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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Carboxylic Group Rotation and Lattice Expansion in a Co 2 (Pyrazine-2,3-Dicarboxylate) 2 (4,4'-Bipyridine) Porous Coordination Polymer Induced by CO 2 Adsorption at Ambient Temperature

Here, a Co 2 (pzdc) 2 (bpy)(H 2 O) m (pzdc: pyrazine-2,3dicarboxylate; bpy: 4,4'-bipyridine) porous coordination polymer (PCP) was studied for CO 2 uptake and concomitant structural changes at ambient temperature. Extended structural characterization included evaluation of lattice parameter changes upon CO 2 adsorption and in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. The PCP effective pore size increased by ~2% with gas uptake over the pressure range of 1-50 atm, allowing the adsorption capacity to double. Furthermore, the hysteretic behaviors seen during CO 2 adsorption at moderate pressures are commensurate with the structural changes from synchrotron data. The adsorption and hysteresis occur with rotation of the linking carboxylate groups, and yet only minor changes in unit cell volume (ΔV ≈ 6 Å 3 ) are observed. This contrasts the findings for [Cu 2 (pzdc) 2 (bpy)] n , where a combination of pillar bpy rotations and significant lattice expansion (ΔV ≈ 68 Å(3)) takes place upon hysteretic adsorption of CO 2 . In situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction revealed that the Co(II)-based material has good thermal stability up to ca. 200° C. Finally, the CO 2 uptake also appears to be at a physisorption level, with adsorbent-adsorbate interactions that are ca. 30% stronger than what has been reported for CO 2 adsorption onto [Cu 2 (pzdc) 2 (bpy)] n .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Expansion dynamics of femtosecond laser-induced plasmas: Influence of thermophysical plasma properties

This study investigates the expansion dynamics of femtosecond laser-induced plasmas, emphasizing the impact of plasma thermophysical properties and ambient gas composition. Through shadowgraphy experiments and multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the influence of parameters such as heat capacity, molecular weight, and thermal conductivity on plume morphology, shockwave evolution, and energy dissipation mechanisms is examined. A mixture multiphase model is implemented to capture the interaction between the plasma and the surrounding gas. Simulation results reveal that plasma expansion is strongly inertia-driven. Results show that differences in plasma properties and ambient conditions affect the shape and temperature distribution of the expanding plume. The early-stage dynamics are primarily dictated by pressure forces, whereas thermal and viscous effects play a growing role in the plume's behavior during later stages of expansion. The CFD findings show the necessity of accurate initial condition characterization, including crater geometry and plasma pressure and temperature, for reliable modeling of plasma evolution in laser ablation processes.

CFD modeling↗
DOE OSTI2024

Suppression of metal-to-insulator transition and stabilization of superconductivity by pressure in Re 3 Ge 7

The effect of pressure on the low-temperature states of the Re 3 ⁡Ge 7 is investigated by both electrical and Hall resistance and magnetization measurements. At ambient pressure, the temperature-dependent resistance of Re 3 ⁡Ge 7 behaves quasilinearly from room temperature down to 60 K, then undergoes a two-step metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) at temperatures T 1 =59.4K and T 2 =58.7K, which may be related to a structural phase transition or occurrence of charge-density wave ordering. Upon applying pressure, the two-step (T 1 ,T 2 ) MIT splits into three steps (T 1 ,T 2 . and T 3 ) above 1 GPa, and all traces of MITs are fully suppressed by ~8 GPa. Subsequently, the onset of bulk superconductivity (SC) occurs between 10.8 and 12.2 GPa and persists to our highest pressure of 26.8 GPa. At 12.2 GPa the superconducting transition temperature, T c , and upper critical field, H c ⁢2 reach the maximum of T c (onset) ~5.9 K and H c ⁢2 (1.8 K) ~14 kOe. Finally, our results not only present the observation of SC under high pressure in Re 3 ⁡Ge 7 but also delineate the interplay between SC and other competing electronic states by creating a T-p phase diagram for this potentially topologically nontrivial system Re 3 ⁡Ge 7 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1988

Laser pyrometry

A method of determining the emissivity of a hot target from a laser-based reflectance measurement which is conducted simultaneously with a measurement of the target radiance is described. Once the correct radiance and emissivity are determined, one calculates the true target temperature from these parameters via the Planck equations. The design and performance of a laser pyrometer is described. The accuracy of laser pyrometry and the effect of ambient radiance are addressed.

Stein, Alexander↗
NASA NTRS1991

Lithographic spiral antennas at short wavelengths

We have extended the high efficiency of lithographic antennas to mid-infrared wavelengths. Pattern measurements made at 9.5/zm wavelength on a 65 deg, self-complementary, spiral antenna exhibit a ratio of response to orthogonal linear polarizations of 1.35 dB, a beamwidth of 85 deg (3 dB full width), a directivity of 8.2 dB, and surprisingly, a close resemblance to the theoretical pattern for a 65 deg spiral in free space. Direct detection measurements made with an ambient temperature blackbody source yield an antenna efficiency of 52 +/- 7 percent, when corrected for incomplete filling of the antenna beam by the source, at a mean effective wavelength of 19 micron.

Grossman, E. N.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Effect of Projectile Materials on Foreign Object Damage of a Gas-Turbine Grade Silicon Nitride

Foreign object damage (FOD) behavior of AS800 silicon nitride was determined using four different projectile materials at ambient temperature. The target test specimens rigidly supported were impacted at their centers by spherical projectiles with a diameter of 1.59 mm. Four different types of projectiles were used including hardened steel balls, annealed steel balls, silicon nitride balls, and brass balls. Post-impact strength of each target specimen impacted was determined as a function of impact velocity to better understand the severity of local impact damage. The critical impact velocity where target specimens fail upon impact was highest with brass balls, lowest with ceramic ball, and intermediate with annealed and hardened steel balls. Degree of strength degradation upon impact followed the same order as in the critical impact velocity with respect to projectile materials. For steel balls, hardened projectiles yielded more significant impact damage than annealed counterparts. The most important material parameter affecting FOD was identified as hardness of projectiles and was correlated in terms of critical impact velocity, impact deformation, and impact load.

Choi, Sung R.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Mixed Mode Fracture of Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings: Effects of Anisotropy and Heterogeneity

The combined mode I-mode II fracture behavior of anisotropic ZrO2-8wt%Y2O3 thermal barrier coatings was determined in asymmetric flexure loading at both ambient and elevated temperatures. A fracture envelope of KI versus KII was determined for the coating material at ambient and elevated temperatures. Propagation angles of fracture as a function of KI/KII were also determined. The mixed-mode fracture behavior of the microsplat coating material was modeled using Finite Element approach to account for anisotropy and micro cracked structures, and predicted in terms of fracture envelope and propagation angle using mixed-mode fracture theories.

Zhu, Dongming↗
NASA NTRS2016

Preliminary Results From a Heavily Instrumented Engine Ice Crystal Icing Test in a Ground Based Altitude Test Facility

Preliminary results from the heavily instrumented ALF502R-5 engine test conducted in the NASA Glenn Research Center Propulsion Systems Laboratory are discussed. The effects of ice crystal icing on a full scale engine is examined and documented. This same model engine, serial number LF01, was used during the inaugural icing test in the Propulsion Systems Laboratory facility. The uncommanded reduction of thrust (rollback) events experienced by this engine in flight were simulated in the facility. Limited instrumentation was used to detect icing on the LF01 engine. Metal temperatures on the exit guide vanes and outer shroud and the load measurement were the only indicators of ice formation. The current study features a similar engine, serial number LF11, which is instrumented to characterize the cloud entering the engine, detect/characterize ice accretion, and visualize the ice accretion in the region of interest. Data were acquired at key LF01 test points and additional points that explored: icing threshold regions, low altitude, high altitude, spinner heat effects, and the influence of varying the facility and engine parameters. For each condition of interest, data were obtained from some selected variations of ice particle median volumetric diameter, total water content, fan speed, and ambient temperature. For several cases the NASA in-house engine icing risk assessment code was used to find conditions that would lead to a rollback event. This study further helped NASA develop necessary icing diagnostic instrumentation, expand the capabilities of the Propulsion Systems Laboratory, and generate a dataset that will be used to develop and validate in-house icing prediction and risk mitigation computational tools. The ice accretion on the outer shroud region was acquired by internal video cameras. The heavily instrumented engine showed good repeatability of icing responses when compared to the key LF01 test points and during day-to-day operation. Other noticeable observations are presented.

Enigine Icing↗
NASA NTRS2016

Preliminary Results From a Heavily Instrumented Engine Ice Crystal Icing Test in a Ground Based Altitude Test Facility

Preliminary results from the heavily instrumented ALF502R-5 engine test conducted in the NASA Glenn Research Center Propulsion Systems Laboratory are discussed. The effects of ice crystal icing on a full scale engine is examined and documented. This same model engine, serial number LF01, was used during the inaugural icing test in the Propulsion Systems Laboratory facility. The uncommanded reduction of thrust (rollback) events experienced by this engine in flight were simulated in the facility. Limited instrumentation was used to detect icing on the LF01 engine. Metal temperatures on the exit guide vanes and outer shroud and the load measurement were the only indicators of ice formation. The current study features a similar engine, serial number LF11, which is instrumented to characterize the cloud entering the engine, detect/ characterize ice accretion, and visualize the ice accretion in the region of interest. Data were acquired at key LF01 test points and additional points that explored: icing threshold regions, low altitude, high altitude, spinner heat effects, and the influence of varying the facility and engine parameters. For each condition of interest, data were obtained from some selected variations of ice particle median volumetric diameter, total water content, fan speed, and ambient temperature. For several cases the NASA in-house engine icing risk assessment code was used to find conditions that would lead to a rollback event. This study further helped NASA develop necessary icing diagnostic instrumentation, expand the capabilities of the Propulsion Systems Laboratory, and generate a dataset that will be used to develop and validate in-house icing prediction and risk mitigation computational tools. The ice accretion on the outer shroud region was acquired by internal video cameras. The heavily instrumented engine showed good repeatability of icing responses when compared to the key LF01 test points and during day-to-day operation. Other noticeable observations are presented.

turbomachinery↗
NASA NTRS1999

Ambient Light Intensity, Actigraphy, Sleep and Respiration, Circadian Temperature and Melatonin Rhythms and Daytime Performance of Crew Members During Space Flight on STS-90 and STS-95 Missions

Sleep disruption and associated waking sleepiness and fatigue are common during space flight. A survey of 58 crew members from nine space shuttle missions revealed that most suffered from sleep disruption, and reportedly slept an average of only 6.1 hours per day of flight as compared to an average of 7.9 hours per day on the ground. Nineteen percent of crewmembers on single shift missions and 50 percent of the crewmembers in dual shift operations reported sleeping pill usage (benzodiazepines) during their missions. Benzodiazepines are effective as hypnotics, however, not without adverse side effects including carryover sedation and performance impairment, anterograde amnesia, and alterations in sleep EEG. Our preliminary ground-based data suggest that pre-sleep administration of 0.3 mg of the pineal hormone melatonin may have the acute hypnotic properties needed for treating the sleep disruption of space flight without producing the adverse side effects associated with benzodiazepines. We hypothesize that pre-sleep administration of melatonin will result in decreased sleep latency, reduced nocturnal sleep disruption, improved sleep efficiency, and enhanced next-day alertness and cognitive performance both in ground-based simulations and during the space shuttle missions. Specifically, we have carried out experiments in which: (1) ambient light intensity aboard the space shuttle is assessed during flight; (2) the impact of space flight on sleep (assessed polysomnographically and actigraphically), respiration during sleep, circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, waking neurobehavioral alertness and performance is assessed in crew members of the Neurolab and STS-95 missions; (3) the effectiveness of melatonin as a hypnotic is assessed independently of its effects on the phase of the endogenous circadian pacemaker in ground-based studies, using a powerful experimental model of the dyssomnia of space flight; (4) the effectiveness of melatonin as a hypnotic is assessed during the STS-90 (Neurolab) and STS-95 missions in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. In both flight-based experiments, the effects of melatonin on sleep stages and spectral composition of the EEG during sleep will be determined as well as its effects on daytime alertness and performance; (5) the impact of space flight on sleep and waking neurobehavioral alertness and performance in 30-45-year-old astronauts is compared with its impact in a 77-year-old astronaut. This case study is the first to assess the effects of space flight on an older individual. Because the investigators are still blind to the treatment in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, preliminary results will be presented independent of the drug condition.

Czeisler, Charles A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth in Ti-6Al-4V ELI weldments.

The effects of a hydrogen environment on the fatigue crack growth rates in Ti-6Al-4V ELI (STA) and weld material were determined in the temperature range of ambient to -200 F. The hydrogen environment resulted in an acceleration of the crack growth rate and a change in the fracture mode for both materials in the temperature range of ambient to -100 F. At -200 F, there was no significant difference between the crack growth rates obtained in helium and hydrogen gas. The degree of hydrogen-enhanced crack growth was found to be dependent on the crack tip stress-intensity range, temperature, and microstructure of the material. The data are consistent with an embrittlement mechanism involving hydrogen diffusing ahead of the crack front.

Pittinato, G. F.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Development of a preprototype hyperfiltration wash water recovery subsystem

The use of hyperfiltration as a mode of reclamation of waste water on board an extended mission spacecraft was investigated. Two basic approaches are considered with respect to hyperfiltration of wash water recovery. The initial approach involves the use of a hollow fiber permeator and a tubular module, operating at ambient temperature. In this system, relatively large doses of biocides are used to control microbial activity. Since biocides require a long contact time, and many have adverse dematological effects as well as many interact with membrane material, a second approach is considered which involves operating at pasturization temperature.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1983

Determining Solar-Cell Operating Temperature

Laboratory test measures effect of windspeed and wind directon. Series of tests shows solar-photovoltaic cell temperature extremely sensitive to windspeed, moderately sensitive to wind direction, and rather insensitive to ambient temperature.

Griffith, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Non-planar MHD model for solar flare-generated disturbances in the heliospheric equatorial plane

An analysis, with a representative (canonical) example of solar-flare-generated equatorial disturbances, is made for the temporal and spatial changes in the solar wind plasma and magnetic field environment between the sun and 1 AU. The goal is to search for first-order global consequences rather than to make a parametric study. The analysis treats all three plasma velocity and magnetic field components in any convenient heliospheric plane of symmetry. The representative disturbance is examined for the canonical case in which the temporal and spatial changes in a homogeneous solar wind caused by a solar-flare-generated shock wave are described. All plasma and field parameters at three radial locations are examined. These are the central meridian and 33 deg W and 90 deg W of the flare's central meridian. It is found that the incorporation of a small meridional magnetic field in the ambient magnetic spiral field has negligible effect on the results. The magnetic field exhibits strong kinking within the interplanetary shocked flow, even reversed polarity that, coupled with low temperature and low density, suggests a plausible explanation for magnetic clouds' with accompanying double-streaming of electrons observed at directions approximately 90 deg to the heliocentric radius.

Wu, S. T.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The origin of temporal variance in long-lived trace constituents in the summer stratosphere

Temporal variances in the concentrations of N2O, CF2Cl2, CFCl3 and CH4 in the summer stratosphere at a midlatitude location have been measured by Ehhalt and others. A simple dynamical model is used to argue that these variances are created by irreversible mixing associated with the springtime final stratospheric warming. Tracer perturbations generated during the warming are advected passively in the zonal mean easterlies so that the tracer variance is effectively frozen into the summertime stratosphere. Temperature perturbations, on the other hand, are subject to radiative dissipation; the temperature variance created during the final warming relaxes quickly to an ambient value.

Hess, P. G.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Effect of electric discharge machining on the fatigue life of Inconel 718

The effect of electric discharge machining on the fatigue life of Inconel 718 alloy at room temperature was investigated. Data were generated in the uniaxial tension fatigue mode at ambient temperature using flat 3.175 mm thick specimens. The specimens were machined on a wire-cut electric discharge machine at cutting speeds ranging from 0.5 to 2 mm per minute. The specimens were fatigued at a selected stress, and the resulting fatigue lives compared with that of the virgin material. The surfaces of the fatigued specimens were examined under optical and scanning electron microscopes, and the roughness of the surfaces was measured using a standard profilometer. From the results of the investigation, it was concluded that the fatigue life of the specimens machined using EDM decreased slightly as compared with that of the virgin material, but remained unchanged as the cutting speed was changed. The results are explained using data produced employing microhardness measurements, profilometry, and optical and scanning microscopy.

Jeelani, S.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Low Temperature Reflectance Spectra of Titan Tholins

Compositional interpretation of remotely obtained reflectance spectra of outer solar system surfaces is achieved by a variety of methods. These include matching spectral curves, matching spectral features, quantitative spectral interpretation, and theoretical modeling of spectra. All of these approaches rely upon laboratory measurements of one kind or another. The bulk of these laboratory measurements are obtained with the sample of interest at ambient temperatures and pressures. However, surface temperatures of planets, satellites, and asteroids in the outer solar system are significantly cooler than ambient laboratory conditions on Earth. The infrared spectra of many materials change as a function of temperature. As has been recently demonstrated it is important to assess what effects colder temperatures have on spectral properties and hence, compositional interpretations. Titan tholin is a solid residue created by energetic processing of H-, C-, and N-bearing gases. Such residues can also be created by energetic processing if the gases are condensed into ices. Titan tholin has been suggested as a coloring agent for several surfaces in the outer solar system. Here we report laboratory measurements of Titan tholin at a temperature of 100 K and compare these to measurements of the same sample near room temperature. At low temperature the absorption features beyond 1 micrometer narrow slightly. At wavelengths greater than approx. 0.8 micrometer the overall reflectance of the sample decreases slightly making the sample less red at low temperatures. We will discuss the implications of the laboratory measurements for interpretation of cold outer solar system surfaces.

Roush, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Gravitational Effects on Combustion Synthesis of Advanced Porous Materials

Combustion Synthesis (self-Propagating high-temperature synthesis-(SHS)) of porous Ti-TiB(x), composite materials has been studied with respect to the sensitivity to the SHS reaction parameters of stoichiometry, green density, gasifying agents, ambient pressure, diluents and gravity. The main objective of this research program is to engineer the required porosity and mechanical properties into the composite materials to meet the requirements of a consumer, such as for the application of bone replacement materials. Gravity serves to restrict the gas expansion and the liquid movement during SHS reaction. As a result, gravitational forces affect the microstructure and properties of the SHS products. Reacting these SHS systems in low gravity in the KC-135 aircraft has extended the ability to form porous products. This paper will emphasize the effects of gravity (low g, 1g and 2g) on the SHS reaction process, and the microstructure and properties of the porous composite. Some of biomedical results are also discussed.

Zhang, X.↗