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Compass Concurrent Engineering Lessons Learned in Remote and Hybrid Environments

The Compass Team at NASA’s Glenn Research Center (GRC) is a concurrent engineering team which specializes in conceptual spacecraft mission designs. Detailed descriptions of the team, its history, and its operating model can be found in [1] and [2]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the team was required to move to remote (virtual) operation from their in-person model for approximately 22 months. As the restrictions began to lift and team members were able to return in-person to the Compass Lab, the team moved into a hybrid mode of operation, with some participants still tying in remotely some or all of the time. This paper discusses many of the lessons learned from these experiences, highlighting improvements, outstanding challenges and the tools and methodologies used to address both. Throughout this discussion the terms “in-person”, “hybrid”, “virtual” and “remote” will be used. For the purposes of this paper, “in-person” will be understood to mean when team members are interacting simultaneously, physically within the Compass Lab. “Remote” or “virtual” will refer to when interactions are happening between people who are not co-located using only technology to interface. “Hybrid” will refer to when two or more participants are physically located in the Compass Lab and one or more participant(s) is participating remotely. Media richness is described as “a medium’s ability to communicate effectively based of four factors. They are the capacity for immediate feedback, the number of cues and channels it utilizes, the degree of personalization it affords, and its ability to communicate using natural language” [3]. This theory will be referenced and discussed in multiple of the following sections due to its relevance when choosing how to operate in remote and hybrid modes, as well as in making tool selections. The key to selecting the best mode of communication lays in how complicated the discussion is and the level of ambiguity involved. Not all conversations or interactions require media rich mediums. For example, providing information about which there is little to no ambiguity can easily be done in less rich methods - such as email. A conversation including high levels of ambiguity and/or complex information is better suited to a richer medium, such as in-person or a video call with shared screens.

Concurrent Engineering↗

NASA NTRS2022

Lower-Hybrid Wave Structures and Interactions With Electrons Observed in Magnetotail Reconnection Diffusion Regions

We investigate waves close to the lower-hybrid frequency in 12 magnetotail reconnection electron diffusion region (EDR) events with guide field levels of near-zero to 30%. In about half of the events, the wave vector has a small component along the current sheet normal, consistent with known lower-hybrid drift wave properties, but the perpendicular magnetic field fluctuations can be comparable or greater than the parallel component, a feature unique to the waves inside and adjacent to EDRs. Another new wave property is that the wave vector has a significant component along the current sheet normal in some events and completely along the normal for one event. In 1/4of the events, the ∇∙𝑷(sub 𝑒) term has a significant contribution to the wave electric field, possibly a feature of lower-hybrid waves more likely to exist in the diffusion region than further away from the X-line. Electron temperature variations are correlated with the wave potential, due to wave electric field acceleration and crossings at the corrugated separatrix region with different amounts of mixing between reconnection inflowing and outflowing populations. The latter also leads to the anti-correlation between parallel and perpendicular temperature components. Using four-spacecraft measurements, the magnetic field line twisting is demonstrated by the correlated fluctuations in (∇×𝑽(sub 𝐸×𝐵))||and (∇×𝐁)||. The lower-hybrid wave in the EDR of weak guide field reconnection may be generated near separatrices and penetrate to the mid-plane or locally generated, and the latter possibility is beyond the prediction of previous reconnection simulations.

Magnetic reconnection↗

DOE OSTI2021

Hybrid Energy Systems: Opportunities for Coordinated Research

This chapter presents a baseline assessment of DOE’s current portfolio related to hybrid systems that produce electricity as their only output (Track 1), within the context of the key challenges facing these systems. Of particular importance is that this chapter is focused on understanding what makes a hybrid different from two standalone technologies, both in terms of the research being performed and the challenges that ongoing and planned research will seek to overcome. The purpose of summarizing and describing current research areas is to identify opportunities DOE could consider supporting in the near term. DOE encompasses several offices, each of which has unique objectives and is financially constrained. Additionally, the emergence of low-cost hybrid resources presents an array of new opportunities for the electricity sector, including better managing and allocating risk, improving operating performance, reducing system costs, and enhancing reliability and resilience. Realizing these opportunities will require overcoming barriers to the deployment of hybrids through targeted R&D which multiple DOE offices can invest in and benefit from.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Multiplexed Hybrid Velocimeter

Optical velocimetry systems play a crucial role in studying the dynamic behavior of materials under extreme conditions. Two prominent systems used at the Nevada National Security Site are the velocity interferometer system for any reflector(VISAR) and the photon Doppler velocimeter (PDV) system. Their ability to accurately measure surface motion ranging from 0 to > 20km=s without interacting with material flow enables experimenters to construct thermodynamic equations of state for materials of interest. A number of modifications to VISAR and PDV have taken place over the past five decades, leading to improved performance, increased recording capacity, and a reduction in operational burden. Prior efforts to develop a hybrid velocimeter combining the advantages of both PDV and VISAR into a single diagnostic did not take into account progress in PDV technology or new optical components that had not been developed. This thesis describes the design and implementation of a multiplexed hybrid velocimeter (MHV) based on time-multiplexing techniques, an optical hybrid, and polarization-maintaining fiber and components. Data from experiments, compared with current velocity systems, serve to demonstrate the hybrid's performance.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

Understanding Economic and Deployment Benefits of Wind-PV Hybrid Power Plants

The least-cost approach to decarbonizing the U.S. electricity supply will likely involve a significantly expanded share of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation. Many strategies and approaches have been identified to address integration challenges in a VRE-dominated system, including standalone and coupled battery systems. In this study, we explored the current and future potential of utility-scale hybrid energy systems comprising PV, wind, and lithium-ion battery technologies (PV-wind-battery systems). Analysis results include temporal complementarity of wind and PV resources across the contiguous United States, with an emphasis on metrics that quantify reductions in variability that can be achieved through hybridization. We further use a price-taker model with simulated hourly energy and capacity prices to determine the revenue-maximizing dispatch of a range of PV-wind-battery configurations across Texas, from the present through 2050. We find that coupling PV, wind, and battery technologies allows for more effective utilization of interconnection capacity by increasing capacity factors to 60-80%+ and capacity credits to close to 100%, depending on battery capacity. We also compared the energy and capacity values of PV-wind and PV-wind-battery systems to the corresponding stability coefficient metric, which describes the location-and configuration-specific complementarity of PV and wind resources. Our results show that the stability coefficient effectively predicts the configuration-location combinations in which a smaller battery component can provide comparable economic performance in a PV-wind-battery system (compared to a PV-battery system). These PV-wind-battery hybrids can help integrate more VRE by providing smoother, more predictable generation and greater flexibility. Finally, capacity expansion modeling of PV-wind systems indicates that hybridization can reduce transmission expansion requirements associated with a heavily decarbonized U.S. electricity system.

complementarity↗

DOE OSTI2023

Building the Case for Hybrid Energy Developments: Webinar Recording Day 1

INL, PNNL, and NREL, with support from our academic and industry partners, hosted a 2-day webinar to learn more about the benefits of hybrid energy systems, considerations for designing the right system for communities, and practical tools that can help with the design and development process. In Day 1 of this webinar, the focus was on why users might want to consider hybrid energy systems, and frameworks that could help inform design decisions for hybrid systems, including a valuation framework, resilience framework, and hybrid system design optimization framework.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Rural Hybrid Generation & Microgrids: National Labs are Here to Help

Hear about the tools and technical assistance National Labs can offer to co-ops and other rural utilities seeking to build or enhance hybrid generation projects combining multiple technologies including wind, solar, battery storage, and others resources. These hybrids can deliver additional value by combining complimentary resources and by increasing reliability and resilience, including as part of a microgrid to serve a local load or community. Experienced cooperative and lab experts will share their perspectives on the opportunities there are to make use of their advanced modeling capabilities and expertise to scope, design, and implement these emerging hybrid solutions. Key takeaways for participants will include better understanding of the resilience benefits distributed hybrid systems provide, awareness of National Laboratory assistance programs and resources, tips for successful federal funding applications for these types of projects, and peer-to-peer learning through shared experiences and discussion.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Model for Hybrid Systems for Production Cost Modeling Studies Considering Ancillary Services: Preprint

This paper introduces a model for simulating hybrid plants participating in energy and ancillary services for bulk power system studies. The model considers a hybrid plant comprised of a renewable energy source, a thermal power unit, a storage unit, fixed power loads, or any combination of these technologies. The model focuses on Production Cost Modeling (PCM) studies under the assumption of centralized dispatch. We present an example case study to illustrate the use of the model in a single-stage production cost model similar to those conducted by planning agencies. We explore the allocation of behind-themeter ancillary services products and total energy participation to hybrid plant sub-assets and the resulting impacts on the system's ancillary service allocation. The model is implemented and simulated in a unit commitment problem in the RTS test system, which was modified to include a hybrid plant asset.

ancillary services↗

DOE OSTI2021

Hybrid Entanglement between Optical Discrete Polarizations and Continuous Quadrature Variables

By coherently combining advantages while largely avoiding limitations of two mainstream platforms, optical hybrid entanglement involving both discrete and continuous variables has recently garnered widespread attention and emerged as a promising idea for building heterogenous quantum networks. In contrast to previous results, here we propose a new scheme to remotely generate hybrid entanglement between discrete polarization and continuous quadrature optical qubits heralded by two-photon Bell-state measurement. As a novel nonclassical light resource, we further use it to discuss two examples of ways—entanglement swapping and quantum teleportation—in which quantum information processing and communications could make use of this hybrid technique.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2020

Identifying Photoinduced Dipolar Polarization and Orbit–Orbit Interaction between Excitons in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites

Abstract Photoinduced polarization and orbit–orbit interaction are important issues in hybrid perovskites toward developing optoelectronic functionalities. This paper identifies that photoinduced polarization occurs in hybrid perovskites with mixed‐cation methylammonium (MA)/formamidinium (FA) (MA x FA (1− x ) PbI 3 ) by measuring bulk polarization at 1 MHz in a magnetic field. Interestingly, when the internal dipole moment is increased upon increasing the MA:FA ratio, the photoinduced dipolar polarization can be substantially enhanced, clarifying the controversial issue of whether photoexcitation can induce a dielectric polarization within dipolar polarization regime in hybrid perovskites. Furthermore, upon increasing photoinduced dipolar polarization, it is found that the intrinsic orbit–orbit interaction between excitons can be increased, revealed by monitoring photocurrent change (Δ J sc ) upon switching the photoexcitation between linear and circular polarizations. This presents that organic cations are directly involved in the orbit–orbit interaction within band structures. Clearly, the studies provide an insightful understanding of the dipole moment effects on photoinduced dipolar polarization and orbit–orbit interaction between excitons in hybrid perovskites toward controlling the optoelectronic properties.

Dou, Yixuan↗

DOE OSTI2021

Hybrid Porous Crystalline Materials from Metal Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks

Abstract Two frontier crystalline porous framework materials, namely, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been widely explored owing to their outstanding physicochemical properties. While each type of framework has its own intrinsic advantages and shortcomings for specific applications, combining the complementary properties of the two materials allows the engineering of new classes of hybrid porous crystalline materials with properties superior to the individual components. Since the first report of MOF/COF hybrid in 2016, it has rapidly evolved as a novel platform for diverse applications. The state‐of‐art advances in the various synthetic approaches of MOF/COF hybrids are hereby summarized, together with their applications in different areas. Perspectives on the main challenges and future opportunities are also offered in order to inspire a multidisciplinary effort toward the further development of chemically diverse, multi‐functional hybrid porous crystalline materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Understanding the Benefit of Hybrid Electrolytes towards Vanadium Dissolution Suppression and Improved Capacity Retention in Zinc‐Aqueous Batteries Using NaV 3 O 8 Cathodes

Vanadate cathodes used in aqueous Zn-ion batteries with ZnSO 4 are hindered by capacity loss from V dissolution into the electrolyte. However, studies pinpointing the onset of dissolution as a function of electrochemical redox state and quantifying the amount of associated active material are lacking. To prevent dissolution of the NaV 3 O 8 active material, Na + ions are introduced into the electrolyte. Specifically, a hybrid ZnSO 4 + Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte is investigated in concert with NaV 3 O 8 (NVO) cathodes of varied crystallinity to determine the resulting impacts on cathode dissolution and functional electrochemistry. The use of Na + -containing hybrid electrolyte shows no significant change in Zn 2+ diffusion coefficients yet improved capacity retention. Time-resolved quantitative optical emission spectroscopy demonstrates the suppression of V dissolution with the hybrid electrolyte in both pristine and cycled electrodes. Operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption provide mechanistic insights. Hydrated NVO with wider interplanar spacing exhibits much higher H + /Zn 2+ capacity, while the Na 2 SO 4 mitigates the formation of irreversible side products. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the use of hybrid electrolytes and control of crystallite size in the parent material can significantly improve electrochemical behavior of layered V-based cathodes in Zn-ion batteries, providing a general strategy toward safe and resilient aqueous battery systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Deciphering the Evolution of Current Distribution in Hybrid Silver Vanadium Oxide / Carbon Monofluoride Cathodes within Lithium Primary Batteries

For batteries to function effectively all active material must be accessible requiring both electron and ion transport to each particle. A common approach to generating the needed conductive network is the addition of carbon to create a composite electrode. An alternative approach is the electrochemically induced formation of conductive reaction products where the electrochemically generated materials are in intimate contact with the active material contributing to effective connection of each active particle. Furthermore, this study probes silver vanadium oxide (Ag 2 V 4 O 11 , SVO), carbon monofluoride (CF x ), and hybrid SVO/CF x electrodes in lithium batteries. Ex situ XRD identifies Ag 0 as a reduction product from SVO and LiF from CF x that can be followed as a function of depth-of-discharge (DOD). Spatially-resolved operando energy dispersive x-ray diffraction reveals that the presence of SVO alleviates reaction heterogeneity in the electrodes which are electron transfer limited in the absence of sufficient Ag 0 . Synchrotron X-ray tomography on discharged cathodes reveals the distribution of silver particles where the particles are more closely spaced near the current collector indicating multiple nucleation sites for their formation. Finally, operando isothermal microcalorimetry is used to determine the heat dissipation of the parent and hybrid battery types. Using material enthalpy potentials, we determine the current distribution between the two active materials for the discharging hybrid cathode adding further insight to the diffraction analysis. Taken together, these results provide a comprehensive understanding of hybrid SVO/CF x cathodes and give guidance on optimal compositions that balance power and energy density considerations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Fabrication of hybrid tin oxide‐cellulose nanocomposite as the flexible and thin supercapacitor

Abstract Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) with reinforcing effects is a useful building block in the fabrication of flexible and thin supercapacitors. Herein, a hybrid tin oxide‐cellulose nanocomposite was hydrothermally produced and coated on MFC thin films to form a supercapacitor. The hybrid tin oxide‐cellulose thin films were structurally analyzed using scanning electrode microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction. The cellulose thin film with the highest loading of hybrid tin oxide‐cellulose nanocomposite exhibited a specific capacitance of 225.88 F g −1 at 100 mV s −1 and 486.38 F g −1 at 20 mV s −1 in the three‐electrode electrochemical system. In addition, it revealed good cyclic stability up to 40 cycles run continuously with 95% cyclic retention. The high specific capacitance and superior cyclic stability could be related to the enhanced charge mobility and ion diffusion between the solid and electrolyte interface. The cellulose thin film coated with flower‐like hybrid nanocomposite showed great potential in energy storage.

Letchumanan, Iswary↗

DOE OSTI2021

Chemical Heterointerface Engineering on Hybrid Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract The chemical heterointerfaces in hybrid electrode materials play an important role in overcoming the intrinsic drawbacks of individual materials and thus expedite the in‐depth development of electrochemical energy storage. Benefiting from the three enhancement effects of accelerating charge transport, increasing the number of storage sites, and reinforcing structural stability, the chemical heterointerfaces have attracted extensive interest and the electrochemical performances of hybrid electrode materials have been significantly optimized. In this review, recent advances regarding chemical heterointerface engineering in hybrid electrode materials are systematically summarized. Especially, the intrinsic behaviors of chemical heterointerfaces on hybrid electrode materials are refined based on built‐in electric field, van der Waals interaction, lattice mismatch and connection, electron cloud bias and chemical bond, and their combination. The strategies for introducing chemical heterointerfaces are classified into in situ local transformation, in situ growth, cosynthesis, and other strategy. The recent progress about the chemical heterointerfaces engineering specially focusing on metal‐ion batteries, supercapacitors, and Li–S batteries are introduced in detail. Furthermore, the classification and characterization of chemical heterointerfaces are briefly described. Finally, the emerging challenges and perspectives about future directions of chemical heterointerface engineering are proposed.

Li, Wenbin↗

DOE OSTI2024

Toolpath considerations for hybrid additive manufacturing

Hybrid additive manufacturing combines both additive and subtractive manufacturing processes to fabricate geometrically complex, dimensionally accurate parts that are difficult to make using either additive or subtractive manufacturing alone. Industrial applications for hybrid additive manufacturing include direct manufacturing (building whole parts), feature addition (adding onto existing parts), and remanufacturing or repair operations. To coordinate the additive and subtractive processes, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software must generate distinct toolpaths for each process. Each application requires different considerations and inputs when generating the toolpaths. For example, when building a part with an internal cavity that would otherwise be unmanufacturable due to reach or access limitations, a CAM must determine which layer(s) of deposition are appropriate to machine to create the internal cavity. This chapter explores the area of toolpath generation for hybrid manufacturing by discussing the necessary considerations that are unique to a hybrid process.

Feldhausen, Thomas↗

DOE OSTI2022

Analysis of Multi-Output Hybrid Energy Systems Interacting with the Grid: Application of Improved Price-Taker and Price-Maker Approaches to Nuclear-Hydrogen Systems

The growing recognition of the value of hydrogen as an energy intermediate in supporting future power systems with high shares of variable renewable energy has prompted many studies to quantify the economic potential of multi-output hybrid systems, which are one type of integrated energy systems (IES). Because of the complexity of modeling multiple sectors, these studies typically use simplified modeling approaches to capture the interactions between sectors. In this study, we explore the implications of alternative modeling approaches for nuclear-hydrogen IES focusing on a power system in the Midwest United States. We combine highly resolved capacity expansion and production cost modeling tools of the power system with a detailed hydrogen system optimization tool to determine the optimal electrolyzer and storage sizing and optimal operations of the nuclear-hydrogen hybrid resource across three future study years. We compare economic and operational outcomes across a spectrum of modeling approaches, including a non-hybridized base approach; a traditional price-taker approach that does not include the impact of hydrogen production on the electricity system; a power-system-focused price-maker approach that does not account for temporal hydrogen constraints; and two improved price-taker and price-maker approaches that each address the impact of revenue-optimal levels of electricity production on the resulting power system and temporal hydrogen constraints on the overall feasible solution. Results show how a traditional price-taker approach can overestimate the economic benefits of multi-output nuclear-hydrogen IES compared to our two improved approaches that estimate both hydrogen system constraints and power system interaction. We find that hydrogen output requirements and storage size limits are key drivers to overall operations and some economic outcomes. Under our assumed constant hydrogen output requirement, storage costs, test system, and modeling approaches, our results indicate that hybridization can provide a net benefit, but results are sensitive to the treatment of hydrogen revenues and electricity prices as impacted by the power system evolution.

capacity expansion modeling↗

DOE OSTI2022

Bilayer hybrid graphite anodes via freeze tape casting for extreme fast charging applications

Extreme fast charging (XFC) of lithium-ion batteries is critical for continuous market adoption of electric vehicles. However, mass transport limitations and sluggish kinetics lead to lithium plating in graphite anodes under fast charging conditions. One approach to address the mass transport limitation in graphite is to design low-tortuosity electrodes to enhance ionic transport. In this study, a bilayer hybrid structured electrode with directionally aligned channels was developed via freeze tape casting, which enables faster lithium ion diffusion through the graphite electrode. A scalable roll-to-roll process was designed in which slurry can be cast on any substrates for simple processing. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements indicated that the bilayer hybrid coating had both low tortuosity and short diffusion pathways, enabling XFC charging. Rate testing for the bilayer hybrid electrode indicated superior performance over the other coatings, exhibiting a ~20% improvement in the charge capacity compared with the conventional coating at 5C and 10 min total charging time. The bilayer hybrid electrode also demonstrated a 10% improvement in capacity retention compared with the conventional electrode after 1000 cycles at XFC conditions. This study demonstrates freeze tape casting as a scalable way to fabricate low-tortuosity electrodes for XFC applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗