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At least 397 records · Page 22

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DOE OSTI2021

Nuclear Data Sensitivity Study for the EBR-II Fast Reactor Benchmark Using SCALE with ENDF/B-VII.1 and ENDF/B-VIII.0

The EBR-II benchmark, which was recently included in the International Handbook of Evaluated Reactor Physics Benchmark Experiments, served as a basis for assessing the performance of the SCALE code system for fast reactor analyses. A reference SCALE model was developed based on the benchmark specifications. Great agreement was observed between the eigenvalue calculated with this SCALE model and the benchmark eigenvalue. To identify potential gaps and uncertainties of nuclear data for the simulation of various quantities of interest in fast spectrum systems, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were performed for the eigenvalue, reactivity effects, and the radial power profile of EBR-II using the two most recent ENDF/B nuclear data library releases. While the nominal results are consistent between the calculations with the different libraries, the uncertainties due to nuclear data vary significantly. The major driver of observed uncertainties is the uncertainty of the 235 U ( n,γ ) reaction. Since the uncertainty of this reaction is significantly reduced in the ENDF/B-VIII.0 library compared to ENDF/B-VII.1, the obtained output uncertainties tend to be smaller in ENDF/B-VIII.0 calculations, although the decrease is partially compensated by increased uncertainties in 235 U fission and ν ¯ .

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2026

Understanding the Influence of Chain Architecture on the Transport Quantities of Polymer Electrolytes with Covalently Bonded Anions

Here, we use a combination of experiments and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the structure–property relationships in polymer electrolytes obtained by the copolymerization of poly(vinyl ethylene carbonate─lithium styrene bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) or p(VEC-LiSTFSI). Experiments show that the conductivity reduces with increasing anion (i.e., STFSI) fraction on the chain, and the cation transference number (t + ) is found to be dependent on the anion fraction. Furthermore, a significant fraction of unpolymerized VEC monomers are observed. Since it is inherently difficult to experimentally control the chain architecture and the amount of unpolymerized VEC in these systems, we perform coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations on model polymer systems with different chain architectures to mimic the plausible experimental systems. Specifically, we look at the differences in transference numbers arising from (i) a random copolymer of VEC and STFSI monomers; (ii) a blend of VEC-STFSI copolymer with VEC monomers; and (iii) a ternary blend of the VEC homopolymer, STFSI homopolymers, and VEC monomers. The ternary blend model demonstrates the closest resemblance with the experimental transference numbers and diffusivities. The lithium diffusivity obtained from the coarse-grained models with VEC monomers (plasticizers) is about 1.5 times that of the model without VEC monomers, showing that the plasticizing effect of VEC monomers is modest. We rationalize the experimental observations based on aggregate and cluster analyses obtained from molecular simulations. This work reveals that polymer electrolyte chain architecture and plasticizers can critically influence the transport properties, and these parameters should be considered when designing single ion conducting polymeric electrolytes.

cluster distribution↗

DOE OSTI2023

Euler–Lagrange stochastic modeling of droplet breakup and impact in supersonic flight

Blunt bodied aircraft traveling supersonically in weather environments may be damaged by impacts with water droplets and other airborne particles, such as snow and ice. Prior to an impact, these particles will encounter a bow shock that causes a discontinuity in their relative velocity with the gas phase, which can lead droplets to breakup into smaller droplets. These smaller droplets are more easily diverted from colliding with the blunt body due to their significantly reduced inertia relative to the initial rain droplets. One-way coupled Euler–Lagrange simulations are used to study the dynamics of droplets approaching a blunt body in steady two dimensional and axi-symmetric flow fields using a stochastic version of the Taylor analogy breakup model for the breakup dynamics. Ultimately, the dominant mechanism determining engineering quantities of interest was observed to be a competition between breakup time and the time available for a droplet to reach the body after encountering the bow shock. At Mach numbers 2, 3, and 6, the competition between these mechanisms was the dominant factor determining the momentum transfer to the blunt body via droplet collisions, which can be well characterized by a scaling relation.

Briney, Sam (ORCID:0000000179061081)↗

DOE OSTI2025

Production and purification of research scale 161 Tb using cation-exchange semi-preparative HPLC for radiopharmaceutical applications

Terbium-161 ( 161 Tb) is emerging as a promising radionuclide for cancer therapy due to its favorable nuclear properties that are similar to clinically established lutetium-177 ( 177 Lu) along with its therapeutic edge arising from the higher number of Auger and conversion electrons per decay. These low energy electrons result in higher cytotoxicity within a short range of the decaying nuclei to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Despite these promising characteristics, a significant challenge remains in the lack of a domestic 161 Tb supply in the United States, which poses an obstacle to the advancement of 161 Tb-based radiopharmaceutical research and development. Here, this study developed a reliable cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography-based method for purification of reactor-produced 161 Tb at quantities suitable to support research and preclinical studies. The purified 161 Tb product showed high radionuclidic purity with excellent radiochemical purity, and the successful labeling studies with the DOTA chelator and DOTA-TATE peptide demonstrated the effective incorporation of the purified 161 Tb into radiopharmaceuticals designed for targeted cancer therapy.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2026

The effectiveness of D 2 pellet and gas injection in reducing intra-ELM tungsten erosion and heat flux in the DIII-D small angle slot divertor

Edge localized modes (ELMs) in H-mode plasmas can melt and erode plasma-facing components (PFCs) and lead to impurities in the core, reducing confinement. This study analyzes the use of D 2 pellet and gas injection for ELM mitigation on the DIII-D tokamak during the 2022 Small Angle Slot V-shaped Tungsten (W) (SAS-VW) divertor campaign, reducing W erosion and heat flux during ELMs. D α (656 nm) and WI (400.9 nm) filterscopes and Langmuir probes provide photon emission and electron density/temperature to estimate W atom erosion using the S/XB method, while surface eroding thermocouples measured ELM peak heat flux at the outer strike point (OSP). Thomson Scattering measurements of pedestal T e and n e provided input to predict W divertor erosion and heat flux during ELMs via the Free-Streaming plus Recycling Model (FSRM). While a greater D 2 mass injection rate decreased the ELM peak heat flux, the impact on W erosion was not monotonic. The average ‘large’ intra-ELM W erosion was lower for plasma shots with D 2 mass injection compared to the plasma shots without any D 2 mass injection in the SAS-VW divertor. However, plasma shots did not see significant changes in ‘large’ intra-ELM W divertor erosion as the D 2 mass injection rate increased. On average, the FSRM overestimated SAS-VW experimental intra-ELM W erosion by a factor of 6.9, but the overestimation is reduced to a factor of 3.6 with the implication of C deposition effects. Generally, experimentally measured and predicted quantities were worse for plasma shots with a lower D 2 mass injection rate and corresponding higher plasma carbon (C) impurity percentage (f C ). The discrepancies are postulated to be due to C/W material mixing, for which a simple analytic mixed-material model is presented. These results highlight the importance of incorporating and improving the robustness of a mixed-material layer model in the analysis of PFC erosion on present and future tokamak devices.

Carbon (C)↗

DOE OSTI2021

Comparing deuterium excess to large-scale precipitation recycling models in the tropics

Precipitation recycling is essential to sustaining regional ecosystems and water supplies, and it is impacted by land development and climate change. This is especially true in the tropics, where dense vegetation greatly influences recycling. Unfortunately, large-scale models of recycling often exhibit high uncertainty, complicating efforts to estimate recycling. Here, we examine how deuterium excess (d-excess), a stable-isotope quantity sensitive to recycling effects, acts as an observational proxy for recycling. While past studies have connected variability in d-excess to precipitation origins at local or regional scales, our study leverages >3000 precipitation isotope samples to quantitatively compare d-excess against three contemporary recycling models across the global tropics. Using rank-correlation, we find statistically significant agreement ( $\bar \tau = 0.52$ τ ¯ = 0.52 to $0.70$ 0.70 ) between tropical d-excess and recycling that is strongly mediated by seasonal precipitation, vegetation density, and scale mismatch. Our results detail the complex relationship between d-excess and precipitation recycling, suggesting avenues for further investigation.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Symmetry plane correlations in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV

A newly developed observable for correlations between symmetry planes, which characterize the direction of the anisotropic emission of produced particles, is measured in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV with ALICE. This so-called Gaussian Estimator allows for the first time the study of these quantities without the influence of correlations between different flow amplitudes. The centrality dependence of various correlations between two, three and four symmetry planes is presented. The ordering of magnitude between these symmetry plane correlations is discussed and the results of the Gaussian Estimator are compared with measurements of previously used estimators. The results utilizing the new estimator lead to significantly smaller correlations than reported by studies using the Scalar Product method. Furthermore, the obtained symmetry plane correlations are compared to state-of-the-art hydrodynamic model calculations for the evolution of heavy-ion collisions. While the model predictions provide a qualitative description of the data, quantitative agreement is not always observed, particularly for correlators with significant non-linear response of the medium to initial state anisotropies of the collision system. As these results provide unique and independent information, their usage in future Bayesian analysis can further constrain our knowledge on the properties of the QCD matter produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Rational surfaces, flows and radial structure in the TJ-II stellarator

Abstract In this work, we report on the results obtained by measuring several turbulent quantities well inside the plasma edge by means of a Langmuir probe during dynamical rotational transform scans in the TJ-II stellarator, while applying a radial electric field to the edge plasma using a biasing probe. By calculating the intermittence parameter from floating potential measurements, we are able to identify a major low order rational surface and hence relate the probe measurements to the local value of the rotational transform. Based on the former, we are able to show that the poloidal plasma velocity (and hence radial electric field) has a significant radial structure that is clearly related to the rotational transform profile and in particular the lowest order rational surfaces in the range studied. The poloidal velocity is also affected by the edge biasing. The particle flux Γ was also found to exhibit a radial pattern, as did the flow shear suppression term ω E × B , but the relation of the former to the low-order rational surfaces was less clear. We surmise that this lack of direct correspondence is due to an unknown term in the turbulence evolution equation: the instability growth rate, γ . We make use of a reduced Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence model to interpret the results. Overall, a picture is obtained in which the plasma self-organizes towards a state with a clear radial pattern of the radial electric field, in line with expectations from some numerical studies describing the spontaneous formation of an ‘ E × B staircase’, consisting of alternating layers with fast and slow radial transport. In this state, the radial profiles of various quantities (density, temperature, pressure) will not be smooth.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Condition monitoring of permanent magnet AC machines for all-electric transportation systems: State of the art

The current state of the art on emerging and efficient techniques for condition monitoring of permanent magnet (PM) alternating-current (AC) machines deployed in electric vehicle (EV) applications is presented. The discussion includes the most common and specific types of faults in PM motors, such as rotor demagnetisation and stator inter-turn faults, respectively. Fault indicators, such as voltage (v s ) and current (i s ) signals and machine signatures based on motor back electromotive force (EMF) (E B ) and magnetic flux (φ), are taken into account as a measuring quantity in diagnosing motor faults. Other signatures, including thermal analysis, acoustic noise, and vibrations, are also illustrated as some of the emerging techniques in estimating the performance of EV motors while under operations. In addition, various fault modelling methods, condition monitoring techniques, and comprehensive approaches applied in diagnosing the effect of machine faults during its incipient stages are illustrated. Since most of the fault diagnostic techniques discussed here include only machine-based quantities as fault indices/indicators, the provided solutions are therefore found to be more reliable and accurate for diagnosing the motor faults. This comprehensive review study is inclusive of the existing fault diagnostic techniques, which are currently employed in industrial and commercial practices, in addition to the new methodologies proposed by the authors. All the given condition monitoring schemes therefore seem significantly vital in estimating the state of health of PM AC machines while under operation in all-electric transportation systems.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying local rearrangements in three-dimensional granular materials: Rearrangement measures, correlations, and relationship to stresses

Quantifying the ways in which local particle rearrangements contribute to macroscopic plasticity is one of the fundamental pursuits of granular mechanics and soft matter physics. Here we examine local rearrangements that occur naturally during the deformation of three samples of 3D granular materials subjected to distinct boundary conditions by employing in situ x-ray measurements of particle-resolved structure and stress. We focus on five distinct rearrangement measures, their statistics, interrelationships, contributions to macroscopic deformation, repeatability, and dependence on local structure and stress. Our most significant findings are that local rearrangements (1) are correlated on a scale of three to four particle diameters, (2) exhibit volumetric strain-shear strain and nonaffine displacement-rotation coupling, (3) exhibit correlations that suggest either rearrangement repeatability or that rearrangements span multiple steps of incremental sample strain, and (4) show little dependence on local stress but correlate with quantities describing local structure, such as porosity. Our results are presented in the context of relevant plasticity theories and are consistent with recent findings suggesting that local structure may play at least as important of a role as local stress in determining the nature of local rearrangements.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Evaluation of Technologies to Mitigate the Presence of Gaseous Elemental Mercury in Waste Disposal Containers

A study was conducted to evaluate sorbent technologies that can mitigate the presence of elemental mercury (Hg⁰) in waste containers for mercury-contaminated debris (MCD). Decontamination and demolition (D&D) activities at the Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12) and other U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) facilities generate MCD requiring offsite disposal. The debris is packaged in appropriate waste containers and may be temporarily stored onsite prior to transport for treatment and/or disposal. During transportation of loads that had no visible liquid Hg at the point of origin, temperature changes can cause Hg⁰ to evaporate, condense, and form droplets on container walls. Furthermore, vibration during transportation could cause beads of Hg to be released from the debris, container walls, and ceiling, resulting in pools of liquid Hg⁰ on the container floor. Waste acceptance criteria (WAC) limitations for commercial disposal facilities, the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), and ORR mixed low-level waste landfills prohibit the presence of any free liquids in containers identified as a solid waste form. Potential solutions to mitigate the presence of residual liquids that could be formed through vapor condensation include the use of sorbents or similar materials to capture and stabilize volatile Hg⁰ vapors and thus ensure compliance with landfill WAC requirements. This report summarizes data from small-scale laboratory experiments conducted to evaluate sorbent materials for Hg⁰ vapor suppression and sorption of liquid Hg⁰ that could form under relevant transportation and disposal conditions. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate commercial sorbent materials and their effectiveness for Hg⁰ sorption across a temperature range from 19.4°C to 60°C. The impact of residual moisture on sorption was investigated under relevant conditions, and leaching tests were performed to assess the stability of Hg⁰ captured sorbent materials. The results provide estimates for sorbent quantities needed for a given Hg⁰ mass loading based on experimental results exposing sorbents to gaseous and liquid Hg⁰ at various mass ratios. Overall, sorbents that were most effective for Hg⁰ vapor suppression were brominated activated carbons, mackinawite-based sorbents coated on vermiculite, and sulfur-modified granular activated carbon. Elevated temperatures and moisture conditions did not result in significant increases of Hg⁰ headspace concentrations, and the materials also demonstrated high sorption capacities for the sorption of liquid Hg⁰.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2021

Gamma radiation sterilization of N95 respirators leads to decreased respirator performance

In response to personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages in the United States due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019, two models of N95 respirators were evaluated for reuse after gamma radiation sterilization. Gamma sterilization is attractive for PPE reuse because it can sterilize large quantities of material through hermetically sealed packaging, providing safety and logistic benefits. The Gamma Irradiation Facility at Sandia National Laboratories was used to irradiate N95 filtering facepiece respirators to a sterilization dose of 25 kGy(tissue). Aerosol particle filtration performance testing and electrostatic field measurements were used to determine the efficacy of the respirators after irradiation. Both respirator models exhibited statistically significant decreases in particle filtering efficiencies and electrostatic potential after irradiation. The largest decrease in capture efficiency was 40–50% and peaked near the 200 nm particle size. The key contribution of this effort is correlating the electrostatic potential change of individual filtration layer of the respirator with the decrease filtration efficiency after irradiation. This observation occurred in both variations of N95 respirator that we tested. Electrostatic potential measurement of the filtration layer is a key indicator for predicting filtration efficiency loss.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

BeyondPlanck I. Global Bayesian analysis of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument data

We describe the BeyondPlanck project in terms of motivation, methodology and main products, and provide a guide to a set of companion papers that describe each result in fuller detail. Building directly on experience from ESA's Planck mission, we implement a complete end-to-end Bayesian analysis framework for the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) observations. The primary product is a joint posterior distribution P(omega|d), where omega represents the set of all free instrumental (gain, correlated noise, bandpass etc.), astrophysical (synchrotron, free-free, thermal dust emission etc.), and cosmological (CMB map, power spectrum etc.) parameters. Some notable advantages of this approach are seamless end-to-end propagation of uncertainties; accurate modeling of both astrophysical and instrumental effects in the most natural basis for each uncertain quantity; optimized computational costs with little or no need for intermediate human interaction between various analysis steps; and a complete overview of the entire analysis process within one single framework. As a practical demonstration of this framework, we focus in particular on low-l CMB polarization reconstruction, paying special attention to the LFI 44 GHz channel. We find evidence of significant residual systematic effects that are still not accounted for in the current processing, but must be addressed in future work. These include a break-down of the 1/f correlated noise model at 30 and 44 GHz, and scan-aligned stripes in the Southern Galactic hemisphere at 44 GHz. On the Northern hemisphere, however, we find that all results are consistent with the LCDM model, and we constrain the reionization optical depth to tau = 0.067 +/- 0.016, with a low-resolution chi-squared probability-to-exceed of 16%. The marginal CMB dipole amplitude is 3359.5 +/- 1.9 uK. (Abridged.)

Andersen, KJ↗

DOE OSTI2022

Stochastic boundary condition effects on supersonic leading edge blowing

The present manuscript studies the robustness of leading edge blowing for active control of the upstream bow shock and overall aerothermal characteristics of a supersonic airfoil subject to variability in the injection conditions. The injection boundary conditions were considered stochastic and their randomness was propagated to the flow topology and aerothermal quantities of interest by means of non-intrusive Polynomial Chaos Expansions. The evaluations needed to build these expansions were carried out via steady two-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes simulations. Two different injection port sizes were considered, with the smallest promoting a Coanda effect that gives rise to non-symmetric flow topologies. The uncertain boundary conditions lead to significant variations in the flow topology, particularly at the injection exit and the bow shock position, with variations of up to 75% of the nominal value. Here this study identifies the key operating conditions to ensure the optimal application of leading-edge injection for active control of supersonic airfoils.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2021

Macro copper-graphene composites with enhanced electrical conductivity

Composites demonstrating simultaneously enhanced-electrical conductivity, current density and lowered-temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) compared to copper have been highly sought after for their advantages in efficient energy transport behavior. While such conductors have been demonstrated in 1D (nanowires) and 2D (films) samples, achieving similar behavior in 3D has been challenging owing to the limitations of the synthesis techniques used. In this paper, novel macro-scale 3D copper conductors were demonstrated with simultaneously increased electrical conductivity and decreased temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) through the addition of graphene. Hot-extrusion was used to manufacture over 1-m-long, 2-mm-diameter copper-graphene composites with varying graphene content and defect density. Results showed that the electrical conductivity and current density in composites with low defect density graphene increased monotonically as a function of graphene content. They also demonstrated a significant decrease of over 17% in TCR with the addition of only 15 ppm graphene along with over 52% improvement in current density. Comparatively composites with high defect density graphene demonstrated lower electrical conductivity and current density. This study provides first-of-its-kind evidence of 3D metal composites whose bulk electrical performance has been enhanced using graphene additive in minute quantities. Further developments in this area are essential to achieve high performance composite conductors that can improve energy transport efficiency and pave way for industrial adoption of such materials in the future.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Intrinsic Elastic Anisotropy of Westerly Granite Observed by Ultrasound Measurements, Microstructural Investigations, and Neutron Diffraction

Westerly granite (WG) has been generally accepted as an isotropic homogeneous rock. Here, we return to WG and observe significant elastic anisotropy using multidirectional ultrasonic sounding on spherical samples at pressures up to 400 MPa. Thermal treatment of WG leads to formation of microcracks that reduce elastic wave velocities and increase its elastic anisotropy. The 3D distribution of P-wave velocities at low pressure is close to orthorhombic symmetry. Application of hydrostatic pressure closes most of thermally induced microcracks and decreases elastic anisotropy of WG, but at high pressure the anisotropy is practically reversed compared to low pressure: maximum P-wave velocity direction at low pressures is near minimum velocity direction at high pressure and vice versa. To understand this effect, microstructures of the rock were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Preferred orientations of four major rock-forming minerals—quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, and biotite—were measured by time-of-flight neutron diffraction, which confirms significant crystal alignment. All these data were used to numerically model anisotropic elastic properties of WG. It is shown that WG possesses weak intrinsic elastic anisotropy related mainly to the preferred orientation of feldspars formed during igneous crystallization. Observed microcracks are mostly related to the cleavage planes of feldspars and biotite, and thus also demonstrate preferred orientation. Higher preheating temperatures produce larger quantity of longer microcracks. A numerical model shows that these microcracks act against the weak intrinsic elastic anisotropy of WG, and define the elastic anisotropy at low pressures.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Long-range hydrogen-binding effects of carbide interfaces in iron

A micromechanics model was developed to evaluate the elastic binding energy between carbide precipitates and hydrogen interstitials using Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were performed to obtain the material-specific quantities, e.g., lattice constants and the elastic constants, for the continuum model. Using this model, we find that for coherent carbide precipitates, hydrogen atoms are more likely to bind on the broad surfaces of the disk-like precipitates, which is consistent with experimental observations. For semicoherent and incoherent precipitates, our model suggests that it is possible for semicoherent precipitates to have significant hydrogen binding capability while there is no hydrogen-binding capability of incoherent precipitates, which also agrees with experimental findings. In addition, several factors that influence the binding energies between hydrogen atoms and carbide precipitates were quantitatively analyzed, including the precipitate size, morphology, orientation, and interface. These collective results include both the position and the value of the strongest hydrogen-binding interaction for a wide range of carbide stoichiometries, which contributes to our understanding of hydrogen trapping in steel-based materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Neutron Magnetic Form Factor GNM Measurement at High Q2 with CLAS12

The neutron magnetic form factor, GnM , is a fundamental quantity that describes how magnetic properties are distributed within a neutron. This measurement provides insights into the internal structure of the neutron. Furthermore, by measuring GnM alongside three other form factors (GnE , GpE , GpM ), we can test the predictions of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), which is the fundamental theory governing the strong force that binds quarks and gluons. Additionally, these measurements play a significant role in constraining Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) and contribute to determining the angular momentum of the quarks within nucleons. The GnM was measured using the ratio of quasi-elastic e ? n to e ? p scattering from a deuteron target. The measurement covered a range of four-momentum transfer squared, Q2, from 5 to 12 GeV2, using three different beam energies (10.2, 10.4, and 10.6 GeV). The data is compared with previous measurements and several theoretical models. The preliminary results reveal that Gn M exceeds the predictions of the standard dipole parametrization by 12-20%, based on RG-B pass1 data. It is expected that this deviation from the standard dipole parametrization will diminish as we transition to using RG-B pass2 data, aligning GnM more closely with the dipole form factor. The ongoing RG-B pass2 analysis in CLAS12 holds considerable promise for significant improvement. This enhancement is achievable through collaborative efforts aimed at refining tracking efficiency, momentum correction, calibration, and alignment.

Baashen, Lamya↗