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At least 397 records · Page 22

Fresnel zone plate development for x-ray radiography of hydrodynamic instabilities at the National Ignition Facility

The study of Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) and Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instabilities in a planar geometry at high energy densities at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) requires high spatial resolution imaging. We demonstrate the potential of Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) to achieve resolution that would unlock such studies. FZPs are circular aperiodic gratings that use diffraction to focus x rays and produce an image with high spatial resolution. Taking into account the NIF’s challenging environment, we have designed a specific array of five FZPs for a zinc backlighter to take a radiograph of a target with 9 keV x rays. We measured a mean resolution for the FZP of 1.9µm±0.5µm and a ±1mm depth of focus at an x-ray calibration facility as well as a 2.3µm±0.4µm resolution on a resolution wire mesh shot on the NIF. We also performed an in-depth analysis of the image quality to assess the capability to resolve the small features present in RT and RM instabilities.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Spatio-temporal focal spot characterization and modeling of the NIF ARC kilojoule picosecond laser

The advanced radiographic capability (ARC) laser system, part of theNational Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is a short-pulse laser capability integrated into the NIF. The ARC is designed to provide adjustable pulse lengths of ~1–38 ps in four independent beamlets, each with energies up to 1 kJ (depending on pulse duration). A detailed model of the ARC lasers has been developed that predicts the time- and space-resolved focal spots on target for each shot. Measurements made to characterize static and dynamic wavefront characteristics of the ARC are important inputs to the code. Modeling has been validated with measurements of the time-integrated focal spot at the target chamber center (TCC) at low power, and the space-integrated pulse duration at high power, using currently available diagnostics. In this work, these simulations indicate that each of the four ARC beamlets achieves a peak intensity on target of up to a few 10 18 W=cm 2 .

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Plasma mirror focal spot quality for glass and aluminum mirrors for laser pulses up to 20 ps

High-intensity short-pulse lasers are being pushed further as applications continue to demand higher laser intensities. Uses such as radiography and laser-driven particle acceleration require these higher intensities to produce the necessary x-ray and particle fluxes. Achieving these intensities, however, is limited by the damage threshold of costly optics and the complexity of target chambers. This is evidenced by the Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC) short-pulse laser at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, producing four high-energy ≈1 kJ laser pulses at 30 ps pulse duration, being limited to an intensity of 10 18 W/cm 2 by the large focal spot size of ≈100 µm. Due to the setup complexity of NIF, changing the location of the final focusing parabola in order to improve the focal spot size is not an option. Therefore, this leads to the possible use of disposable ellipsoidal plasma mirrors (PMs) placed within the chamber, close to the target in an attempt to refocus the four ARC beams. However, the behavior of PMs at these relatively long pulse durations (tens of picoseconds) is not well characterized. The results from the COMET laser at the Jupiter Laser Facility carried out at 0.5 to 20 ps pulse durations on flat mirrors are presented as a necessary first step towards focusing curved mirrors. The findings show defocusing at longer pulse durations and higher intensities, with less degradation when using aluminum coated mirrors.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

MAD using INRAD and Radiography [Slides]

We have previously evaluated Intrinsic Radiation Detection Algorithms from vendors for the Department of Homeland Security. These algorithms have limited spectra capability due to both the relatively low spectral content of the signal due to the use of PVT in the Radiation Portal detectors as well as relatively simple algorithms which are based on energy windowing and other simple algorithms to perform classification of Special Nuclear Material. Current detection algorithms are suceptible to nuissance alarms due to Naturally Occuring Radiation (NORM) and variations in background suppression. In this work, we propose to fuse the intrinsic radiation and radiographic data in conjunction with well-established machine learning algorithms to developed enhanced Threat Object detection capability.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

Cherenkov Gamma Ray Detectors on High-Energy-Density Systems

Cherenkov gamma ray detectors are a valuable diagnostic technique for HED systems. Inertial confinement fusion is working towards high gain ignition. Gamma rays from ICF systems can help inform the degradation mechanisms preventing ignition: Carbon ablator is not being degraded, unlike the DT fuel; carbon γ timing can estimate shell energy during bangtime and may suggest hot spot cooling rate; and Cherenkov detectors are also used for high spatial and temporal resolution ICF mix studies on OMEGA. Cherenkov systems also inform energy spectrum of radiographic sources: ARC laser and Mercury pulsed power machine.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Bayes Inference Engine (BIE) Test Plan: TiltConeBeamCombo

The Bayes Inference Engine (BIE) is a general software tool intended to be used primarily in the analysis of radiographic data for density. An analysis is set up in the BIE by representing the problem as a collection of modules called glyphs. All glyphs to be used in creating the forward model of the experiment will be tested separately for a range of inputs. The testing of the adjoint code is performed in a separate document.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Bayes Inference Engine (BIE) Test Plan: TiltConeBeamComboDMLinear

The Bayes Inference Engine (BIE) is a general software tool intended to be used primarily in the analysis of radiographic data for density. An analysis is set up in the BIE by representing the problem as a collection of modules called glyphs. All glyphs to be used in creating the forward model of the experiment will be tested separately for a range of inputs.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Bayes Inference Engine (BIE) Test Plan: TiltConeBeamComboDMGeometric

The Bayes Inference Engine (BIE) is a general software tool intended to be used primarily in the analysis of radiographic data for density. An analysis is set up in the BIE by representing the problem as a collection of modules called glyphs. All glyphs to be used in creating the forward model of the experiment will be tested separately for a range of inputs.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Bayes Inference Engine (BIE) Test Plan: TiltConeBeamFVT

The Bayes Inference Engine (BIE) is a general software tool intended to be used primarily in the analysis of radiographic data for density. An analysis is set up in the BIE by representing the problem as a collection of modules called glyphs. All glyphs to be used in creating the forward model of the experiment will be tested separately for a range of inputs. The testing of the adjoint code is performed in a separate document.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Q-6 DARHT Weather Enclosure Project Upgrades Design Review

The Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility is adding a weather enclosure for the vessel area that will require the Detonation Science and Technology Group’s (Q-6) support for installing new cabling infrastructure to support capacitive discharge unit (CDU) firing operations and diagnostics. The requirement’s work scope is described in Q-6-TR-0034U*, Q-6 Support for the DARHT Weather Enclosure Upgrade Project, Customer Requirements Review (CRR).

42 ENGINEERING↗

DARHT Axis 1 Time-Resolved Injector Energy Measurement

The Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility provides flash radiography capabilities using electron Linear Induction Accelerators (LIA’s). The strict requirements for flash radiography require a detailed understanding of the LIA’s performance, including precision measurements of the injected electron beam energy. The DARHT Axis 1 injector of produces a 3-4 MeV, 1-2 kA, 80-ns-FWHM electron beam. Injector capacitive monitors (EVACSUM) are summed to give the injector beam energy. Calibration of EVACSUM was last done in 1999 and is needed. In addition, the flatness of the injector drive voltage is controlled by a peaking capacitor in a Blumlien that is charged by the prime power tank. Time resolved measurements are used to optimize the value of this capacitor.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Optimization of DARHT Axis 1 Injector Voltage

The Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility provides flash radiography capabilities using two electron Linear Induction Accelerators (LIA’s). Axis-1 of DARHT produces a 20- MeV, 2-kA, 80-ns-FWHM electron beam. The strict requirements for flash radiography require a detailed understanding of the LIA’s performance, including precision measurements of the injector electron beam energy. The technique for time resolved measurement of the electron beam energy using electron Permanent Magnet Spectrometer (ePMSpec) has been developed. The electron energy then is used to infer the voltage produced by the injector pulsed power. The injector pulsed power of DARHT I consists of a 1.5-MV, glycol-insulated Blumlein that is pulsecharged by a step-up transformer and switched by four, laser-triggered spark gaps. A series of increasing impedance transmission lines are used to transform the output voltage of the Blumlein to a maximum of 3.8MV at the diode. Figure 1a shows a graphic of the Axis-1 prime power tank, Blumlein and downstream transmission lines. The injector pulse power is designed to produce voltage on a velvet cathode located in the vacuum vessel. The specifications of the voltage-pulse flat-top over 60ns is +/-1%. A key element in the high-voltage circuit is the ethylene glycol Blumlein. The outer volume, adjacent to the laser triggered switches of the Blumlein, is a peaking capacitor. This is an independent volume that contains a mixture of ethylene glycol and water to make it an adjustable capacitor of 380 to 750 pF.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Time-resolved measurement of electron beam neutralization

An intense relativistic electron beam (IREB) incident on a target generates positive ions by stimulated and thermal desorption of adsorbed gas, and subsequent electron impact ionization. These ions are accelerated upstream by the beam space-charge potential, thereby partially neutralizing the beam. If there is enough neutralization, the repulsive space-charge force can be overcome by the magnetic-pinch force due to the beam current. This so-called ion focusing is responsible for time dependent defocusing of the radiographic source spot. Since a single monolayer of adsorbed gas has a surface density of about 10 15 /cm 2 and is formed in about one second in a one micro-Torr vacuum, there is always enough adsorbed gas to make this a concern in our accelerators. Therefore, time-resolved measurements of the degree of neutralization are valuable for better understanding of this process with an eye to mitigation for improvement of our radiography. Moreover, these measurements would aid quantification of uncertainties due to these effects when using invasive beam diagnostics, such as OTR imaging targets.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Developing inductively driven diagnostic X-ray sources to enable transformative radiography and diffraction capabilities on Z

Penetrating X-rays are one of the most effective tools for diagnosing high energy density experiments, whether through radiographic imaging or X-ray diffraction. To expand the X-ray diagnostic capabilities at the 26-MA Z Pulsed Power Facility, we have developed a new diagnostic X-ray source called the inductively driven X-pinch (IDXP). This X-ray source is powered by a miniature transmission line that is inductively coupled to fringe magnetic fields in the final power feed. The transmission line redirects a small amount of Zs magnetic energy into a secondary cavity where 150+ kA of current is delivered to a hybrid X-pinch. In this report, we describe the multi-stage development of the IDXP concept through experiments both on Z and in a surrogate setup on the 1 MA Mykonos facility. Initial short-circuit experiments to verify power ow on Z are followed by short-circuit and X-ray source development experiments on Mykonos. The creation of a radiography-quality X-pinch hot spot is verified through a combination of X-ray diode traces, laser shadowgraphy, and source radiography. The success of the IDXP experiments on Mykonos has resulted in the design and fabrication of an IDXP for an upcoming Z experiment that will be the first-ever X-pinch fielded on Z. We have also pursued the development of two additional technologies. First, the extended convolute post (XCP) has been developed as an alternate method for powering diagnostic X-pinches on Z. This concept, which directly couples the current owing in one of the twelve Z convolute posts to an X-pinch, greatly increases the amount of available current relative to an IDXP (900 kA versus 150 kA). Initial short-circuit XCP experiments have demonstrated the efficacy of power ow in this geometry. The second technology pursued here is the inductively driven transmission line (IDTL) current monitor. These low-current IDTLs seek to measure the current in the final power feed with high fidelity. After three generations of development, IDTL current monitors frequently return cleaner current measurements than the standard B-dot sensors that are fielded on Z. This is especially true on high-inductance experiments where the harshest conditions are created in the nal power feed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Preshot Report for the NIF DDCyl Campaign: H_Hyd_DDCyl_DRT_AAA/BBB/CCC

The first two cylinder shot days on the National Ignition Facility, allocated through the Discovery Science program, provided a successful demonstration of the cylinder platform on the NIF. Both of these shot days used cylinders that were nominally 3 times larger in radial dimension than cylinders fielded at the OMEGA laser facility, here referred to as scale-3 targets. In the first Discovery Science shot day, we demonstrated that Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth during the deceleration phase is scale-invariant between the scale-1 OMEGA experiments and similarly tailored scale-3 NIF experiments at the same convergence ratio of CR=initial radius/final radius=2.25. In the second Discovery Science shot day, we increased the convergence ratio by lowering the density of the central foam from 300 mg/cm 3 to roughly 40 mg/cm 3 with the same laser drive, resulting in a higher CR=5 at the time when the rebounding shock strikes the aluminum marker. We also greatly improved the imaging setup for the second shot day, resulting in much higher quality (greater signal-to-noise) radiographs of the implosion. This current shot day was awarded through the High Energy Density (HED) Council, following this demonstration of platform viability. It was originally scheduled for June 2020, but it was postponed several times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is currently scheduled for January 6, 2021. For this shot day, we will increase the radial dimension of the cylinder to four times the OMEGA-scale targets, and these will be referred to as scale-4 cylinders. Increasing the radial dimension of the target is advantageous as we push these targets to higher convergence ratio. By starting with an initially larger target, the target can push to a higher CR while maintaining the same final viewing area. Other than the larger radial dimension, the targets are very similar in design to the previous ones, consisting of an epoxy ablator, an embedded aluminum marker layer, and a low density central CH foam. These will also use a 40 mg/cm3 CH foam, reaching a CR~4.5 with the same laser energy (the added target mass reduces the final CR slightly). Note that this is NOT designed to be scale-invariant with the previous scale-1 OMEGA and scale-3 NIF shots. It was determined that the laser energy required to achieve a scale-invariant implosion was above the allowable optics damage limits (though achievable on the NIF) for these scale-4 targets.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Plasma Photonics: Manipulating Light Using Plasmas (Full Technical Final Report)

In this LDRD, we made significant advances on multiple fronts on the investigation and design of plasma-based optical structures to manipulate light at extreme intensities. We have unveiled new fundamental properties of laser-plasma interaction that were leveraged to introduce transformative applications. We first investigated new ways to generate high-amplitude plasma-based optical structures, based on the auto-resonance mechanism in order to produce refractive structures in plasmas. New insights into the interaction of such plasma structures with light waves allowed us to propose new methods for polarization manipulation and control for high-intensity lasers in the nonlinear regime, i.e. allowing the manipulation of an intense laser via its interaction with a less intense “control” laser beam in plasmas. Another application that we demonstrated experimentally is the capability to manipulate the velocity of light waves in plasmas by tailoring its refractive index; we reported the first demonstration of “slow light” and supra-luminal light propagation in plasmas. We also developed a new technological concept that would allow the probing of the type of plasma structures investigated in such applications, using high-bandwidth laser probing [Ludwig Phys. Plasmas 2019]. Finally, first steps were taken towards the demonstration of a plasma-based amplifier and compressor for the National Ignition Facility, in order to achieve powers equal of greater than those delivered by the Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC). This technique uses a plasma-based grating acting like a compressor and amplifier, which could potentially compress and amplify an 88 ps, 56 J beam from the National Ignition Facility to <10 ps and hundreds of J.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Progress on Associate-Particle Imaging Algorithms, 2020

The present work describes progress on the development of imaging algorithms that use fast neutron signatures acquired using the associated-particle imaging (API) method. The present work complements ongoing work to develop neutron source and detector hardware to enable field inspection by investigating algorithms that are capable of discriminating between critical materials or extracting three-dimensional geometrical information from single-sided or transmission measurements. The present work is divided into three approaches:(1)Iterative reconstruction of inelastic gamma-ray emissions to perform three-dimensional time-of-flight imaging in a single view in either transmission or backscatter configurations. Iterative reconstruction enables image resolution better than the inherent TOF resolution.(2)Decomposition of registered neutron and x ray radiographs into an assumed material list for each pixel in the image.(3)Material identification using full spectral analysis that includes the emergent neutron and gamma ray energies, times, and angles.Progress for each approach is summarized for fiscal year 2020.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Cathode to Target Simulations for Scorpius: I. Simulation Codes and Models

The new Scorpius linear induction electron accelerator is under development for multi-pulse flash radiography of large, explosively-driven hydrodynamic experiments. Beam physics from the cathode to the target was examined with computer simulations, including envelope, ray-trace, and particle-in cell (PIC) codes. Beam instabilities investigated included beam breakup (BBU), image displacement, diocotron, parametric envelope, ion hose, and the resistive wall instability. Beam corkscrew motion and emittance growth from beam mismatch were also studied. The results of these simulations is documented in a series of reports. In this report the computer codes and physical models used for these simulations are described. The conclusion of this study is that Scorpius will produce and accelerate a beam with radiographic quality equivalent to the present accelerators at Los Alamos National Laboratory if the same engineering standards and construction details are upheld.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗