Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Brady”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

High strength aluminum stamping

The invention provides a method of manufacturing a component formed of an aluminum alloy for use in an automotive vehicle application, for example those requiring high strength, light-weight, and a complex three-dimensional shape. The method begins by providing a blank formed of an aluminum alloy which is already solution heat treated and tempered, and thus has a temper designation of about T4. The method further includes heating the blank to a temperature of 150° C. to 350° C., preferably 190° C. to 225° C. The method next includes quickly transferring the blank to a hot or warm forming apparatus, and stamping the blank to form the complex three-dimensional shape. Immediately after the forming step, the component has a temper designation of about T6, but preferably not greater than T6, and thus is ready for use in the automotive vehicle application without any post heat treatment or machining.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Long-Term Corrosion Studies Of Pine Derived Bio-Oil And Blends With Heavy Fuel Oil

Biomass derived liquid fuels offer a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to those produced by combustion of petroleum derived liquid fuels. However, the corrosivity of bio-oils toward the less expensive structural materials creates a material selection problem for designers of storage tanks and combustion systems. Samples of candidate structural materials are being exposed for thousands of hours in multiple fast pyrolysis bio-oils and conditions to evaluate the corrosion resistance of these materials. One method to mitigate the corrosivity of bio-oils and speed their adoption, while also decreasing the pollution issues associated with low quality petroleum derived fuels, is to utilize blends of bio-oil and heavy fuel oil in engines currently solely burning a petroleum-based fuel. In addition to the corrosion studies conducted in 100% bio-oil, studies were also conducted with blends of the fast pyrolysis bio-oil produced from pine tree components with a heavy fuel oil that is used in ocean-going ships. This bio-oil had a very high carboxylic acid content which made it very corrosive to carbon and 2¼ Cr-1 Mo steel and even 409 stainless steel. The heavy fuel oil was not corrosive to carbon steel, but its sulfur content makes it a significant pollution producer and particularly undesirable for use near coastlines. Corrosion tests were conducted with the individual components and with various blends of the two liquid fuels. Studies showed a significantly lower corrosivity of the blends than would be projected assuming linear mixing behavior. Adoption of such blends holds the potential to reduce production of sulfur-containing exhaust gases as well as carbon dioxide from non-renewable fuels.

Keiser, Jim↗
DOE OSTI2020

Long-Term Corrosion Studies of Pine Derived Bio-Oil and Blends with Heavy Fuel Oil

Biomass derived liquid fuels offer a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to those produced by combustion of petroleum derived liquid fuels. However, the corrosivity of bio-oils toward the less expensive structural materials creates a material selection problem for designers of storage tanks and combustion systems. Samples of candidate structural materials are being exposed for thousands of hours in multiple fast pyrolysis bio-oils and conditions to evaluate the corrosion resistance of these materials. One method to mitigate the corrosivity of bio-oils and speed their adoption, while also decreasing the pollution issues associated with low quality petroleum derived fuels, is to utilize blends of bio-oil and heavy fuel oil in engines currently solely burning a petroleum-based fuel. In addition to the corrosion studies conducted in 100% bio-oil, studies were also conducted with blends of the fast pyrolysis bio-oil produced from pine tree components with a heavy fuel oil that is used in ocean-going ships. This bio-oil had a very high carboxylic acid content which made it very corrosive to carbon and 2¼ Cr-1 Mo steel and even 409 stainless steel. The heavy fuel oil was not corrosive to carbon steel, but its sulfur content makes it a significant pollution producer and particularly undesirable for use near coastlines. Corrosion tests were conducted with the individual components and with various blends of the two liquid fuels. Studies showed a significantly lower corrosivity of the blends than would be projected assuming linear mixing behavior. Adoption of such blends holds the potential to reduce production of sulfur-containing exhaust gases as well as carbon dioxide from non-renewable fuels.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Reliability Barriers to Enhanced Solar PV Deployment: Selected Research Findings - State Outreach Technical Sessions

This presentation provides summaries of three reports selected from a body of work that examines potential reliability challenges related to planning future power systems with higher solar photovoltaic (PV) penetrations in the western United States. The three topics covered are 1) Power system flexibility requirements and supply; 2) Resource adequacy and the capacity credit of solar; 3) Simulating distributed energy resource responses to transmission system-level faults considering IEEE 1547 performance categories on three major WECC transmission paths. The full reports and related resources are available at the project website, https://www.westernenergyboard.org/western-interstate-energy-board/barrier-mitigation-to-enhanced-distributed-solar-photovoltaic/. This presentation is targeted toward a technical audience. A companion policy presentation provides higher-level summaries of the same material.

distributed energy resource↗
DOE OSTI2021

Reliability Barriers to Enhanced Solar PV Deployment: Selected Research Findings - State Outreach Policy Sessions

This presentation provides high-level summaries of three reports selected from a body of work that examines potential reliability challenges related to planning future power systems with higher solar photovoltaic (PV) penetrations in the western United States. The three topics covered are 1) Power system flexibility requirements and supply; 2) Resource adequacy and the capacity credit of solar; 3) Simulating distributed energy resource responses to transmission system-level faults considering IEEE 1547 performance categories on three major WECC transmission paths. The full reports and related resources are available at the project website, https://www.westernenergyboard.org/western-interstate-energy-board/barrier-mitigation-to-enhanced-distributed-solar-photovoltaic/. This presentation is targeted toward policy decision makers. A companion technical presentation provides more in-depth summaries of the same material.

distributed energy resource↗
DOE OSTI2021

Corrosion and creep resistant high Cr FeCrAl alloys

An alloy includes in weight % based upon the total weight of the alloy: 28-35% Cr; 2.5-4% Al; 0.8-2% Nb; 5.5-7.5% W; 0-0.5% Mo; 0-0.3% Ti; 0.1-0.3% Zr; 0.1-1% Si; 0-0.07% Y; 0-2% Mn; 0-1% Ni; 0-0.05% C; 0-0.015% B; 0-0.02% N; 0.02-0.04 Ce; balance Fe. The alloy includes a recrystallized, equi-axed grain structure, and forms an external alumina scale, and has strengthening particles including Fe2M (M: Nb, W, Mo, and Ti) type C14 Laves-phase, and a BCC ferritic matrix microstructure from room temperature to melting point with less than 1% FCC-phase, less than 1% martensite phase, less than 0.5 wt. % of carbides (MC and M23C6), and at least 1% tensile elongation at room temperature. The alloy provides a creep resistance of greater than 3000 to 15000 h creep rupture life at 750° C. and 50 MPa, or greater than 500 to 5000 h creep rupture life at 700° C. and 100 MPa.

Yamamoto, Yukinori↗
DOE OSTI2021

Corrosion Behavior of Alloy Structural Steels in Catechol and Biomass-Derived Pyrolysis Oils

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to assess the corrosion behavior of three steels, 2.25Cr-1Mo, 5Cr-1Mo and 9Cr-1Mo (UNS K21590, S50200 and K90941) in bio-oils and catechol, an organic constituent commonly found in bio-oils. Two types of biomass pyrolysis oils produced from selected forest residue feedstocks, classified as high-ash and high-moisture (HAHM) and low-ash and low-moisture (LALM) types and 10 wt.% catechol, were used to test the alloys. According to previous results, 10 wt.% catechol in a water and methanol mixture was corrosive to 2.25Cr-1Mo but not to 9Cr-1Mo, highlighting that increasing Cr content in the steels resulted in improved corrosion resistance. 5Cr-1Mo, a steel with an intermediate Cr content, was tested in catechol solutions to better estimate the critical value of Cr for corrosion resistance under these conditions. Also, the three alloys were tested in both HAHM and LALM bio-oils to assess corrosion susceptibility. For EIS measurements, a customized electrochemical setup was employed to minimize the ohmic path through the bio-oils. The corrosion susceptibility was evaluated by determining the resistance at the alloy-corrosive medium interface.

Jun, Jiheon↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of Corrosion Susceptibility of Structural Steels in Biomass Derived Pyrolysis Oil

Biomass derived pyrolysis oil is a promising renewable energy source. Due to the variety of biomass feedstocks, the bio-oils could contain a wide range of organic constituents which would provide unique corrosive environments for structural materials. A preliminary work exposed different classes of steels and stainless steels to selected organic constituents of biomass pyrolysis oils and found that corrosion susceptibility, assessed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), was prominent in the steels with Cr lower than 11 wt.%. Although this result suggests stainless steels will resist corrosion by certain organic constituents, it may not be sufficient to predict the corrosion performance in real bio-oils. Therefore, this study attempted electrochemical measurements on Cr-alloyed steels and stainless steels directly exposed to a biomass derived pyrolysis oil. To overcome the low conductivity of bio-oils, a customized Luggin capillary was designed to minimize the ohmic path in bio-oils. The results of this work will be reported.

Jun, Jiheon↗
DOE OSTI2021

Corrosion and Chemical Characterization of Bio-Oils from Biomass with Varying Ash and Moisture Contents

As part of the Feedstock Conversion Interface Consortium four samples of pine chips (all combinations of low and high moisture and ash content) were collected and processed for fast pyrolysis. The prepared biomass samples were liquefied at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) using the fast pyrolysis process. Following some characterization of the bio-oils at NREL, the bio-oils were shipped to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for corrosion testing and further characterization.The content and composition of ash in each bio-oil was determined. Corrosion testing consisted of exposing selected metallic and elastomer samples for 1000 hr at 50°C and for longer times at room temperature as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements to assess relative corrosivity of the bio-oils. Chemical characterization was conducted to identify the corrosive component of the bio-oils as well as to define the chemical differences among the oils. It was hypothesized that there could be a catalytic effect from the higher ash content in two of the biomass sources. Results of these characterization and corrosion studies will be reported.

Keiser, Jim↗
DOE OSTI2021

Feedstock and Catalyst Impact on Bio-Oil Production and FCC Co-Processing to Fuels

NREL’s thermochemical biomass conversion research is focused on ex-situ upgrading of biomass fast-pyrolysis (FP) vapors as an efficient and economical route to completely biogenic pyrolysis-based fuel precursors, potential fuels, and value-added chemicals depending on catalyst choice and process conditions. In this approach, biomass vapors are generated via fast pyrolysis with destabilizing vapor components (char, inorganics, tar aerosols) removed by hot gas filtration to produce conditioned vapors more responsive to catalytic upgrading. A Davison Circulating Riser (DCR), a petroleum industry standard for fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst evaluation, was coupled with a custom pyrolyzer system designed to produce consistent composition pyrolysis vapors as feed to the DCR. The coupled system is shown below (Figure 1). Pyrolysis vapors, derived from pure hardwood and softwood, were upgraded using commercially available and laboratory modified zeolite-based catalysts. Upgraded oils were analyzed via 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopy, GCxGC-TOF/MS, carbonyl and ultimate analysis (CHNO), and micro distillation to assess both oil chemistry and distillation behavior as they relate to catalyst and feedstock type for producing fungible hydrocarbon product liquids. Measured process parameters identified from technoeconomic process analysis included achieving oil oxygenate contents of 20% or less, carbon-conversion efficiencies of 30% or more, and catalyst coking rates of 10% or less. A proprietary modified zeolite catalyst from Johnson Matthey produced oils that met these requirements. Using the DCR equipped with a proprietary nozzle system, a second approach focused on reducing the carbon intensity of petroleum-derived hydrocarbon fuels by FCC co-processing these CFP oils with petroleum vacuum gas oil (VGO) to produce biogenic carbon containing fuels. The vapor-phase upgrading results demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of producing refinery-compatible hydrocarbon fuel intermediates entirely from biomass-derived fast-pyrolysis vapors using an industry-accepted DCR system for catalytic upgrading. The co-processing results demonstrated the feasibility of using CFP oils with VGO feeds in FCC refinery operations to produce biogenic carbon containing fuels.

bio-oil↗
DOE OSTI2021

Minimizing Cr-Evaporation from Balance of Plant Components by Utilizing Cost-Effective Alumina-Forming Austenitic Steels

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a clean and efficient energy conversion device. The development of intermediate-temperature SOFCs has made it preferable to use metallic interconnects (MICs) to greatly reduce the cost and significantly increase the efficiency compared to ceramic interconnect materials. However, gaseous chromium species will evaporate from the chromium-containing layer formed on the surface of commonly used MICs and balance of plant (BoP) components. Volatile chromium species have been shown to form solid deposits which poison the cathodes of SOFCs, causing drastic cell performance degradation and thereby limiting commercialization. In order to alleviate the Cr poisoning and achieve long-term high performance of SOFC stacks, various Al2O3-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steels applied at different temperatures are evaluated in this project. Based on our Phase I results (500 h operation), it is shown that on the AFAs, an alumina-based protective layer forms under high temperature that is invulnerable to water vapor effects and suppresses the diffusion of chromium and manganese which can prevent the generation of spinels on the alloy surface. Therefore, 310S, OC4 and OC5 at 800 °C and 625, OC11 and OC11LZ at 900 °C are selected to be tested in the Phase II long-term operation. From the results, we find that besides the lower Cr evaporation rates and better oxidation resistance of AFAs than benchmark alloys after short-term (500 h) operation, AFAs also possess the sturdy and compact alumina layer after a long-term operation (5000 h). A protective oxide layer is of great importance for the long-term high-temperature operation of structural materials. The high-temperature oxidation behavior of AFAs and commercial 310S and 625 alloys in Air + 10% H 2 O at 800 °C and 900 °C is systematically investigated. Severe breakaway oxidation and minor spallation are observed for the 310S and 625 after the long-term operation, while the AFAs show high oxidation resistance. It is found that the formation of a continuous alumina layer could greatly prevent the volatilization of chromium vapors. In addition, the corresponding evolving models are discussed. Chromium evaporation from BoP components in high-temperature environment could severely deteriorate the electrochemical performance of SOFC. Several methods were applied to evaluate the Cr evaporation rates of BoP after 500 h exposure at 800 °C to 900 °C in air with 10% H 2 O. An optimal method was designed to exclude the effect of silicon (Si) deposits from quartz tube and sodium (Na) deposits from the sodium carbonate on the oxidation process and the chemical interaction between Cr gaseous species and alumina tube which could provide further quantitative correlation of the evaporated Cr species quantities and degradation rates of SOFC. Based on the great performance of AFAs after long-term operation, AFAs are assembled with Anode-supported cells (ASC) to investigate the the Cr deposition of anode-supported cell under a constant current density of 0.5 A cm -2 at 800 °C with AFA alloys compared with commercial alloys. In addition, the anodic and cathodic processes are deconvoluted by distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method which are comprehensively discussed. It is found out that the voltage exhibited a slight decrease of 5.09 % and 1.54 % in the presence of OC11 and OC11LZA alloy, respectively. However, a considerable decrease of 22.14 % and 12.06 % was determined in the presence of 310S and 625 alloy, respectively. AFAs possessing the low-cost, low Cr evaporation rates and the high oxidation resistance will make it of great potential to replace the existing BoP components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗