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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

The NASA communications R & D program

About two years ago, NASA decided to reactivate its communications R&D Program, which had been phased down in 1973. The new program focuses on three major areas: (1) technology development in the 30 and 20 GHz bands for wideband communications; (2) system definition for an integrated terrestrial and satellite-aided system for land mobile communications in the 860 MHz band; and (3) development of system concepts and pilot networks for applications data services. The paper summarizes the new activities in the three areas and describes their status and plans.

Durrani, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Petrologic and age relations of the Apollo 16 rocks - Implications for subsurface geology and the age of the Nectaris basin

In connection with its proximity to the Nectaris basin, the Apollo 16 site is the prime lunar sampling site for dating the Nectaris impact. It is found that the Ar-40/Ar-39 data set upper limits on the time of formation of the major types of breccia at the Apollo 16 site. These are 3.92 b.y. for the feldspathic fragmental breccias, and 3.92 b.y. for the dimict breccias. The data establish that the major subsurface units at the site were deposited no longer than 3.92 b.y. ago. Recent developments indicate that the bulk of the material at the site probably has Nectarian or pre-Nectarian ages. An age of 3.9 b.y. must be a rough upper limit to the age of the Nectaris impact. This limit must be verified by additional studies.

James, O. B.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Carbon-14 ages of Allan Hills meteorites and ice

Allan Hills is a blue ice region of approximately 100 sq km area in Antarctica where many meteorites have been found exposed on the ice. The terrestrial ages of the Allan Hills meteorites, which are obtained from their cosmogenic nuclide abundances are important time markers which can reflect the history of ice movement to the site. The principal purpose in studying the terrestrial ages of ALHA meteorites is to locate samples of ancient ice and analyze their trapped gas contents. Attention is given to the C-14 and Ar-39 terrestrial ages of ALHA meteorites, and C-14 ages and trapped gas compositions in ice samples. On the basis of the obtained C-14 terrestrial ages, and Cl-36 and Al-26 results reported by others, it is concluded that most ALHA meteorites fell between 20,000 and 200,000 years ago.

Fireman, E. L.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Galaxy clusters with multiple components. I - The dynamics of Abell 98

The nature and evolution of rich galaxy clusters containing multiple condensations is studied. Velocities for 13 members of A98 are presented and the determination of dynamical properties of the individual subclusters is substantially improved. The application of techniques for quantifying gravitational scale lengths are stressed without invocation of the symmetry arguments demanded by the usual parameter fitting procedures. The entire A98 cluster is modeled as a two-body system. The probability that A98 is bound is found to be 98 percent. From this model and the results of previous N-body simulations, it is shown that the most likely description of the system is that it reached maximum expansion about 3.5 billion years ago and is presently in a state of collapse. The subclusters will merge in another three billion years.

Beers, T. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Measurements of Martin Black at about 10 microns

The BRDF values of several samples of Martin Black have been measured at 10.6 microns and several angles of incidence. The values are in good agreement with data taken recently on an identical sample with a different instrument and with data from an identical sample taken several years ago with a similar instrument.

Bartell, F. O.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A parameterized model for the evolution of isotopic heterogeneities in a convecting system

It is experimentally shown that, although steady convective flows are efficient means to heterogeneity within a single cell, they do not produce a dispersal of heterogeneous material over scales that are large by comparison to their depth, which requires that the flow be time-dependent on a time scale comparable to the overturn time. Convection in an internally heated layer does possess this property, and numerical solutions are presently used to study the way in which it disperses a set of neutrally bouyant particles initially confined to a small space. The derived concept of effective diffusivity is applied to the isotopic evolution of the Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr systems, with spatial variations generated by horizontal variations in degree of melting 1.8 billion years ago.

Richter, F. M.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Vibration and destabilizing effects of floating ring seals in compressors

Operating experience on a compressor commissioned 12 years ago has presented an interesting history of sporadic increases in shaft vibration. Initial operation was satisfactory with low levels of vibration. However, after some time the shaft vibration level increased to several mils. Initially this was believed to be due to rotor unbalance from deposits formed in the passages due to process upsets. After cleaning up the rotor, operation was again increased. It was then found that the rotor vibration was primarily subsynchronous. Further investigation revealed that the original seal design was subject to wear and was no longer properly pressure balanced. A modified seal design was installed and it has operated successfully for the past six years.

Emerick, M. F.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Evaluation of GOES encoder lamps

Aging characteristics and life expectancies of flight quality, tungsten filament, encoder lamps are similar to those of 'commercial' grade gas filled lamps of similar construction, filament material and filament temperature. The aging and final failure by filament burnout are caused by single crystal growth over large portions of the filament with the concomitant development of facets and notches resulting in reduction of cross section and mechanical weakening of the filament. The life expectancy of presently produced lamps is about one year at their nominal operating voltage of five volts dc. At 4.5 volts, it is about two years. These life times are considerably shorter, and the degradation rates of lamp current and light flux are considerably higher, than were observed in the laboratory and in orbit on lamps of the same type manufactured more than a decade ago. It is speculated that the filaments of these earlier lamps contained a crystallization retarding dopant, possibly thorium oxide. To obtain the desired life expectancy of or = to four years in present lamps, operating voltages of or = to four volts dc would be required.

Viehmann, W.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Mineralogy and chemistry of planets and meteorites

The data collection and the interpretation with respect to the mineralogy of meteoritic and terrestrial samples are summarized. The key conclusion is that the Moon underwent a series of melting episodes with complex crystal-liquid differentiation. It was not possible to determine whether the Moon melted completely or only partially. The stage is now set for a systematical geochemical and geophysical survey of the Moon. Emphasis was moved to meteorites in order to sort out their interrelationships from the viewpoint of mineral chemistry. Several parent bodies are needed for the achondrites with different chemical properties. Exploration of Mars is required to test ideas based on the possible assignment of shergottites, nakhlites and chassignite to this planet. Early rocks on the Earth have properties consistent with a heavy bombardment and strong volcanic activity prior to 4 billion years ago.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1983

Latest developments in cryogenic safety

The Cryogenic Safety Manual, sponsored by the British Cryogenics Council, was published over 10 years ago. A new updated version is now available. Some general aspects of cryogenic safety are highlighted, and attention is drawn to some of the more unusual hazardous situations. An awareness of the physical properties of the cryogenic fluids being dealt with is important in directing attention to hazardous situations which may arise. Because of this, the more important properties of the cryogenic fluids are given, such as molecular weight, boiling point and freezing point. From these properties, hazardous situations can be deduced. There are hidden dangers that are not always easy to spot. Some of the unexpected hazards, most of which have led to deaths, are: asphyxiation (anoxia), frost bites and hypothermia, explosions, and combustion. The aim of this publication is to help bring about increased safety in the production and use of cryogenic products through a deeper appreciation of the scientific, technological and administrative steps which must be made if accidents, some fatal, are to be voided in the future.

Webster, T. J.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Siderophiles in the Brachina meteorite - Impact melting

Oxygen isotope ratios, siderophile abundances, and siderophile ratios for the Brachina meteorite (a chassignite) are compared with data reported for various chassignites, shergottites, nakhlites, pallasites, iron meteorites, chondrites, lunar low-Ti basalts, and terrestrial basalts. The results show that Brachina is different in origin from other shergottites, nakhlites, and chassignites. It is suggested that all the chassignites, shergottites, and nakhlites could have formed on Mars in an impact event about 180 million yr ago and that Brachina may have been ejected from Mars as a large tektitelike impact-melt blob consisting of Chassigny-like target material and a small amount of Eagle Station trio-like pallasite material.

Ryder, G.↗
NASA NTRS1982

SNC meteorites - Evidence against an asteroidal origin

About 1.3 billion years ago, on one or more distant planetary bodies, silicate melts formed and produced cumulate rocks which eventually made their way to earth. Nine of these rocks have been recovered. Three distinct groups are involved, including shergottites, nakhlites, and chassignites (abbreviated as SNC). The young crystallization ages and other chemical features of SNC meteorites have prompted several workers to suggest that the specimens may be samples of igneous rock, ejected from the surface of Mars during an impact event. Others have rejected the Martian origin of SNC meteorites in favor of a more traditional asteroidal parent body. The present investigation shows that the petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic evidence is inconsistent with an asteroidal origin for SNC meteorites. It is found that the characteristics of SNC meteorites argue convincingly against their origin in a planetary object as small as the largest asteroid. That these meteorites may be fragments of the Martian surface still remains the most likely possibility.

Ashwal, L. D.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Solar-system abundances of the elements

Elemental analyses of the Ogueil Cl meteorite and all previous Cl chondrite analyses were employed to develop a new solar system abundance table, including the standard deviation and number of analyses for each element. The table also comprises the abundances of radioactive and radiogenic nuclides at the present and 4.55 AE ago, as well as abundances by weight in a typical Cl chondrite. The new abundances were within 20% of those determined by Cameron (1982), except for 14 cases in the range 20-50%, and 5 over 50%. The solar abundances were compared with the Cl abundances, showing a total of only 7 disagreements. No significant discrepancies were detected in the major cosmochemical groups, and a smooth trend was found in the abundances of odd-A nuclides. The new set is interpreted as accurate to 10%, with the Cl chondrites matching the primordial solar system abundances to at most 10% deviation.

Anders, E.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The C-12/C-13 ratio in Jupiter from the Voyager infrared investigation

An analysis of the v(4) band of CH4 in the spectra recorded by the Voyager 1 IRIS experiment has yielded a C-12/C-13 ratio in Jupiter that is 160 plus 40 or minus 55, or 1.8 plus 0.4 or minus 0.6 times the terrestrial value. It is noted that while no plausible theory predicts such a difference between the C-12/C-13 ratio values of Jupiter and the inner solar system, values of this ratio in the solar neighborhood 4.5 million years ago, inferred from recent interstellar medium measurements, are compatible with the present determination in Jupiter. The Jovian, rather than the terrestrial value, would then be representative of the carbon isotope ratio in the primitive solar nebula.

Courtin, R.↗
NASA NTRS1983

An analytical comparison of two wing structures for Mach 5 cruise airplanes

Mach 5 cruise research conducted by NASA is related to aerodynamics, propulsion, and structures. The study of structures includes the propulsion system, fuselage, and wings. Various studies have shown that the achievement of adequate range is largely dependent on a low structural mass fraction. The present investigation is concerned with a study of two wing structure configurations for Mach 5 aircraft. An uprated version (Ti-6242 replacing B-120 titanium) of the YF-12/SR-71 wing structure is considered. The B-120 titanium structure represents the current art of high speed aircraft wing structures. The YF-12 wing structure was designed about 20 years ago when the analytical methods for calculating thermal stresses were limited. The second wing structural configuration studied in the present investigation also used Ti-6242 materials but replaced the corrugated-beaded panels with diffusion bonded honeycomb-core sandwich panels, and replaced the z-stiffened shear webs with sine-wave stiffened shear webs.

Taylor, A. H.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Grabens, basin tectonics, and the maximum total expansion of the moon

Information from lunar grabens is used to address the question of whether the grabens and wrinkle ridges are tectonic or volcanic in origin. The geometry of simple grabens is discussed, and the kinematics and mechanics are addressed in terms of an elastic response model, a brittle response model, the mechanics of the megaregolith, and total extension for all lunar grabens. Constraints on the thermal evolution of the moon are considered, including thermal history calculations and grabens in space and time. Mare basin tectonics is discussed in terms of two kinematic models/ subsidence by increased radius of curvature and subsidence with no increase in radius of curvature. It is concluded that the observable geological history of the moon is inconsistent with any significant expansion of the moon since about 3.9 billion years ago. Both thermal and tectonic models of lunar evolution are critized.

Golombek, M. P.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Biologically mediated isotope fractionations - Biochemistry, geochemical significance and preservation in the earth's oldest sediments

Preferential metabolization of isotopically light carbon and sulfur has resulted in a fractionation of the stable isotopes of these elements on a global scale, with the light species (C-12, S-32) markedly concentrated in biogenic materials. Since the biological effects are basically retained when carbon and sulfur are incorporated in sediments, the respective fractionations are propagated into the rock section of the geochemical cycle, this having consequently caused a characteristic bipartition of both elements between 'light' and 'heavy' crustal reservoirs. Preservation of the biological isotope effects in sedimentary rocks makes it possible to trace the underlying biochemical processes back over most of the geological record. According to the available evidence, biological (autotrophic) carbon fixation arose prior to 3.5(if not 3.8) billion years ago, while the emergence of dissimilatory sulfate reduction antedates the appearance of the oldest presumably bacteriogenic sulfur isotope patterns in rocks between 2.7 and 2.8 billion years old. Hence, biological control of the terrestrial carbon and sulfur cycles has been established very early in the earth's history.

Schidlowski, M.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The interaction of the cretaceous-tertiary extinction bolide with the atmosphere, ocean, and solid earth

A number of investigations, including those reported by Orth et al. (1981), have provided physical evidence for the impact of an extraterrestrial object on earth 65 million years ago. This time corresponds to the end of the cretaceous period. This impact could, therefore, be responsible for the observed extinction of biological species at the end of the Mesozoic era. Among the species becoming extinct are found also flying and walking dinosaurs, which include all land animals that had masses greater than 25 kg. The present investigation is concerned with a study of the possibilities for the collision of earth with 10 km-size object, and the consequences produced by such a collision. It is found that the penetration of the atmosphere by the bolide creates a temporary hole in the atmosphere. The resulting flow fields can inject melt droplets and finely commuted solid particles into the atmosphere. Short-term effects of heating, followed by dust induced worldwide cooling, may provide several mechanisms for the observed extinction of the species.

Okeefe, J. D.↗