The fitting results show that the susceptibility increases with increasing Co contents and M{sub s} depends upon the Co content as well. It implies that the evolution of magnetic phases in HoIn{sub 3−x}Co{sub x} might originate from the change of exchange interaction from the one between the isolated Co spins and the surrounding conduction electrons in Co-poor regime to the one between Co-Co pairs mediated by the conduction electrons in Co-rich regime.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Weakly coupled alternating S = 1 2 chains in the distorted honeycomb lattice compound Na 2 Cu 2 TeO 6

Spin- 1 2 chains with alternating antiferromagnetic (AF) and ferromagnetic (FM) couplings exhibit quantum entanglement as the integer-spin Haldane chains and might be similarly utilized for quantum computations. Such alternating AF-FM chains have been proposed to be realized in the distorted honeycomb lattice compound Na 2 Cu 2 TeO 6 , but to confirm this picture a comprehensive understanding of the exchange interactions including terms outside of the idealized model is required. Here, we employ neutron scattering to study the spin dynamics in Na 2 Cu 2 TeO 6 and accurately determine the coupling strengths through the random phase approximation and density functional theory approaches. We find the AF and FM intrachain couplings are the dominant terms in the spin Hamiltonian, while the interchain couplings are AF but perturbative. This hierarchy in the coupling strengths and the alternating signs of the intrachain couplings can be understood through their different exchange paths. Our results establish Na 2 Cu 2 TeO 6 as a weakly coupled alternating AF-FM chain compound and reveal the robustness of the gapped ground state in alternating chains under weak interchain couplings.

1-dimensional spin chains↗

Frustrations and Ordering in Magnetic Systems of Various Dimensions

Based on the exact and numerical calculations within the Ising and Potts models on lattices of various types and dimensions (one-dimensional, square, triangular, hexagonal, kagome, simple cubic, and body-centered cubic), magnetic orderings, phase transitions, and frustrations were investigated, taking into account the exchange interactions between magnetic moments at the nearest and next-nearest nodes and an external magnetic field. The causes of the occurrence of frustrations are found, and the essential features of the behavior of frustrated systems that distinguish them from the nonfrustrated systems are determined.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Spin Glass in a Geometrically Frustrated Magnet of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} Nanoparticles

We investigated the magnetic properties of a geometrically frustrated magnet of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles by carrying out the comprehensive measurements of dc magnetization and ac susceptibility. Spin glass is confirmed to occur in this weakly Fe(Zn)-ionic-inversed sample. The common characteristics of spin glass including the aging, the memory, and the rejuvenation effects were observed. By using the critical-power law to study the spin dynamics, the spin-glass transition temperature T{sub g} is obtained to be 18 K and the dynamic exponent zν is 8.0. The weak exchange interaction disorder introduced by the ferrimagnetic J{sub AB} interaction, together with the weak nonmagnetic dilute disorder induced by the ionic inversion, is responsible for the formation of spin glass in the ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Defect engineered d{sup 0} ferromagnetism in tin-doped indium oxide nanostructures and nanocrystalline thin-films

Origin of unexpected defect engineered room-temperature ferromagnetism observed in tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanostructures (Nanowires, Nano-combs) and nanocrystalline thin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition has been investigated. It is found that the ITO nanostructures prepared under argon environment exhibit strongest ferromagnetic signature as compared to that nanocrystalline thin films grown at oxygen. The evidence of singly ionized oxygen vacancy (V{sub 0}{sup +}) defects, obtained from various spectroscopic measurements, suggests that such V{sub 0}{sup +} defects are mainly responsible for the intrinsic ferromagnetic ordering. The exchange interaction of the defects provides extensive opportunity to tune the room-temperature d{sup 0} ferromagnetism and optical properties of ITOs.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

A Two-Sublattice Non-Heisenberg Magnet with S = 1 and Complex Interion Anisotropy

Static and dynamic properties of a two-sublattice non-Heisenberg magnet with complex interion anisotropy of both bilinear and biquadratic exchange interactions are investigated. Existence conditions are found for phases with the dipole order parameter (AFM phases) and tensor parameters (OQU phases), as well as for intermediate states characterized by both vector and tensor parameters. Conditions for phase transitions and their types are determined.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Interband electronic transitions and phase transformation of multiferroic Bi{sub 1−x}La{sub x}Fe{sub 1−y}Ti{sub y}O{sub 3} ceramics revealed by temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry

Optical properties and phase transition of Bi{sub 1−x}La{sub x}Fe{sub 1−y}Ti{sub y}O{sub 3} (BLFTO) ceramics with different composition (0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.10, 0.01 ≤ y ≤ 0.06) have been investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in the temperature range of −70–450 °C. The real part of the complex dielectric function ε{sub 1} increases with the temperature. Meanwhile, the imaginary part ε{sub 2} in the low-energy region decreases with the temperature and has an opposite trend in the high-energy side. Four typical interband transitions (E{sub a} ∼ 2.50 eV, E{sub b} ∼ 2.70 eV, E{sub c} ∼ 3.60 eV, and E{sub d} ∼ 4.25 eV) can be observed from the second derivative of the complex dielectric functions with aid of the standard critical point model. The critical point (CP) transition becomes broadening and shifts to a lower energy side as La and Ti compositions increase. Moreover, the CP transition energies show a red-shift trend with increasing the temperature until 320 °C, due to the lattice thermal expansion and electron-phonon interaction. The typical interband transitions and partial spectral weight present anomalies in the proximity of antiferromagnetic transition owing to the coupling between magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters and spin-lattice coupling for BLFTO multiferroic materials. It was found that the Néel temperature of BLFTO ceramics decreases from 364 to 349 °C with increasing doping composition of La and Ti elements. These phenomena can be attributed to the modification of electronic structure and magnetic order because the differences of electronegativity and ionic radii between Bi and La, Fe and Ti induce the variations on the bond angle and bond length between cations and anions. Moreover, the substitution for magnetic Fe{sup 3+} ions with nonmagnetic Ti{sup 4+} ions can reduce the exchange interaction between adjacent magnetic moments. Therefore, SE technique can be sensitive for detecting the phase/structural transitions of multiferroic oxides.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The electric field manipulation of magnetization in La{sub 1−x}Sr{sub x}CoO{sub 3}/Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3}-PbTiO{sub 3} heterostructures

La{sub 1−x}Sr{sub x}CoO{sub 3} (x = 0.18, 0.33, and 0.5) films were grown epitaxially on piezoelectric Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3}-PbTiO{sub 3} substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The magnetization of these films varies with the external electric field, showing the magnetoelectric effect. With different doping content of Sr{sup 2+} ions, the change of magnetization for these films show different behaviors with increasing temperature, which can be attributed to the competition between electric-field-induced changes of spin state and double exchange interaction. This work presents an alternative mechanism to investigate the electric field control of magnetism in magnetoelectric heterostructure by tuning the spin state.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Magnetocaloric effect in gadolinium-oxalate framework Gd{sub 2}(C{sub 2}O{sub 4}){sub 3}(H{sub 2}O){sub 6}⋅(0{sub ⋅}6H{sub 2}O)

Magnetic refrigerants incorporating Gd{sup 3+} ions and light organic ligands offer a good balance between isolation of the magnetic centers and their density. We synthesized the framework material Gd{sub 2}(C{sub 2}O{sub 4}){sub 3}(H{sub 2}O){sub 6}⋅0.6H{sub 2}O by a hydrothermal route and characterized its structure. The honeycomb lattice of Gd{sup 3+} ions interlinked by oxalate ligands in the (a,c) plane ensures their decoupling in terms of magnetic exchange interactions. This is corroborated by magnetic measurements indicating negligible interactions between the Gd{sup 3+} ions in this material. The magnetocaloric effect was evaluated from isothermal magnetization measurements. The maximum entropy change −ΔS{sub M}{sup max} reaches 75.9 mJ cm{sup −3} K{sup −1} (around 2 K) for a moderate field change (2 T)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗