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At least 415 records · Page 23

Radio sources in the field of globular clusters

Eleven globular clusters have been surveyed in the continuum at 2695 and 8085 MHz with the NRAO Green Bank interferometer. The nine clusters discussed probably show unresolved sources with flux densities of the order of 10 mJy. Most of them are not at cluster centers. The dual-frequency data are mostly consistent with nonthermal spectra or with partial resolution, at the higher frequency, of sources with flat spectra. The planetary nebula in M15 has been detected. The empirical statistics of cosmic field sources suggest that they may account for some, but not all, of the sources in the field of globular clusters.

Johnson, H. M.↗

Einstein Observatory solid state spectrometer observations of M87 and the Virgo cluster

X-ray observations of the galaxy M87 and of a region in the Virgo cluster displaced 7 minutes from the center of M87 are presented. X-ray spectra are obtained at these two locations with the slid state spectrometer onboard the Einstein Observatory. Emission lines were observed in both locations, indicating the presence of heavy elements at abundances approximately solar (to within a factor of 2). A temperature gradient, T increases from approximately 1.4 keV at the position of M87 to T approximately 3.35 keV 7' away, was detected. There is lower temperature thermal emission at the center of M87 with T approximately 0.6 keV, consistent with models for cooling flows in this cluster. In addition to the thermal emission, a power law component in the spectrum of M87, was detected consistent with that observed by HEAO-1, indicating that this component probably originates in the galaxy itself. The presence of intracluster gas having density approximately .001 cu cm and temperature approximately 30 million K is indicated.

Lea, S. M.↗

Three Gravitationally Lensed Supernovae Behind Clash Galaxy Clusters

We report observations of three gravitationally lensed supernovae (SNe) in the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) Multi-Cycle Treasury program. These objects, SN CLO12Car (z = 1.28), SN CLN12Did (z = 0.85), and SN CLA11Tib (z = 1.14), are located behind three different clusters, MACSJ1720.2+3536 (z = 0.391), RXJ1532.9+3021 (z = 0.345), and A383 (z = 0.187), respectively. Each SN was detected in Hubble Space Telescope optical and infrared images. Based on photometric classification, we find that SNe CLO12Car and CLN12Did are likely to be Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), while the classification of SN CLA11Tib is inconclusive. Using multi-color light-curve fits to determine a standardized SN Ia luminosity distance, we infer that SN CLO12Car was approx. 1.0 +/- 0.2 mag brighter than field SNe Ia at a similar redshift and ascribe this to gravitational lens magnification. Similarly, SN CLN12Did is approx. 0.2 +/- 0.2 mag brighter than field SNe Ia. We derive independent estimates of the predicted magnification from CLASH strong+weak-lensing maps of the clusters (in magnitude units, 2.5 log10 μ): 0.83 +/- 0.16 mag for SN CLO12Car, 0.28 +/- 0.08 mag for SN CLN12Did, and 0.43 +/- 0.11 mag for SN CLA11Tib. The two SNe Ia provide a new test of the cluster lens model predictions: we find that the magnifications based on the SN Ia brightness and those predicted by the lens maps are consistent. Our results herald the promise of future observations of samples of cluster-lensed SNe Ia (from the ground or space) to help illuminate the dark-matter distribution in clusters of galaxies, through the direct determination of absolute magnifications.

Three↗

Real Time Intelligent Target Detection and Analysis with Machine Vision

We present an algorithm for detecting a specified set of targets for an Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) application. ATR involves processing images for detecting, classifying, and tracking targets embedded in a background scene. We address the problem of discriminating between targets and nontarget objects in a scene by evaluating 40x40 image blocks belonging to an image. Each image block is first projected onto a set of templates specifically designed to separate images of targets embedded in a typical background scene from those background images without targets. These filters are found using directed principal component analysis which maximally separates the two groups. The projected images are then clustered into one of n classes based on a minimum distance to a set of n cluster prototypes. These cluster prototypes have previously been identified using a modified clustering algorithm based on prior sensed data. Each projected image pattern is then fed into the associated cluster's trained neural network for classification. A detailed description of our algorithm will be given in this paper. We outline our methodology for designing the templates, describe our modified clustering algorithm, and provide details on the neural network classifiers. Evaluation of the overall algorithm demonstrates that our detection rates approach 96% with a false positive rate of less than 0.03%.

Howard, Ayanna↗

Recently Formed Crater Clusters on Mars

This study maps and measures assorted properties of new dated crater clusters that formed recently when impactors fragmented in the atmosphere of Mars. We report these statistics for 77 clusters: number of craters, size of cluster, dispersion of cluster, direction (azimuth) from which the impactor approached, and an estimate of the angle from vertical of the impact. Clusters range from a few to hundreds of craters, with most containing tens of craters. They are most commonly dispersed over hundreds of meters, with extents ranging from a few meters to a few kilometers. We find that dispersion generally does not correlate with topographic elevation. However, when the highest elevations are disregarded, clusters are more dispersed at lower elevations, as expected. Impact azimuths are randomly distributed and do not express a clear directionality of incoming meteoroids. Results suggest impacts occur closer to horizontal than expected, which could be due to observational effects. The characteristics we report here provide important constraints for future work in understanding atmospheric fragmentation processes; properties of the impactors themselves, such as density and orbital parameters; and the seismic detectability of impacts. These are critical aspects to understand, as approximately half of current impacts are observed to be clusters.

Clusters↗

Recently Formed Crater Clusters on Mars

This study maps and measures assorted properties of new dated crater clusters that formed recently when impactors fragmented in the atmosphere of Mars. We report these statistics for 77 clusters:number of craters, size of cluster, dispersion of cluster, direction (azimuth) from which the impactor approached, and an estimate of the angle from vertical of the impact. Clusters range from a few to hundreds of craters, with most containing tens of craters. They are most commonly dispersed over hundreds of meters,with extents ranging from a few meters to a few kilometers. We find that dispersion generally does not correlate with topographic elevation. However, when the highest elevations are disregarded, clusters are more dispersed at lower elevations, as expected. Impact azimuths are randomly distributed and do not express a clear directionality of incoming meteoroids. Results suggest impacts occur closer to horizontal than expected, which could be due to observational effects. The characteristics we report here provide important constraints for future work in understanding atmospheric fragmentation processes; properties of the impactors themselves, such as density and orbital parameters; and the seismic detectability of impacts. These are critical aspects to understand, as approximately half of current impacts are observed to be clusters.

I. J. Daubar↗

The relation of metal composition to rock type for clasts in Apollo 16 soils

The moderately magnetic fractions of soils from a bright ray of South Ray Crater and from the continuous ejecta of North Ray Crater are described. The clasts in these fractions are classified as agglutinate, ANT melt rocks, glassy melt rocks, and ANT hornfels/breccia. Determinations are made of the Ni-Co and P contents of single-phase metal grains in the clasts. It is found that most of these grains have compositions in the meteoritic range and that the compositions tend to cluster at about 6% Ni. A significant amount of Fe-rich metal is also detected in some clasts along with a clear P-enrichment in metal from one soil sample. Meteoritic contamination of lunar metal having compositions in or close to the meteoritic range is considered. A model involving nine separate factors is proposed as an explanation of the observed metal compositions.

Hewins, R. H.↗

Star formation in the M17 SW giant molecular cloud

The first high-sensitivity, high-resolution far-IR survey of an entire molecular cloud complex is presented. The 20 km/s M17 SW complex, in addition to the three luminous M17 sources, contains 10 sources spread over 110 pc. The 10 lower luminosity sources divide into two groups: small blister sources powered by late O stars and compact sources powered by clusters of early B stars. No compact far-IR sources with luminosities between the detection limit and 10,000 solar luminosities were detected. Three possible formation mechanisms for the stars that power the far-IR sources in the M17 SW complex are examined. Sequential formation cannot explain the sources seen throughout the complex. Some type of stochastic formation mechanism or collapse induced by a spiral density wave could explain the observations.

Jaffe, D. T.↗

Study of variable extinction of hot stars with circumstellar dust shells

Various projects on the topic of hot stars with circumstellar dust are reported. The surface temperature, wind speed, and interstellar reddening were determined for the variable WC7 star HD 193793. Circumstellar carbon monoxide molecules were detected around a hot star. The dust envelope of the star W90 in the young cluster NGC2264 is discussed, and the spectra of low-redshift and X-ray emitting quasars are mentioned.

Source record↗

What we learn from eclipsing binaries in the ultraviolet

Recent results on stars and stellar physics from IUE (International Ultraviolet Explorer) observations of eclipsing binaries are discussed. Several case studies are presented, including V 444 Cyg, Aur stars, V 471 Tau and AR Lac. Topics include stellar winds and mass loss, stellar atmospheres, stellar dynamos, and surface activity. Studies of binary star dynamics and evolution are discussed. The progress made with IUE in understanding the complex dynamical and evolutionary processes taking place in W UMa-type binaries and Algol systems is highlighted. The initial results of intensive studies of the W UMa star VW Cep and three representative Algol-type binaries (in different stages of evolution) focused on gas flows and accretion, are included. The future prospects of eclipsing binary research are explored. Remaining problems are surveyed and the next challenges are presented. The roles that eclipsing binaries could play in studies of stellar evolution, cluster dynamics, galactic structure, mass luminosity relations for extra galactic systems, cosmology, and even possible detection of extra solar system planets using eclipsing binaries are discussed.

Guinan, Edward F.↗

Primordial main equence binary stars in the globular cluster M71

We report the identification of five short-period variables near the center of the metal-rich globular cluster M71. Our observations consist of multiepoch VI charge coupled device (CCD) images centered on the cluster and covering a 6.3 min x 6.3 min field. Four of these variables are contact eclipsing binaries with periods between 0.35 and 0.41 days; one is a detached or semidetached eclipsing binary with a period of 0.56 days. Two of the variables were first identified as possible eclipsing binaries in an earlier survey by Hodder et al. (1992). We have used a variety of arguments to conclude that all five binary stars are probable members of M71, a result that is consistent with the low number (0.15) of short-period field binaries expected along this line of sight. Based on a simple model of how contact binaries evolve from initially detached binaries, we have determined a lower limit of 1.3% on the frequency of primordial binaries in M71 with initial orbital periods in the range 2.5 - 5 days. This implies that the overall primordial binary frequency, f, is 22(sup +26)(sub -12)% assuming df/d log P = const ( the 'flat' distribution), or f = 57(sup +15)(sub -8)% for df/d log P = 0.032 log P + const as observed for G-dwarf binaries in the solar neighborhood (the 'sloped' distribution). Both estimates of f correspond to binaries with initial periods shorter than 800 yr since any longer-period binaries would have been disrupted over the lifetime of the cluster. Our short-period binary frequency is in excellent agreement with the observed frequency of red-giant binaries observed in globulars if we adopt the flat distribution. For the sloped distribution, our results significantly overestimate the number of red-giant binaries. All of the short-period M71 binaries lie within 1 mag of the luminosity of the cluster turnoff in the color-magnitude diagram despite the fact we should have easily detected similar eclipsing binaries 2 - 2.5 mag fainter than this. We discuss the implications of this on our estimates of the binary frequency in M71 and on the formation of blue stragglers.

Yan, Lin↗

X-ray search for dark lens objects

The quasi-stellar object (QSO) MG 2016+112 is searched for and probably identified as an X-ray cluster of galaxies by the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA) observations. The MG 2016+112 is a gravitational lensed system with three confirmed lensed images of the QSO at a redshift of 3.27. The X-ray spectrum suggests that the new record of the highest redshift of clusters of galaxies, from which X-ray and iron K-line emission were detected, was reached.

Hattori, M.↗

Enabling the Discovery of Recurring Anomalies in Aerospace System Problem Reports using High-Dimensional Clustering Techniques

This paper describes the results of a significant research and development effort conducted at NASA Ames Research Center to develop new text mining techniques to discover anomalies in free-text reports regarding system health and safety of two aerospace systems. We discuss two problems of significant importance in the aviation industry. The first problem is that of automatic anomaly discovery about an aerospace system through the analysis of tens of thousands of free-text problem reports that are written about the system. The second problem that we address is that of automatic discovery of recurring anomalies, i.e., anomalies that may be described m different ways by different authors, at varying times and under varying conditions, but that are truly about the same part of the system. The intent of recurring anomaly identification is to determine project or system weakness or high-risk issues. The discovery of recurring anomalies is a key goal in building safe, reliable, and cost-effective aerospace systems. We address the anomaly discovery problem on thousands of free-text reports using two strategies: (1) as an unsupervised learning problem where an algorithm takes free-text reports as input and automatically groups them into different bins, where each bin corresponds to a different unknown anomaly category; and (2) as a supervised learning problem where the algorithm classifies the free-text reports into one of a number of known anomaly categories. We then discuss the application of these methods to the problem of discovering recurring anomalies. In fact the special nature of recurring anomalies (very small cluster sizes) requires incorporating new methods and measures to enhance the original approach for anomaly detection. ?& pant 0-

Srivastava, Ashok, N.↗

Wide Field X-Ray Telescope Mission Concept Study Results

The Wide Field X-Ray Telescope (WFXT) is an astrophysics mission concept for detecting and studying extra-galactic x-ray sources, including active galactic nuclei and clusters of galaxies, in an effort to further understand cosmic evolution and structure. This Technical Memorandum details the results of a mission concept study completed by the Advanced Concepts Office at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in 2012. The design team analyzed the mission and instrument requirements, and designed a spacecraft that enables the WFXT mission while using high heritage components. Design work included selecting components and sizing subsystems for power, avionics, guidance, navigation and control, propulsion, structures, command and data handling, communications, and thermal control.

Hopkins, R. C.↗

Predicted optical/ultraviolet line fluxes for the warm absorber in Abell 2256

Recently Miyaji et al. (1993) detected excess soft X-ray absorption in the Broad Band X Ray Telescope (BBXRT) spectrum of the cluster A2256. The absorption was due to the K-edge of oxygen; from the observed edge energy and the redshift of the cluster, Miyaji et al. argued that the primary absorber was oxygen in an ionization state between O(+2) and O(+4) at a temperature in the range 0.5-5 x 10(exp 5) K. Such gas should produce strong UV and optical line emission. We predict the strongest UV and optical line fluxes for this X-ray absorbing gas. The strongest UV lines include Lyman-alpha, C III lambda-1909, C IV lambda-1549, O IV lambda-1401, O V lambda-1218, O VI lambda-1034, Si III lambda-1207, and Si IV lambda-1397 lines. These lines should be detectable with the International Ultraviolet Explorer, the Hubble Space Telescope, or the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope. In the optical the lines are weaker, but the (O II) lambda lambda-3726, 3729, (O III) lambda lambda-4959, 5007, (N II) lambda lambda-6567, 6584, (Ne III) lambda lambda-3918, 3969, (S II) lambda-6720, and (S III) lambda-9320 lines should be detected with moderate exposures if the warm absorber is near the lower limit of the allowed temperature range, T less than or approximately equal to 1.5 x 10(exp 5) K. In this limit the H-alpha and (S III) lambda-3720 lines will require longer exposure times, but should be detectable as well.

Pistinner, Shlomi↗

The far-ultraviolet energy distribution of two globular cluster blue horizontal-branch stars in M13

The far-UV energy distribution of two blue horizontal-branch (BHB) stars detected in the nucleus of M13 is presented. Their continua can be characterized by a model atmosphere of an effective temperature of 15,000 to 20,000 K and log g = 4.5, and it follows that V is in the range 15.9-16.7 for these stars. Comparison with integrated photometry by OAO 2 and by ANS indicates that, at wavelengths smaller than 1800 A, the integrated light is from BHB stars only, of which M13 contains about 200. For these far-UV wavelengths, the color of the BHB stars is also very similar to the integrated color of the elliptical galaxy M87.

De Boer, K. S.↗

An ultraviolet-visible investigation of the globular cluster NGC 1851

Two-color ultraviolet images of the globular cluster NGC 1851 were obtained with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) during the 1990 December Astro-1 Spacelab mission. A total of 133 stars are detected at 2490 A and 74 stars at 1520 A. An ultraviolet color-magnitude diagram based on the 46 well-photometered stars that appear in both images is presented. Thirty-nine of the 45 horizontal branch (HB) stars fall below the zero-age horizontal branch (ZAHB) of Z = 0.001 and Y = 0.23 predicted by Sweigart by as much as 0.6 mag if the interstellar reddening to the cluster is E(B - V) = 0.02. Supporting ground-based V and B observations, however, show excellent correlation with the same model ZAHB. A newly detected hot subdwarf star with T(sub eff) is approximately 26,000 K appears to be an extreme horizontal branch star. The measured flux for this star also falls approximately 0.6 mag below the position on the color-magnitude diagrams (CMD) predicted by parameters derived from ground-based spectroscopy by Landsman. The far-ultraviolet image is dominated by the ultraviolet-bright member star UV 5, which contributes 30% of the total flux at 1520 A. The UIT photometry is consistent with the classification of UV 5 as a post-asymptotic giant branch (PAGB) star. To a limit of 16.5 mag at 1520 A we find no ultraviolet counterpart within 6 minutes of the position of the X-ray source MX 0513-40.

Parise, Ronald A.↗

Incipient fault detection study for advanced spacecraft systems

A feasibility study to investigate the application of vibration monitoring to the rotating machinery of planned NASA advanced spacecraft components is described. Factors investigated include: (1) special problems associated with small, high RPM machines; (2) application across multiple component types; (3) microgravity; (4) multiple fault types; (5) eight different analysis techniques including signature analysis, high frequency demodulation, cepstrum, clustering, amplitude analysis, and pattern recognition are compared; and (6) small sample statistical analysis is used to compare performance by computation of probability of detection and false alarm for an ensemble of repeated baseline and faulted tests. Both detection and classification performance are quantified. Vibration monitoring is shown to be an effective means of detecting the most important problem types for small, high RPM fans and pumps typical of those planned for the advanced spacecraft. A preliminary monitoring system design and implementation plan is presented.

Milner, G. Martin↗