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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Enhancing Oxygen Stability in Low-Cobalt Layered Oxide Cathode Materials by Three-Dimensional Targeted Doping

In this project, we propose to develop a new concept and a generic platform that can lead to the greatly enhanced stabilization of all high-energy cathode materials, and in particular high-nickel (Ni) and low-cobalt (Co) oxides. The new concept is a 3D doping technology that hierarchically combines surface and bulk doping. We will use surface doping to stabilize the surface of primary particles and also introduce dopants in the bulk to further enhance oxygen stability, conductivity, and structural stability in low-Co oxides under high voltage and deep discharging operating conditions. This new concept not only will deliver a low-cost, high-energy cathode but also will provide a generic method that can stabilize all high-energy cathodes. The proposed novel 3D doping approach is poised to resolve some longstanding challenges in fundamental doping effects on battery materials as well as to reduce Li-ion batteries’ cost and improve their safety, energy density, and lifetime. To tackle this problem, we have formed a highly complementary multi-university/national labs/industry team to enable a doping-central and systematic investigation of low-Co materials and create a knowledge base for many electrode materials to be used in advanced electric vehicles. The successful execution of the proposed project relies on five components that can be carried out by the complementary team members: (1) a theoretical investigation of the surface and bulk stabilizing dopants (Persson), (2) a precise synthesis of materials with targeted doping (Lin and Xin), (3) development of electrolytes for high-Ni low-Co oxides (Xu), (4) multi-scale characterization of the structures and their interfaces by scanning transmission electron microscopy (SEM) and synchrotron X-ray imaging and spectroscopy tools (Xin and Lin), and (5) pouch cell-level integration (Fan). The UCI-led project will enable a doping-central and systematic investigation of low-Co materials and create a knowledge base for many electrode materials to be used in advanced electric vehicles.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

In-Home Mobility Frequency and Stability in Older Adults Living Alone With or Without MCI: Introduction of New Metrics

Background: Older adults spend a considerable amount of time inside their residences; however, most research investigates out-of-home mobility and its health correlates. We measured indoor mobility using room-to-room transitions, tested their psychometric properties, and correlated indoor mobility with cognitive and functional status. Materials and Methods: Community-dwelling older adults living alone ( n = 139; age = 78.1 ± 8.6 years) from the Oregon Center for Aging & Technology (ORCATECH) and Minority Aging Research Study (MARS) were included in the study. Two indoor mobility features were developed using non-parametric parameters (frequency; stability): Indoor mobility frequency (room-to-room transitions/day) was detected using passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors fixed on the walls in four geographic locations (bathroom; bedroom; kitchen; living room) and using door contact sensors attached to the egress door in the entrance. Indoor mobility stability was estimated by variances of number of room-to-room transitions over a week. Test-retest reliability (Intra-class coefficient, ICC) and the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) defined as the standard error of measurement (SEM) were generated. Generalized estimating equations models related mobility features with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and functional status (gait speed). Results: An average of 206 days (±127) of sensor data were analyzed per individual. Indoor mobility frequency and stability showed good to excellent test-retest reliability (ICCs = 0.91[0.88–0.94]; 0.59[0.48–0.70]). The MCIDs of mobility frequency and mobility stability were 18 and 0.09, respectively. On average, a higher indoor mobility frequency was associated with faster gait speed (β = 0.53, p = 0.04), suggesting an increase of 5.3 room-to-room transitions per day was associated with an increase of 10 cm/s gait speed. A decrease in mobility stability was associated with MCI (β = −0.04, p = 0.03). Discussion: Mobility frequency and stability in the home are clinically meaningful and reliable features. Pervasive-sensing systems deployed in homes can objectively reveal cognitive and functional status in older adults who live alone.

Wu, Chao-Yi↗
NASA NTRS1972

Analytical determination of the effect of structural elasticity on landing stability of a version of the Viking Lander

A limited analytical investigation was conducted to assess the effects of structural elasticity on the landing stability of a version of the Viking Lander. Two landing conditions and two lander mass and inertia distributions were considered. The results of this investigation show that the stability-critical surface slopes were lower for an uphill landing than for a downhill landing. In addition, the heavy footpad mass with its corresponding inertia distribution resulted in lower stability-critical ground slopes than were obtained for the light footpad mass and its corresponding inertia distribution. Structural elasticity was observed to have a large effect on the downhill landing stability of the light footpad mass configuration but had a negligible effect on the stability of the other configuration examined. Because of the limited nature of this study, care must be exercised in drawing conclusions from these results relative to the overall stability characteristics of the Viking Lander.

Laurenson, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Asymptotic stability properties of linear Volterra integrodifferential equations.

The Liapunov stability properties of solution to a certain system of Volterra integrodifferential equations is studied. Various types of Liapunov stability are defined; the definitions are natural extensions of the corresponding notions for ordinary differential equations. Necessary and sufficient conditions, in general, for uniform stability and uniform asymptotic stability are obtained in the form of a theorem. Connections between the stability of the system studied and the stability properties of a related Volterra integrodifferential equation with infinite memory are examined. Sufficient conditions in order that the trivial solution to the system studied be stable, uniformly stable, asymptotically stable, or uniformly asymptotically stable are derived.

Miller, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Viscous stability theory for thermally stratified flow - Discontinuous jets and shear layers.

The method used by Drazin to investigate the stability of unbounded, viscous, homogeneous, parallel shear flow to small wavenumber disturbances is extended to study the effect of thermal stratification on the stability of unbounded jets and shear layers. By this method the stability characteristics of continuous profiles are inferred from the stability characteristics of discontinuous profiles. The characteristic value problem for discontinuous jet and shear layers is posed by the requirement that the solutions of the governing differential equation satisfy the matching conditions and boundedness conditions for layers that extend to infinity. The analysis leads to a characteristic determinant which is required to vanish for the characteristic values of the parameters: the Reynolds number, the wavenumber, and the wave speed. The stabilizing effect of the thermal stratification as parameterized by the Richardson number was found to be most stabilizing for small wavenumber (large-scale) disturbances.

Gage, K. S.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Evaluation of acoustic cavities for combustion stabilization.

The stabilizing influence of acoustic cavities (quarterwave acoustic resonators) on acoustic modes of combustion instability has been studied. The ability to analytically predict cavity damping was improved. Relatively good agreement between predicted damping and measured stability was demonstrated. Full-scale motor firings were made to evaluate the influence of several parameters on stability. Results from these firings showed that stability was changed, but not dramatically, by changes in the engine operating conditions. Variations in the film-coolant flowrate do not significantly affect cavity stabilization. The ability to stabilize an engine with unconventional cavity configurations was demonstrated.

Oberg, C. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Liapunov stability analysis of spinning flexible spacecraft.

The attitude stability of a class of spinning flexible spacecraft in a force-free environment is analyzed. The spacecraft is modeled as a rigid core having attached to it a flexible appendage idealized as a collection of elastically interconnected particles. Liapunov stability theorems are employed with the Hamiltonian of the system, constrained through the angular momentum integral so as to admit complete damping, used as a testing function. The Hamiltonian is written in terms of modal coordinates as interpreted by the hybrid coordinate formulation, thus allowing truncation to a level amenable to literal stability analysis. Testing functions are constructed for a spacecraft with an arbitrary (discretized) appendage, and closed form stability criteria are generated for the first mode of a restricted appendage model lying in a plane which contains the center of mass and is orthogonal to the spin axis. The criteria are (except for idealized cases on the stability boundary line in the parameter space) both necessary and sufficient for stability for any spacecraft characterized by the planar appendage model, such as a spacecraft containing solar panels and/or radial booms.

Barbera, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Passive stabilization of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF)

The results of a study on the application of the magnetically anchored rate damper to gravity gradient stabilization of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) are presented. The analyses and simulations required to investigate the use of an existing viscous magnetic rate damper for rate stabilizing the LDEF spacecraft were performed. The following tasks were included: linear performance estimates, capture and damper requirements, and performance prediction. Each of these tasks was performed for two gravity gradient stabilization configurations; an axisymmetric configuration for two-axis (pitch and roll) stability; and a non-axisymmetric configuration for three-axis stability. The results are presented by stabilization configuration.

Das, A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Stability and transient motion of a plain journal mounted in flexible damped supports

Results are presented for an extensive study of the influence of damped flexible supports on the stability-threshold speed of a symmetric rotor mounted in nonlinear fluid-film bearings. A stability analysis is conducted by applying the Routh criteria and calculating the damped eigenvalues of the system. Stability maps are given in dimensionless form for a range of support stiffness, damping, and mass ratios. The effect of rotor imbalance on the stability of rotor systems is examined, and it is shown that time transient orbits of shaft and support motions clearly indicate their dynamic behavior for both stable and unstable operating speeds. Simple design criteria are proposed for choosing the support stiffness and damping on the basis of rotor weight and journal clearance to promote optimum stability. It is concluded that the use of a flexible damped support system may increase the stability threshold of a plain journal bearing and that damper supports should promote smoother and quieter machine operation by suppressing oil whirl and attenuating unbalanced rotational forces.

Kirk, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Decentralization, stabilization, and estimation of large-scale linear systems

In this short paper we consider three closely related aspects of large-scale systems: decentralization, stabilization, and estimation. A method is proposed to decompose a large linear system into a number of interconnected subsystems with decentralized (scalar) inputs or outputs. The procedure is preliminary to the hierarchic stabilization and estimation of linear systems and is performed on the subsystem level. A multilevel control scheme based upon the decomposition-aggregation method is developed for stabilization of input-decentralized linear systems Local linear feedback controllers are used to stabilize each decoupled subsystem, while global linear feedback controllers are utilized to minimize the coupling effect among the subsystems. Systems stabilized by the method have a tolerance to a wide class of nonlinearities in subsystem coupling and high reliability with respect to structural perturbations. The proposed output-decentralization and stabilization schemes can be used directly to construct asymptotic state estimators for large linear systems on the subsystem level. The problem of dimensionality is resolved by constructing a number of low-order estimators, thus avoiding a design of a single estimator for the overall system.

Siljak, D. D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Investigation of aeroelastic stability phenomena of a helicopter by in-flight shake test

The analytical capability of the helicopter stability program is discussed. The parameters which are found to be critical to the air resonance characteristics of the soft in-plane hingeless rotor systems are detailed. A summary of two model test programs, a 1/13.8 Froude-scaled BO-105 model and a 1.67 meter (5.5 foot) diameter Froude-scaled YUH-61A model, are presented with emphasis on the selection of the final parameters which were incorporated in the full scale YUH-61A helicopter. Model test data for this configuration are shown. The actual test results of the YUH-61A air resonance in-flight shake test stability are presented. Included are a concise description of the test setup, which employs the Grumman Automated Telemetry System (ATS), the test technique for recording in-flight stability, and the test procedure used to demonstrate favorable stability characteristics with no in-plane damping augmentation (lag damper removed). The data illustrating the stability trend of air resonance with forward speed and the stability trend of ground resonance for percent airborne are presented.

Miao, W. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

On stability theory

It is found that under mild assumptions, feedback system stability can be concluded if one can 'topologically separate' the infinite-dimensional function space containing the system's dynamical input-output relations into two regions, one region containing the dynamical input-output relation of the 'feedforward' element of the system and the other region containing the dynamical output-input relation of the 'feedback' element. Nonlinear system stability criteria of both the input-output type and the state-space (Liapunov) type are interpreted in this context. The abstract generality and conceptual simplicity afforded by the topological separation perspective clarifies some of the basic issues underlying stability theory and serves to suggest improvements in existing stability criteria. A generalization of Zames' (1966) conic-relation stability criterion is proved, laying the foundation for improved multivariable generalizations of the frequency-domain circle stability criterion for nonlinear systems.

Safonov, M. G.↗
NASA NTRS1981

A multiloop generalization of the circle criterion for stability margin analysis

In order to provide a theoretical tool well suited for use in characterizing the stability margins (e.g., gain and phase margins) of multiloop feedback systems, multiloop input-output stability results generalizing the circle stability criterion are considered. Generalized conic sectors with 'centers' and 'radii' determined by linear dynamical operators are employed to enable an engineer to specify the stability margins which he desires as a frequency-dependent convex set of modeling errors (including nonlinearities, gain variations, and phase variations) which the system must be able to tolerate in each feedback loop without instability. The resulting stability criterion gives sufficient conditions for closed-loop stability in the presence of such frequency-dependent modeling errors, even when the modeling errors occur simultaneously in all loops.

Safonov, M. G.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Formulation and solution of rotary-wing aeroelastic stability and response problems

The state of the art in the formulation and solution of rotary-wing aeroelastic stability and response problems is reviewed in detail. The approximations used in the structural, inertia and aerodynamic operators are discussed. The important role of geometric nonlinearities, due to moderate deflections, and aerodynamic stall in the aeroelastic stability and response problem are identified. It is also shown that geometric nonlinearities are of primary importance in aeroelastic stability calculations, and have a more limited, though important, role in response calculations. Next, formulation of coupled rotor/fuselage problems is described, for both air and ground resonance type problems. Both topics, the isolated blade problem and the coupled rotor/fuselage problem, are treated for both hover and forward flight. Solution of aeroelastic stability and response problems proceeds in two stages. First, the spatial dependence is eliminated by using Galerkin's method, or by using the finite element method. Next the nonlinear, or linear, ordinary differential equation with periodic coefficients have to be solved for stability or response. Efficient numerical methods for accomplishing these objectives are presented in a comprehensive manner. The paper contains a number of illustrative numerical results which are intended to clarify various aspects of the modeling process and serve as representative results for both aeroelastic stability and response calculations for a variety of blade and rotor configurations.

Friedmann, P. P.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The stability of coronal loops - Finite-length and pressure-profile limits

Results are described from a quickly converging, necessary-and-sufficient, MHD-stability test for coronal-loop models. The primary stabilizing influence arises from magnetic line tying at the photosphere, and this end conditions requires a series expansion of possible loop excitations. The stability boundary is shown to quickly approach a limit as the number of terms increases, providing a critical length for the loop in proportion to its transverse magnetic scale. Several models of force-free-field profiles are tested and the stability behavior of a localized current channel, embedded in an external current-free region, is shown to be superior to that of other, broader, current profiles. Pressure-gradient effects, leading to increased or decreased stability, are shown to be amplified by line tying. Long loops must either conduct low net current, or exhibit an axial-field reversal coexisting with a low-pressure core. The limits on stability depend on the magnetic aspect ratio, the plasma-to-magnetic pressure ratio, and the field orientation at the loop edge. Applications of these results to the structure of coronal loops are described.

Einaudi, G.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The superconducting cavity stability ruby maser oscillator

Analysis of an application of the rudy maser to a superconducting Cavity Stabilized oscillator shows many attractive features. These derive from the mechancial stability inherent in an all-cryogenic design and from the properties of the ruby maser itself. A multiple-cavity design has been developed to allow physical separation of the high-Q superconducting cavity and the ruby element with its requried applied magnetic field. Mode selection is accomplished in this design by tuning the ruby by means of the applied field. We conclude that such an oscillator would perform well, even with cavity Q's as low as 10 to the 8th power allowing the use of a superconductor-on-sapphire resonator with its greater rigidity and lower thermal expansion. A first test of the Superconducting Cavity Stabilized Maser Oscillator (SCSMO) confirms the efficacy of the multiple-cavity design and the applicability of the ruby maser. Frequency variation less than 4x10 to the minus 11th power was measured in the stabilized mode and is attributed to the reference oscillator and to instabilities in the pump source. Variation of 10 to the minus 10th power was observed in the low-Q unstabilized mode, again attributable to pump fluctuations. Even so, direct scaling to a Q of 10 the 9th power predicts a stability better than 10 to the minus 15th power. Together with results showing the lowest losses to date in sapphire at microwave frequencies, and preliminary experiments on superconductor-on-sapphire resonators, frequency stability, levels as low as 10 to the minus 17th power are indicated.

Dick, G. J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Incompressible boundary-layer stability analysis of LFC experimental data for sub-critical Mach numbers

An incompressible boundary-layer stability analysis of Laminar Flow Control (LFC) experimental data was completed and the results are presented. This analysis was undertaken for three reasons: to study laminar boundary-layer stability on a modern swept LFC airfoil; to calculate incompressible design limits of linear stability theory as applied to a modern airfoil at high subsonic speeds; and to verify the use of linear stability theory as a design tool. The experimental data were taken from the slotted LFC experiment recently completed in the NASA Langley 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel. Linear stability theory was applied and the results were compared with transition data to arrive at correlated n-factors. Results of the analysis showed that for the configuration and cases studied, Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) amplification was the dominating disturbance influencing transition. For these cases, incompressible linear stability theory correlated with an n-factor for TS waves of approximately 10 at transition. The n-factor method correlated rather consistently to this value despite a number of non-ideal conditions which indicates the method is useful as a design tool for advanced laminar flow airfoils.

Berry, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Why have hydrostatic bearings been avoided as a stabilizing element for rotating machines

The advantages are discussed of hydrostatic, high pressure bearings as providers of higher margin of stability to the rotor/bearing systems. It is apparent that deliberate use of hydrostatic bearing high pressure lubricated (any gas or liquid) can easily be used to build higher stability margin into rotating machinery, in spite of the thirty years bias against high pressure lubrication. Since this supply pressure is controllable (the Direct Dynamic Stiffness at lower eccentricity is also controllable) so that within some rotor system limits, the stability margin and dynamic response of the rotor system is more readily controllable. It may be possible to take advantage of this effect in the various seals, as well as the bearings, to assist with stability margin and dynamic response of rotating machinery. The stability of the bearing can be additionally improved by taking advantage of the anti-swirling concept. The high pressure fluid supply inlets should be located tangentially at the bearing circumference and directed against rotation. The incoming fluid flow creates stability by reducing the swirling rate.

Bently, D. E.↗