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NASA NTRS1988

Human error in aviation operations

The role of human error in commercial and general aviation accidents and the techniques used to evaluate it are reviewed from a human-factors perspective. Topics addressed include the general decline in accidents per million departures since the 1960s, the increase in the proportion of accidents due to human error, methods for studying error, theoretical error models, and the design of error-resistant systems. Consideration is given to information acquisition and processing errors, visually guided flight, disorientation, instrument-assisted guidance, communication errors, decision errors, debiasing, and action errors.

Nagel, David C.↗

NASA NTRS1990

ATS displays: A reasoning visualization tool for expert systems

Reasoning visualization is a useful tool that can help users better understand the inherently non-sequential logic of an expert system. While this is desirable in most all expert system applications, it is especially so for such critical systems as those destined for space-based operations. A hierarchical view of the expert system reasoning process and some characteristics of these various levels is presented. Also presented are Abstract Time Slice (ATS) displays, a tool to visualize the plethora of interrelated information available at the host inferencing language level of reasoning. The usefulness of this tool is illustrated with some examples from a prototype potable water expert system for possible use aboard Space Station Freedom.

Selig, William John↗

NASA NTRS1992

Modeling the Jovian aurora

The Jovian aurora is the most powerful aurora in the solar system, over 100 times more powerful than the Earth's aurora. These magnificent visual displays can provide important information about the planetary magnetosphere which is responsible for the acceleration of energetic particles that produce aurora at any planet. Similarities and differences in planetary auroral emissions are thus a viable means of classifying and studying both comparative atmospheric and magnetospheric processes. For instance, at Earth the solar wind is the primary source of auroral power while at Jupiter it is conjectured that the rotation of the planet is the major source of magnetospheric and auroral power. The purpose of this IR project was to develop a model: (1) for use in interpreting the existing set of multispectral observations of Jupiter's aurora; and (2) to design new experiments based on the findings to improve understanding of the underlying auroral processes.

Waite, J. Hunter, Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Data systems and computer science programs: Overview

An external review of the Integrated Technology Plan for the Civil Space Program is presented. The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: onboard memory and storage technology; advanced flight computers; special purpose flight processors; onboard networking and testbeds; information archive, access, and retrieval; visualization; neural networks; software engineering; and flight control and operations.

Smith, Paul H.↗

NASA NTRS1994

3D visualization of unsteady 2D airplane wake vortices

Air flowing around the wing tips of an airplane forms horizontal tornado-like vortices that can be dangerous to following aircraft. The dynamics of such vortices, including ground and atmospheric effects, can be predicted by numerical simulation, allowing the safety and capacity of airports to be improved. In this paper, we introduce three-dimensional techniques for visualizing time-dependent, two-dimensional wake vortex computations, and the hazard strength of such vortices near the ground. We describe a vortex core tracing algorithm and a local tiling method to visualize the vortex evolution. The tiling method converts time-dependent, two-dimensional vortex cores into three-dimensional vortex tubes. Finally, a novel approach calculates the induced rolling moment on the following airplane at each grid point within a region near the vortex tubes and thus allows three-dimensional visualization of the hazard strength of the vortices. We also suggest ways of combining multiple visualization methods to present more information simultaneously.

Ma, Kwan-Liu↗

NASA NTRS1998

An Evaluation of the Frequency and Severity of Motion Sickness Incidences in Personnel Within the Command and Control Vehicle (C2V)

The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and severity of motion sickness in personnel during a field exercise in the Command and Control Vehicle (C2V). This vehicle contains four workstations where military personnel are expected to perform command decisions in the field during combat conditions. Eight active duty military men (U.S. Army) at the Yuma Proving Grounds in Arizona participated in this study. All subjects were given baseline performance tests while their physiological responses were monitored on the first day. On the second day of their participation, subjects rode in the C2V while their physiological responses and performance measures were recorded. Self-reports of motion sickness were also recorded. Results showed that only one subject experienced two incidences of emesis. However, seven out of the eight subjects reported other motion sickness symptoms; most predominant was the report of drowsiness, which occurred a total of 19 times. Changes in physiological responses were observed relative to motion sickness symptoms reported and the different environmental conditions (i.e., level, hills, gravel) during the field exercise. Performance data showed an overall decrement during the C2V exercise. These findings suggest that malaise and severe drowsiness can potentially impact the operational efficiency of the C2V crew. It was concluded that conflicting sensory information from the subject's visual displays and movements of the vehicle during the field exercise significantly contributed to motion sickness symptoms. It was recommended that a second study be conducted to further evaluate the impact of seat position or orientation and C2V experience on motion sickness susceptibility. Further, it was recommended that an investigation be performed on behavioral methods for improving crew alertness, motivation, and performance and for reducing malaise.

Cowings, Patricia S.↗

NASA NTRS1992

The rhodopsins: structure and function. Introduction

Nature makes use of the propensity of retinal for light-dependent double-bond isomerization in a number of systems and in a variety of ways. The common theme for light receptors based on this kind of chemistry is that (1) the retinal is bound in most cases to a small membrane protein via a protonated lysine-retinal Schiff base, (2) the absorption maximum in the visible is tuned to a suitable wavelength largely by electrostatic interaction with polar protein residues, and (3) the light-induced bond rotations and strains in the retinal set off reaction chains during which at least part of the excess free energy acquired is transferred to the protein and causes pK shifts of acidic residues and/or backbone conformational changes. The physiological consequence of the process initiated by absorption of light is either the activation of an information transfer chain (sensory and visual rhodopsins) or energy transduction which drives the electrogenic movement of ions across the membrane (ion-motive rhodopsins). Rhodopsins with these functions occur in bacteria and in higher organisms; from an evolutionary standpoint they are not related to one another. Nevertheless, all of these proteins are remarkably similar and form a distinct family.

NASA Discipline Number 52-30↗

NASA NTRS2004

Science Opportunity Analyzer (SOA): Science Planning Made Simple

.For the first time at JPL, the Cassini mission to Saturn is using distributed science operations for developing their experiments. Remote scientists needed the ability to: a) Identify observation opportunities; b) Create accurate, detailed designs for their observations; c) Verify that their designs meet their objectives; d) Check their observations against project flight rules and constraints; e) Communicate their observations to other scientists. Many existing tools provide one or more of these functions, but Science Opportunity Analyzer (SOA) has been built to unify these tasks into a single application. Accurate: Utilizes JPL Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF) SPICE* software tool kit - Provides high fidelity modeling. - Facilitates rapid adaptation to other flight projects. Portable: Available in Unix, Windows and Linux. Adaptable: Designed to be a multi-mission tool so it can be readily adapted to other flight projects. Implemented in Java, Java 3D and other innovative technologies. Conclusion: SOA is easy to use. It only requires 6 simple steps. SOA's ability to show the same accurate information in multiple ways (multiple visualization formats, data plots, listings and file output) is essential to meet the needs of a diverse, distributed science operations environment.

observation planning operations↗

NASA NTRS2009

Development and Evaluation of Sensor Concepts for Ageless Aerospace Vehicles: Report 5 - Phase 2 Implementation of the Concept Demonstrator

This report describes the second phase of the implementation of the Concept Demonstrator experimental test-bed system containing sensors and processing hardware distributed throughout the structure, which uses multi-agent algorithms to characterize impacts and determine a suitable response to these impacts. This report expands and adds to the report of the first phase implementation. The current status of the system hardware is that all 192 physical cells (32 on each of the 6 hexagonal prism faces) have been constructed, although only four of these presently contain data-acquisition sub-modules to allow them to acquire sensor data. Impact detection.. location and severity have been successfully demonstrated. The software modules for simulating cells and controlling the test-bed are fully operational. although additional functionality will be added over time. The visualization workstation displays additional diagnostic information about the array of cells (both real and simulated) and additional damage information. Local agent algorithms have been developed that demonstrate emergent behavior of the complex multi-agent system, through the formation of impact damage boundaries and impact networks. The system has been shown to operate well for multiple impacts. and to demonstrate robust reconfiguration in the presence of damage to numbers of cells.

Batten, Adam↗

NASA NTRS2007

An Automated Flying-Insect Detection System

An automated flying-insect detection system (AFIDS) was developed as a proof-of-concept instrument for real-time detection and identification of flying insects. This type of system has use in public health and homeland-security decision support, agriculture and military pest management, and/or entomological research. Insects are first lured into the AFIDS integrated sphere by insect attractants. Once inside the sphere, the insect s wing beats cause alterations in light intensity that is detected by a photoelectric sensor. Following detection, the insects are encouraged (with the use of a small fan) to move out of the sphere and into a designated insect trap where they are held for taxonomic identification or serological testing. The acquired electronic wing-beat signatures are preprocessed (Fourier transformed) in real time to display a periodic signal. These signals are sent to the end user where they are graphically. All AFIDS data are preprocessed in the field with the use of a laptop computer equipped with LabVIEW. The AFIDS software can be programmed to run continuously or at specific time intervals when insects are prevalent. A special DC-restored transimpedance amplifier reduces the contributions of low-frequency background light signals, and affords approximately two orders of magnitude greater AC gain than conventional amplifiers. This greatly increases the signal-to-noise ratio and enables the detection of small changes in light intensity. The AFIDS light source consists of high-intensity Al-GaInP light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The AFIDS circuitry minimizes brightness fluctuations in the LEDs and when integrated with an integrating sphere, creates a diffuse uniform light field. The insect wing beats isotropically scatter the diffuse light in the sphere and create wing-beat signatures that are detected by the sensor. This configuration minimizes variations in signal associated with insect flight orientation. Preliminary data indicate that AFIDS has sufficient sensitivity and frequency measuring capability to differentiate between male and female mosquitoes (Figure 1, bottom panel) and fruit flies (data not shown). Similar studies show that AFIDS can be utilized to detect discrete differences between two mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. When fully deployable, a wireless network of AFIDS monitors could be used in combination with other remotely sensed data and visually displayed in a geographic information system (GIS) to provide real-time surveillance (see Figure 2). More accurate and sensitive insect population forecasts and effective rapid response and mitigation of insect issues would then be possible.

Vann, Timi↗

NASA NTRS2015

RUMS - Realtime Visualization and Evaluation of Live, Virtual, Constructive Simulation Data

This paper describes the tools and display capabilities being developed to visualize aircraft flight and trajectory information that is produced during a distributed Live, Virtual, Constructive (LVC) simulation events involving a mix of manned and unmanned aircraft. This paper discusses the design approach and general software architecture of the Remote User Monitor Service (RUMS) application. The simulations and flight tests are conducted over a nationwide network with components communicating via software gateways that translate the messages and provide a location to access and collect data. The data collected is not only archived for post-processing and analysis, but also processed in real-time by RUMS, which allows dynamic viewing of the information via a web browser. This real-time dynamic viewing of the data allows test conductors and researchers to monitor the health of the distributed system and of the data being collected not only in situ where tests are conducted but also at remote locations.

distributed simulation↗

NASA NTRS2017

Generating Real-Time Robotics Control Software from SysML

In this paper, we outline an approach for autogenerating real-time robotics control code from hierarchical state machines and hardware configurations encoded in Systems Modeling Language (SysML). We propose a software architecture that provides an abstract SysML layer with access to device state information and a set of primitive device commands, such as move actuator and release brake, allowing a user to build up a complete functional state machine directly in SysML. The SysML diagram is then exported to a standard SCXML file format and subsequently used to auto-generate hardware control code. Once this architecture is in place, the only explicit code elements that need to be written are the primitive device commands, which can be easily unit tested and reused across different systems. The motivation for this work was the need for a test bed that enables the rapid prototyping of mechanisms and control algorithms for a spacecraft that could ultimately be used for preparing Martian rock samples for their return to Earth. To this end, our software system was also designed to allow for the run-time specification of the hardware layout in SysML, with the hardware-level control functions kept agnostic to the specific parameters or communication bus of any particular device. Further, we outline a system for specifying both the state machine and hardware configuration in the MagicDraw IDE in such a way that the system can be simulated before any code is generated. The resultant software system is easy to debug, understand, and allows users to choose how much information is encoded as a visual or text-based representation.

Godart, Peter↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Three-Dimensional Structure and Modeling of a Normal Bifurcated Shock Train from Experimental Measurements

An asymmetric, normal bifurcated shock train in a Mach 2 constant area, rectangular duct is investigated in the University of Michigan Direct Connect Isolator facility. High-speed schlieren imaging, wall static pressure measurements, surface oil flow visualization, and particle image velocimetry of the shock train are synthesized into a three-dimensional representation. This visualization is then used to inform the underlying flow physics of the distributed fluid dynamical processes along the shock train. The detailed, three-dimensional morphology of the flow profile entering the shock train is shown to have a significant impact on the separated flow morphology of the shock train. This results in a skewed supersonic core flow with alternating separation bubbles in the surrounding boundary layers. Finally, the efficacy of the prevailing pseudo-shock models in the literature is analyzed with the support of the available flow measurements. None are found to model both the pressure and streamwise Mach number profile of the UMDCI pseudo-shock. Note: This presentation is accompanied by the video presentation that can be downloaded for viewing and is formatted as an mp4 with a runtime of 10 min 15 secs.

Hypersonics↗

NASA NTRS1994

Full-wave and half-wave rectification in second-order motion perception

Microbalanced stimuli are dynamic displays which do not stimulate motion mechanisms that apply standard (Fourier-energy or autocorrelational) motion analysis directly to the visual signal. In order to extract motion information from microbalanced stimuli, Chubb and Sperling [(1988) Journal of the Optical Society of America, 5, 1986-2006] proposed that the human visual system performs a rectifying transformation on the visual signal prior to standard motion analysis. The current research employs two novel types of microbalanced stimuli: half-wave stimuli preserve motion information following half-wave rectification (with a threshold) but lose motion information following full-wave rectification; full-wave stimuli preserve motion information following full-wave rectification but lose motion information following half-wave rectification. Additionally, Fourier stimuli, ordinary square-wave gratings, were used to stimulate standard motion mechanisms. Psychometric functions (direction discrimination vs stimulus contrast) were obtained for each type of stimulus when presented alone, and when masked by each of the other stimuli (presented as moving masks and also as nonmoving, counterphase-flickering masks). RESULTS: given sufficient contrast, all three types of stimulus convey motion. However, only one-third of the population can perceive the motion of the half-wave stimulus. Observers are able to process the motion information contained in the Fourier stimulus slightly more efficiently than the information in the full-wave stimulus but are much less efficient in processing half-wave motion information. Moving masks are more effective than counterphase masks at hampering direction discrimination, indicating that some of the masking effect is interference between motion mechanisms, and some occurs at earlier stages. When either full-wave and Fourier or half-wave and Fourier gratings are presented simultaneously, there is a wide range of relative contrasts within which the motion directions of both gratings are easily determinable. Conversely, when half-wave and full-wave gratings are combined, the direction of only one of these gratings can be determined with high accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: the results indicate that three motion computations are carried out, any two in parallel: one standard ("first order") and two non-Fourier ("second-order") computations that employ full-wave and half-wave rectification.

Motion Perception/physiology↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Developing An Earth-Fixed Visual Reference to Aid Stability, Readaptation and Egress After a Water Landing

INTRODUCTION Water landings present the worst possible sensory conditions for crews trying to orient and stabilize themselves immediately after long-duration spaceflight. Of the three sensory feedback systems involved in maintaining stability (i.e., proprioceptive, vestibular, and visual), none will provide reliable orientation information under the current water landing scenarios. The proprioceptive and vestibular systems are affected during spaceflight by disuse and adaptation to microgravity. Vision may not suffer the same degradation, but the visual environment within the enclosed space of a capsule, or interior room of a recovery ship, is disorienting when subject to wave-induced motion. The result is an increased risk of fall-related injury. In a prior study, 70% (21 of 30) of nonimpaired subjects reported that the presence of an Earth-fixed horizontal line helped them stabilize when their visually enclosed environment was exposed to wave motion. In addition to aiding stability, sensory re-adaptation occurs when inputs from the three sensory systems are synchronized with one another and aligned with Earth’s gravity. The earlier an Earth-fixed visual reference can be introduced the sooner the readaptation process can begin. The goal of this project is to identify the optimal features of a device that visually presents gravitational reference cues to support stability and readaptation. METHODS The capsule sensory-condition simulator is a three-sided enclosure atop a six degree-of-freedom motion platform. A sum-of-sines equation is used to drive the motion platform, producing the simulated wave motion. The equation was derived using the frequency range present in inertial measurement unit (IMU) data collected during open-water Orion mock-up testing. The enclosure creates the nature of a floating visual environment where the walls move in relation to the standing surface. To more accurately represent the condition of postflight crewmembers, galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is applied to disrupt normal vestibular function and standing on a compliant surface attenuates proprioceptive feedback. An instrumented handhold allows the subjects to stabilize themselves and serves as the primary dependent variable. Subjects are instructed to minimize handhold use so the higher forces applied to the handhold correspond to greater instability. Various forms of a visual reference have been explored. Passive systems, such as mechanical gimbals and weighted plumb bobs were eliminated from consideration because of the intertia-induced oscillations that the wave-motion causes. Laser lines presented as horizontal, vertical, or the combination of both are being used to provide the Earth-fixed visual reference. These are presented in the central visual field or periphery from laser sources that are mounted either from within or outside the visual enclosure. RESULTS Data collection for this study is currently in progress. CONCLUSIONS This study will determine whether a visual reference system can help improve stability during challenging sensory conditions and define the optimal chacteristics for such a system.

Brian T Peters↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Developing an Earth-Fixed Visual Reference to Aid Stability, Readaptation, and Egress After A Water Landing

Water landings present the worst possible sensory conditions for crews trying to orient and stabilize themselves immediately after long-duration spaceflight. Of the three sensory feedback systems involved in maintaining stability (i.e., proprioceptive, vestibular, and visual), none will provide reliable orientation information under the current water landing scenarios. The proprioceptive and vestibular systems are affected during spaceflight by disuse and adaptation to microgravity. Vision may not suffer the same degradation, but the visual environment within the enclosed space of a capsule, or interior room of a recovery ship, induces instability during wave motion. In addition to an increased fall risk, sensory readaptation is delayed until inputs from the three sensory systems can be synchronized with one another and aligned with Earth’s gravity. An Earth-fixed visual reference (EFVR) can be provided to increase crewmember stability and allow for earlier readaptation initiation.

B.T. Peters↗

NASA NTRS1994

The use of a tactile interface to convey position and motion perceptions

Under normal terrestrial conditions, perception of position and motion is determined by central nervous system integration of concordant and redundant information from multiple sensory channels (somatosensory, vestibular, visual), which collectively yield vertical perceptions. In the acceleration environment experienced by the pilots, the somatosensory and vestibular sensors frequently present false information concerning the direction of gravity. When presented with conflicting sensory information, it is normal for pilots to experience episodes of disorientation. We have developed a tactile interface that obtains vertical roll and pitch information from a gyro-stabilized attitude indicator and maps this information in a one-to-one correspondence onto the torso of the body using a matrix of vibrotactors. This enables the pilot to continuously maintain an awareness of aircraft attitude without reference to visual cues, utilizing a sensory channel that normally operates at the subconscious level. Although initially developed to improve pilot spatial awareness, this device has obvious applications to 1) simulation and training, 2) nonvisual tracking of targets, which can reduce the need for pilots to make head movements in the high-G environment of aerial combat, and 3) orientation in environments with minimal somatosensory cues (e.g., underwater) or gravitational cues (e.g., space).

Rupert, A. H.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Reliable fusion of control and sensing in intelligent machines

Although robotics research has produced a wealth of sophisticated control and sensing algorithms, very little research has been aimed at reliably combining these control and sensing strategies so that a specific task can be executed. To improve the reliability of robotic systems, analytic techniques are developed for calculating the probability that a particular combination of control and sensing algorithms will satisfy the required specifications. The probability can then be used to assess the reliability of the design. An entropy formulation is first used to quickly eliminate designs not capable of meeting the specifications. Next, a framework for analyzing reliability based on the first order second moment methods of structural engineering is proposed. To ensure performance over an interval of time, lower bounds on the reliability of meeting a set of quadratic specifications with a Gaussian discrete time invariant control system are derived. A case study analyzing visual positioning in robotic system is considered. The reliability of meeting timing and positioning specifications in the presence of camera pixel truncation, forward and inverse kinematic errors, and Gaussian joint measurement noise is determined. This information is used to select a visual sensing strategy, a kinematic algorithm, and a discrete compensator capable of accomplishing the desired task. Simulation results using PUMA 560 kinematic and dynamic characteristics are presented.

Mcinroy, John E.↗