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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Circular RNA profiling reveals that circCOL3A1-859267 regulate type I collagen expression in photoaged human dermal fibroblasts

Production of type I collagen declines is a main characteristic during photoaging, but the mechanism is still not fully understood. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of newly identified non-coding RNAs with regulatory potency by sequestering miRNAs like a sponge. It's more stable than linear RNAs, and would be a useful tool for regulation of gene expression. However, the role of circRNAs in collagen expression during photoaging is still unclear. Here we performed deep sequencing of RNA generated from UVA irradiated and no irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and identified 29 significantly differentially expressed circRNAs (fold change ≥ 1.5, P < 0.05), 12 circRNAs were up-regulated and 17 circRNAs were down-regulated.3 most differentially expressed circRNAs were verified by qRT-PCR and the down-regulated circCOL3A1-859267 exhibited the most significantly altered in photoaged HDFs. Overexpression of circCOL3A1-859267 inhibited UVA-induced decrease of type I collagen expression and silencing of it reduced type I collagen intensity. Via a bioinformatic method, 44 miRNAs were predicted to binding with circCOL3A1-859267, 5 of them have been confirmed or predicted to interact with type I collagen. This study show that circCOL3A1-859267 regulate type I collagen expression in photoaged HDFs, suggesting it may be a novel target for interfering photoaging.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Does enhanced regulation improve EIA report quality? Lessons from South Africa

Recently, various EIA systems have been subjected to system review processes with a view to improve performance. Many of these reviews resulted in some form of legislative reform. The South African Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regulations were modified in 2006 with the express intent to improve EIA effectiveness. In order to evaluate to what extent the desired outcome was achieved, the quality of EIA reports produced under the 2006 regulations was investigated for comparative analysis with the preceding regime. A sample of EIA reports from the two legislative regimes was reviewed using an adapted version of a well established method known colloquially as the 'Lee and Colley' review package. Despite some improvements in certain aspects, overall report quality has decreased slightly from the 1997 EIA regime. It therefore appears that the modifications to the regulations, often heralded as the solution to improvements in performance have not resulted in improved quality of EIA reports. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer EIA regulations in South Africa were revised and became more comprehensive in 2006. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The report quality of a sample of EIAs was reviewed using the Lee and Colley review package. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Report quality showed a slight decline from the previous regulatory regime. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer EIA good practice needs flexibility rather than over-detailed regulation.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Coordinated frequency regulation among asynchronous AC grids with an MTDC system

With the increasing penetration level of renewable power, the power systems’ inertias are decreasing. To ensure that the frequency is above the threshold of the under frequency load shedding, one effective way is to share the spinning reserves among asynchronous AC grids through HVDC systems. In this paper, a coordinated frequency regulation scheme that enables spinning reserves sharing is proposed for such hybrid AC/DC grids. This scheme is a communication-free method that consists of the droop control, the inertia emulation control and the frequency safety control. The combined response of the three controls can increase not only the frequency nadir but also the settled frequency of the disturbed grid. In addition, the hysteresis comparators and the power injection limits are adopted in the frequency regulation scheme to reduce the coupling effect among AC grids. Thus, under small and harmless disturbance, the frequency regulation scheme will be inactive; the disturbance in strong AC grids would not affect the weak AC systems. The frequency regulation scheme coordinates well with the automatic generation control of the grids. Furthermore, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed frequency regulation scheme are verified through simulation studies.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2016

SHP-1 is directly activated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and regulates BCL-6 in the presence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

The environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which is a strong AHR agonist, causes significant suppression of human B cell activation and differentiation. The current studies describe the identification of Src homology phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) encoded by the gene PTPN6 as a putative regulator of TCDD-mediated suppression of B cell activation. Shp-1 was initially identified through a genome-wide analysis of AHR binding in mouse B cells in the presence of TCDD. The binding of AHR to the PTPN6 promoter was further confirmed using electrophoretic mobility shift assays in which, specific binding of AHR was detected at four putative DRE sites within PTPN6 promoter. Time-course measurements performed in human B cells highlighted a significant increase in SHP-1 mRNA and protein levels in the presence of TCDD. The changes in the protein levels of SHP-1 were also observed in a TCDD concentration-dependent manner. The increase in SHP-1 levels was also seen to occur due to a change in early signaling events in the presence of TCDD. We have shown that BCL-6 regulates B cell activation by repressing activation marker CD80 in the presence of TCDD. TCDD-treatment led to a significant increase in the double positive (SHP-1{sup hi} BCL-6{sup hi}) population. Interestingly, treatment of naïve human B cells with SHP-1 inhibitor decreased BCL-6 protein levels suggesting possible regulation of BCL-6 by SHP-1 for the first time. Collectively, these results suggest that SHP-1 is regulated by AHR in the presence of TCDD and may, in part through BCL-6, regulate TCDD-mediated suppression of human B cell activation. - Highlights: • SHP-1 encoded by the gene PTPN6 is directly activated by the AHR. • AHR binds to dioxin response elements within the SHP-1 promoter in a TCDD-inducible manner. • TCDD-mediated increase in SHP-1 levels is observed in primary human B cells. • Higher SHP-1 levels help in maintaining high BCL-6 levels in the presence of TCDD. • In the presence of SHP-1 inhibitor, decreased BCL-6 levels are observed.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

miR-208-3p promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and invasion through regulating ARID2 expression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. miRNA dysregulation plays a causal role in cancer progression. In this study, miR-208-3p was highly expressed and directly repressed ARID2 expression. As a result, ARID2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was decreased. In vitro, miR-208-3p down-regulation and ARID2 over-expression elicited similar inhibitory effects on HCC cell proliferation and invasion. In vivo test results revealed that miR-208-3p down-regulation inhibited HCC tumorigenesis in Hep3B cells. Moreover, ARID2 was possibly a downstream element of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1)/miR-208-3p/ARID2 regulatory pathway. These findings suggested that miR-208-3p up-regulation is associated with HCC cell progression and may provide a new target for liver cancer treatment. - Highlights: • miR-208-3p was highly expressed and directly repressed the expression of ARID2 in HCC. • miR-208-3p contributed to HCC cell progression both in vitro and in vivo. • Over-expression of ARID2 inhibited the HCC cell proliferation and invasion. • Restoration of ARID2 partly reversed the the effect of miR-208-3p down-regulation on HCC cells. • Newly regulatory pathway: miR-208-3p mediated the repression of ARID2 by TGFβ1 in HCC cells.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Phospholipase D and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 1 are involved in the regulation of oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation

Highlights: • PLD and PIP5K1 are involved in the regulation of oligodendroglial cell morphological differentiation. • Inhibition of PLD or PIP5K1 decreases differentiation or myelin marker expression. • PLD and PIP5K1 regulate differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. • Inhibition of PLD or PIP5K1 decreases differentiation marker expression of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Oligodendroglial cells (oligodendrocytes) differentiate to form the myelin that wraps neuronal axons in the central nervous system (CNS). This myelin sheath supports the propagation of saltatory conduction and protects axons from physical stresses. When oligodendrocytes do not normally differentiate to myelinate axons, their key functions as oligodendrocytes in the CNS are severely impaired. The molecular mechanics that control differentiation still remain to be clarified. Arf6 belongs to the small GTPase family and is known to be a positive regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Here, we show that the phospholipase D (PLD) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 1 (PIP5K1) molecules, the major effectors of Arf6, are involved in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Knockdown of PLD1 or PIP5K type 1γ (PIP5K1C) by their respective specific siRNAs in mouse oligodendroglial FBD-102b cells inhibited morphological differentiation into structures bearing myelin-like processes; this finding is consistent with the concurrent changes in expression of differentiation and myelin marker proteins. Treatment with VU0155069 or UNC3230, specific inhibitors of PLD and PIP5K1, respectively, blunted morphological differentiation and decreased expression of myelin and differentiation marker proteins. Similar results have been obtained in studies using primary oligodendrocytes. These results suggest that the major Arf6 effector molecules PLD and PIP5K1 are among the molecules involved in the regulation of morphological differentiation in oligodendrocytes prior to myelination.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Plastidic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases are regulated to maintain activity in the light

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) can initiate the glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) shunt around the Calvin–Benson cycle. To understand the regulation of flux through this pathway, we have characterized the biochemical parameters and redox regulation of the three functional plastidic isoforms of Arabidopsis G6PDH. When purified, recombinant proteins were measured, all three exhibited significant substrate inhibition by G6P but not NADP + , making the determination of enzyme kinetic parameters complex. We found that the half-saturation concentration of G6PDH isoform 1 is increased under reducing conditions. The other two isoforms exhibit less redox regulation, however, isoform 2 is strongly inhibited by NADPH. Redox regulation of G6PDH1 can be partially reversed by hydrogen peroxide or protected against by the presence of its substrate, G6P. Finally, our results support the conclusion that G6PDH can have significant activity throughout the day and can be dynamically regulated to allow or prevent flux through the glucose-6-phosphate shunt.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Structure of WNT inhibitor adenomatosis polyposis coli down-regulated 1 (APCDD1), a cell-surface lipid-binding protein

Diverse extracellular proteins negatively regulate WNT signaling. One such regulator is adenomatosis polyposis coli down-regulated 1 (APCDD1), a conserved single-span transmembrane protein. In response to WNT signaling in a variety of tissues, APCDD1 transcripts are highly up-regulated. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of the extracellular domain of APCDD1, and this structure reveals an unusual architecture consisting of two closely apposed β-barrel domains (ABD1 and ABD2). ABD2, but not ABD1, has a large hydrophobic pocket that accommodates a bound lipid. The APCDD1 ECD can also bind to WNT7A, presumably via its covalently bound palmitoleate, a modification that is common to all WNTs and is essential for signaling. This work suggests that APCDD1 functions as a negative feedback regulator by titrating WNT ligands at the surface of responding cells.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Unexpected Allosteric Network Contributes to LRH-1 Co-regulator Selectivity

Phospholipids (PLs) are unusual signaling hormones sensed by the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), which has evolved a novel allosteric pathway to support appropriate interaction with co-regulators depending on ligand status. LRH-1 plays an important role in controlling lipid and cholesterol homeostasis and is a potential target for the treatment of metabolic and neoplastic diseases. Although the prospect of modulating LRH-1 via small molecules is exciting, the molecular mechanism linking PL structure to transcriptional co-regulator preference is unknown. Previous studies showed that binding to an activating PL ligand, such as dilauroylphosphatidylcholine, favors LRH-1's interaction with transcriptional co-activators to up-regulate gene expression. Both crystallographic and solution-based structural studies showed that dilauroylphosphatidylcholine binding drives unanticipated structural fluctuations outside of the canonical activation surface in an alternate activation function (AF) region, encompassing the β-sheet-H6 region of the protein. However, the mechanism by which dynamics in the alternate AF influences co-regulator selectivity remains elusive. In this work, we pair x-ray crystallography with molecular modeling to identify an unexpected allosteric network that traverses the protein ligand binding pocket and links these two elements to dictate selectivity. We show that communication between the alternate AF region and classical AF2 is correlated with the strength of the co-regulator interaction. This work offers the first glimpse into the conformational dynamics that drive this unusual PL-mediated nuclear hormone receptor activation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Novel Regulators of the Scots Pine Stilbene Pathway

Stilbenes accumulate in Scots pine heartwood where they have important roles in protecting wood from decaying fungi. They are also part of active defense responses, and their production is induced by different (a)biotic stressors. The specific transcriptional regulators as well as the enzyme responsible for activating the stilbene precursor cinnamate in the pathway are still unknown. UV-C radiation was the first discovered artificial stress activator of the pathway. Here, we describe a large-scale transcriptomic analysis of pine needles in response to UV-C and treatment with translational inhibitors, both activating the transcription of stilbene pathway genes. We used the data to identify putative candidates for the missing CoA ligase and for pathway regulators. We further showed that the pathway is transcriptionally activated by phosphatase inhibitor, ethylene and jasmonate treatments, as in grapevine, and that the stilbene synthase promoter retains its inducibility in some of the tested conditions in Arabidopsis, a species that normally does not synthesize stilbenes. Shared features between gymnosperm and angiosperm regulation and partially retained inducibility in Arabidopsis suggest that pathway regulation occurs not only via ancient stress-response pathway(s) but also via species-specific regulators. Understanding which genes control the biosynthesis of stilbenes in Scots pine aids breeding of more resistant trees.

4-Coumarate-CoA ligase↗
DOE OSTI2018

Benefit Cost Analysis of Improved Forecasting for Day-Ahead Hourly Regulation Requirements

A benefit cost analysis (BCA) of the Day-Ahead Regulation Prediction (DARP) tool found substantial savings to providing an improved forecast of the California Independent System Operators (CAISO) reserve requirements for regulation services with increasing amounts of solar generation. DARP predicts day-ahead reserve requirements for Regulation Up (Reg Up) and Regulation Down (Reg Down) using the balancing authority’s Area Control Error (ACE) and actual frequency. The BCA approach statistically estimated the price-quantity relationships for Reg Up and Reg Down. The estimated changes in Regulation reserve prices along with the estimated changes in day-ahead reserve requirements, forecast by DARP, provide a cost savings estimate. The results indicate that more savings were found for reducing Reg Up than reducing Reg Down purchases. A similar approach may be used to estimate savings from improved forecasting of reserves for other ancillary services, or to estimate benefits from other forecasting tools and methodologies.

Ancillary Services, Benefit Cost Analysis, Frequen↗
DOE OSTI2024

Anomaly Detection and Mitigation for Dynamic Frequency Regulation in Hydropower-Battery Systems

Hydropower operators and energy storage providers are increasingly interested in participating in frequency regulation services, driven by the incentives offered by independent system operators, such as the PJM Interconnection. This transition, however, unfolds against the backdrop of a modernizing and rapidly digitizing power grid, exposing the integrated legacy infrastructure to a multitude of cybersecurity threats. This work presents an approach for developing an anomaly detection and mitigation system to address cybersecurity challenges during the participation of a hydropower-integrated battery energy storage system (BESS) in a frequency regulation market. The applied anomaly detector utilizes machine learning algorithms to provide detailed classification of cyber-physical events. Later, the applied mitigation system triggers predefined corrective actions to minimize the impact of data integrity attacks on the regulation market and system stability. We evaluated the proposed approach on a hydropower-integrated BESS topology, specifically analyzing the slow regulation signal (Reg A) coming from the PJM market. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach performs well in detecting data integrity attacks within the allocated time frame and also minimizes the system's transient instability during the participation of hydropower and BESS in the regulation market.

battery energy storage system↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enabling DER Participation in Frequency Regulation Markets

Distributed energy resources (DERs) are playing an increasing role in ancillary services for the bulk grid, particularly in frequency regulation. In this article, we propose a framework for collections of DERs, combined to form microgrids and controlled by aggregators, to participate in frequency regulation markets. Our approach covers both the identification of bids for the market clearing stage and the mechanisms for the real-time allocation of the regulation signal. The proposed framework is hierarchical, consisting of a top layer and a bottom layer. The top layer consists of the aggregators communicating in a distributed fashion to optimally disaggregate the regulation signal requested by the system operator. The bottom layer consists of the DERs inside each microgrid whose power levels are adjusted so that the tie line power matches the output of the corresponding aggregator in the top layer. The coordination at the top layer requires the knowledge of cost functions, ramp rates, and capacity bounds of the aggregators. We develop meaningful abstractions for these quantities respecting the power flow constraints and taking into account the load uncertainties and propose a provably correct distributed algorithm for optimal disaggregation of regulation signals among the microgrids.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2014

Frequency Regulation and Oscillation Damping Contributions of Variable-Speed Wind Generators in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI)

The U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI) is one of the largest electric power grids in the world and is expected to have difficulties in dealing with frequency regulation and oscillation damping issues caused by the increasing wind power. On the other side, variable-speed wind generators can actively engage in frequency regulation or oscillation damping with supplementary control loops. This paper creates a 5% wind power penetration simulation scenario based on the 16 000-bus EI system dynamic model and developed the user-defined wind electrical control model in PSS (R) E that incorporates additional frequency regulation and oscillation damping control loops. We evaluated the potential contributions of variable-speed wind generations to the EI system frequency regulation and oscillation damping, and simulation results demonstrate that current and future penetrations of wind power are promising in the EI system frequency regulation and oscillation damping.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Transcription Factor Roc1 Is a Key Regulator of Cellulose Degradation in the Wood-Decaying Mushroom Schizophyllum commune

Wood-decaying fungi of the class Agaricomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) are saprotrophs that break down lignocellulose and play an important role in nutrient recycling. They secrete a wide range of extracellular plant cell wall degrading enzymes that break down cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, the main building blocks of plant biomass. Although the production of these enzymes is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level, no activating regulators have been identified in any wood-decaying fungus in the class Agaricomycetes. We studied the regulation of cellulase expression in the wood-decaying fungus Schizophyllum commune. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics on two wild isolates revealed a Zn 2 Cys 6 -type transcription factor gene (roc1) that was highly upregulated during growth on cellulose, compared to glucose. It is only conserved in the class Agaricomycetes. A roc1 knockout strain showed an inability to grow on medium with cellulose as sole carbon source, and growth on cellobiose and xylan (other components of wood) was inhibited. Growth on non-wood-related carbon sources was not inhibited. Cellulase gene expression and enzyme activity were reduced in the Δroc1 strain. ChIP-Seq identified 1474 binding sites of the Roc1 transcription factor. Promoters of genes involved in lignocellulose degradation were enriched with these binding sites, especially those of LPMO (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase) CAZymes, indicating that Roc1 directly regulates these genes. A conserved motif was identified as the binding site of Roc1, which was confirmed by a functional promoter analysis. Together, Roc1 is a key regulator of cellulose degradation and the first identified in wood-decaying fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

PTBP1 mRNA isoforms and regulation of their translation

Polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins (PTBPs) are RNA binding proteins that regulate a number of posttranscriptional events. Human PTBP1 transits between the nucleus and cytoplasm and is thought to regulate RNA processes in both. However, information about PTBP1 mRNA isoforms and regulation of PTPB1 expression remains incomplete. Here we mapped the major PTBP1 mRNA isoforms in HEK293T cells and identified alternative 5' and 3' untranslated regions (5'-UTRs, 3'-UTRs), as well as alternative splicing patterns in the protein coding region. We also assessed how the observed PTBP1 mRNA isoforms contribute to PTBP1 expression in different phases of the cell cycle. Previously, PTBP1 mRNAs were shown to crosslink to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3). We find that eIF3 binds differently to each PTBP1 mRNA isoform in a cell cycle dependent manner. We also observe a strong correlation between eIF3 binding to PTBP1 mRNAs and repression of PTBP1 levels during the S phase of the cell cycle. Our results provide evidence of translational regulation of PTBP1 protein levels during the cell cycle, which may affect downstream regulation of alternative splicing and translation mediated by PTBP1 protein isoforms.

3′-UTR↗
DOE OSTI2012

Estimating the Maximum Potential Revenue for Grid Connected Electricity Storage: Arbitrage and Regulation

The valuation of an electricity storage device is based on the expected future cash flow generated by the device. Two potential sources of income for an electricity storage system are energy arbitrage and participation in the frequency regulation market. Energy arbitrage refers to purchasing (storing) energy when electricity prices are low, and selling (discharging) energy when electricity prices are high. Frequency regulation is an ancillary service geared towards maintaining system frequency, and is typically procured by the independent system operator in some type of market. This paper outlines the calculations required to estimate the maximum potential revenue from participating in these two activities. First, a mathematical model is presented for the state of charge as a function of the storage device parameters and the quantities of electricity purchased/sold as well as the quantities offered into the regulation market. Using this mathematical model, we present a linear programming optimization approach to calculating the maximum potential revenue from an electricity storage device. The calculation of the maximum potential revenue is critical in developing an upper bound on the value of storage, as a benchmark for evaluating potential trading strategies, and a tool for capital finance risk assessment. Then, we use historical California Independent System Operator (CAISO) data from 2010-2011 to evaluate the maximum potential revenue from the Tehachapi wind energy storage project, an American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) energy storage demonstration project. We investigate the maximum potential revenue from two different scenarios: arbitrage only and arbitrage combined with the regulation market. Our analysis shows that participation in the regulation market produces four times the revenue compared to arbitrage in the CAISO market using 2010 and 2011 data. Then we evaluate several trading strategies to illustrate how they compare to the maximum potential revenue benchmark. We conclude with a sensitivity analysis with respect to key parameters.

electricity storage↗
DOE OSTI2017

Next-Generation Performance-Based Regulation: Emphasizing Utility Performance to Unleash Power Sector Innovation

Performance-based regulation (PBR) enables regulators to reform hundred-year-old regulatory structures to unleash innovations within 21st century power systems. An old regulatory paradigm built to ensure safe and reliable electricity at reasonable prices from capital-intensive electricity monopolies is now adjusting to a new century of disruptive technological advances that change the way utilities make money and what value customers expect from their own electricity company. Advanced technologies are driving change in power sectors around the globe. Innovative technologies are transforming the way electricity is generated, delivered, and consumed. These emerging technology drivers include renewable generation, distributed energy resources such as distributed generation and energy storage, demand-side management measures such as demand-response, electric vehicles, and smart grid technologies and energy efficiency (EE). PBR enables regulators to recognize the value that electric utilities bring to customers by enabling these advanced technologies and integrating smart solutions into the utility grid and utility operations. These changes in the electric energy system and customer capacities means that there is an increasing interest in motivating regulated entities in other areas beyond traditional cost-of-service performance regulation. This report addresses best practices gleaned from more than two decades of PBR in practice, and analyzes how those best practices and lessons can be used to design innovative PBR programs. Readers looking for an introduction to PBR may want to focus on Chapters 1-5. Chapters 6 and 7 contain more detail for those interested in the intricate workings of PBR or particularly innovative PBR.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗