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At least 397 records · Page 22

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2024

Primer: Physical Factors of Agricultural Production & Climate Change

This white paper is a primer on physical factors that influence agricultural production and associated touchpoints to climate change. Agricultural production (which includes both crop and livestock production) is critical for food security and supports other economic products, such as textiles and generation of fuels for energy. Various physical factors influence agricultural production, including the crop types being cultivated and livestock being raised; land area and quality; water access and control; fertilizers, pesticides, and antibiotics; labor; and infrastructure associated with processing, storage, and transportation. These factors are impacted by climate change in both chronic and acute ways, from changing temperatures and precipitation patterns to increased prevalence of extreme events and diseases. We draw on examples from around the world to show the complex ways that agricultural production factors and climate interact with local capacities to influence regions around the world.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1982

Evaluation of shear mounted elastomeric damper

Viton-70 elastomeric shear mounted damper was built and tested on a T-55 power turbine spool in the rotor's high speed balancing rig. This application of a shear mounted elastomeric damper demonstrated for the first time, the feasibility of using elastomers as the primary rotor damping source in production turbine engine hardware. The shear damper design was selected because it was compatible with actual gas turbine engine radial space constraints, could accommodate both the radial and axial thrust loads present in gas turbine engines, and was capable of controlled axial preload. The shear damper was interchangeable with the production T-55 power turbine roller bearing support so that a direct comparison between the shear damper and the production support structure could be made. Test results show that the Viton-70 elastomer damper operated successfully and provided excellent control of both synchronous and nonsynchronous vibrations through all phases of testing up to the maximum rotor speed of 16,000 rpm. Excellent correlation between the predicted and experienced critical speeds, mode shapes and log decrements for the power turbine rotor and elastomer damper assembly was also achieved.

Zorzi, E.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Hierarchical Data Format for Earth Observing System Data Product Developer's Guide

The "Hierarchical Data Format for Earth Observing System" talk will address the best practices for creating ESDIS data products. The work presented is done in support of Data Product Developers Guide Working Group with mission "to help data product developers make data usable for end users". During the presentation, we will use some examples of NASA data products and show how to modify them to make data more usable.

Data usability↗

NASA NTRS2021

Daily Precipitation Frequency Distributions Impacts on Land-Surface Simulations of CONUS

Many precipitation-driven data products from land data assimilation systems support assessments of droughts, floods, and other societally-relevant land-surface processes.The accumulated precipitation used as input to these products has a significant impacton water budgets; however, the effects of daily distribution of precipitation on theseproducts are not well known. A comparison of the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievalsfor GPM (IMERG) and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stationsversion 2 (CHIRPS2) rainfall products over the continentalUnited States (CONUS) wasperformed to quantify the impacts of the daily distributionof precipitation on biases anderrors in soil moisture, runoff, and evapotranspiration (ET). Since the total accumulatedprecipitation between the IMERG and CHIRPS product differed, a third precipitationproduct, CHIRPS-to-IMERG (CHtoIM), was produced that usedCHIRPS2 accumulatedprecipitation totals and the daily precipitation frequency distribution of IMERG. Thisnew product supported a controlled analysis of the impact ofprecipitation frequencydistribution on simulated hydrological fields. The CHtoIM had higher occurrences ofprecipitation in the 0–5 mm day−1range, with a lower occurrence of dry days, whichdecreased soil moisture and surface runoff in the land-surface model. The surface soillayer had a tendency to reach saturation more often in the CHIRPS2 simulations, wherethe number of moderate to heavy precipitation days (>5mm day−1) was increased. Usingthe blended CHtoIM product as input reduced errors in surface soil moisture by 5–15%when compared to Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) data.Similarly, ET errors werealso slightly decreased (∼2%) when compared to SSEBop data. Moderate changes indaily precipitation distributions had a quantifiable impact on soil moisture, runoff, andET. These changes usually improved the model when compared to other modeled andobservational datasets, but the magnitude of the improvements varied by region andtime of year.

Daniel P Sarmiento↗

NASA NTRS1997

Global Geographic Database in Support of EOS MISR Data Processing

This paper will describe the production of the Ancillary Geographic Product (AGP) in support of the Earth Observing System (EOS) Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument data processing. The AGP is essentially a global database of geographic properties, tailored to the needs of the MISR mission.

ancillary geographic product earth observing syste↗

DOE OSTI2020

Transition Metal Nitrides as Promising Catalyst Supports for Tuning CO/H 2 Syngas Production from Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) to produce synthesis gas (syngas) with tunable CO/H 2 ratios has been studied by supporting Pd catalysts on transition metal nitride (TMN) substrates. Combining experimental measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, Pd-modified niobium nitride (Pd/NbN) is found to generate much higher CO and H 2 partial current densities and greater CO Faradaic efficiency than Pd-modified vanadium nitride (Pd/VN) and commercial Pd/C catalysts. In-situ X-ray diffraction identifies the formation of PdH in Pd/NbN and Pd/C under CO 2 RR conditions, whereas the Pd in Pd/VN is not fully transformed into the active PdH phase. DFT calculations show that the stabilized *HOCO and weakened *CO intermediates on PdH/NbN are critical to achieving higher CO 2 RR activity. This work suggests that NbN is a promising substrate to modify Pd, resulting in an enhanced electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to syngas with a potential reduction in precious metal loading.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CO2-Based Manufacturing System for Recombinant Protein Production

Space biomanufacturing is a potential In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) strategy to provide critical consumables and products while minimizing the launched mass for long-duration, deep space missions. On Earth, the primary biological conversion of CO 2 to biomass is through photosynthesis, and sugars from photosynthetic organisms are used as feedstocks for microbial biomanufacturing. The efficiency of non-biological reduction of CO 2 to organic molecules, such as acetate or ethanol, has greatly increased in recent years. We are designing a biomanufacturing system to rely on electrochemical CO 2 conversion products for carbon substrates to support microbial growth and production of recombinant proteins. The preliminary design includes a gas-permeable membrane bioreactor with dry salts that are rehydrated and mixed with the carbon source to support growth of bacteria or yeast. The system architecture has a partially automated bioprocessing system to concentrate biomass and purify recombinant protein. This system is designed to operate semi-autonomously with minimal crew intervention. The specific use-case scenario is to produce a thermal stable carbonic anhydrase to increase the efficiency of a proposed liquid amine CO 2 removal subsystem of an environmental control and life-support system (ECLSS) on Mars.

Biomanufacturing↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development of a Space Compatible Biomanufacturing System

Recombinant↗

NASA NTRS2013

Trash-to-Gas: Converting Space Trash into Useful Products

NASA's Logistical Reduction and Repurposing (LRR) project is a collaborative effort in which NASA is determined to reduce total logistical mass through reduction, reuse and recycling of various wastes and components of long duration space missions and habitats. LRR is focusing on four distinct advanced areas of study: Advanced Clothing System, Logistics-to-Living, Heat Melt Compactor and Trash to Supply Gas (TtSG). The objective of TtSG is to develop technologies that convert material waste, human waste and food waste into high-value products. High-value products include life support oxygen and water, rocket fuels, raw material production feedstocks, and other energy sources. There are multiple pathways for converting waste to products involving single or multi-step processes. This paper discusses thermal oxidation methods of converting waste to methane. Different wastes, including food, food packaging, Maximum Absorbent Garments (MAGs), human waste simulants, and cotton washcloths have been evaluated in a thermal degradation reactor under conditions promoting pyrolysis, gasification or incineration. The goal was to evaluate the degradation processes at varying temperatures and ramp cycles and to maximize production of desirable products and minimize high molecular weight hydrocarbon (tar) production. Catalytic cracking was also evaluated to minimize tar production. The quantities of CO2, CO, CH4, and H2O were measured under the different thermal degradation conditions. The conversion efficiencies of these products were used to determine the best methods for producing desired products.

Caraccio, Anne J.↗

NASA NTRS2013

Trash to Gas: Converting Space Trash into Useful Products

NASA's Logistical Reduction and Repurposing (LRR) project is a collaborative effort in which NASA is determined to reduce total logistical mass through reduction, reuse and recycling of various wastes and components of long duration space missions and habitats. LRR is focusing on four distinct advanced areas of study: Advanced Clothing System, Logistics-to-Living, Heat Melt Compactor and Trash to Supply Gas (TtSG). The objective of TtSG is to develop technologies that convert material waste, human waste and food waste into high-value products. High-value products include life support oxygen and water, rocket fuels, raw material production feedstocks, and other energy sources. There are multiple pathways for converting waste to products involving single or multi-step processes. This paper discusses thermal oxidation methods of converting waste to methane. Different wastes, including food, food packaging, Maximum Absorbent Garments (MAGs), human waste simulants, and cotton washcloths have been evaluated in a thermal degradation reactor under conditions promoting pyrolysis, gasification or incineration. The goal was to evaluate the degradation processes at varying temperatures and ramp cycles and to maximize production of desirable products and minimize high molecular weight hydrocarbon (tar) production. Catalytic cracking was also evaluated to minimize tar production. The quantities of C02, CO, CH4, and H20 were measured under the different thermal degradation conditions. The conversion efficiencies of these products were used to determine the best methods for producing desired products.

Trash-to-Gas↗

NASA NTRS2011

Adding Remote Sensing Data Products to the Nutrient Management Decision Support Toolbox

Some of the primary issues that manifest from nutrient enrichment and eutrophication (Figure 1) may be observed from satellites. For example, remotely sensed estimates of chlorophyll a (chla), total suspended solids (TSS), and light attenuation (Kd) or water clarity, which are often associated with elevated nutrient inputs, are data products collected daily and globally for coastal systems from satellites such as NASA s MODIS (Figure 2). The objective of this project is to inform water quality decision making activities using remotely sensed water quality data. In particular, we seek to inform the development of numeric nutrient criteria. In this poster we demonstrate an approach for developing nutrient criteria based on remotely sensed chla.

Lehrter, John↗

NASA NTRS1990

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) for the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS)

MODIS is intended to provide daily global surveys for the oceans, the atmosphere, and land. To achieve this capability, this instrument requires at least a 1700 km swath width and provides geometric-instantaneous-fields-of-view that are either 214 m, 428 m, or 856 m in size with reference to a 705 km satellite altitude. The range of products to be supported by MODIS includes ocean chlorophyll concentration, ocean primary productivity, dissolved organic matter in the oceans, global SST, total suspended solids, land cover type, land surface temperatures, vegetation indices, and volcanic and fire events. Details of the MODIS-N and MODIS-T instrument concepts are discussed.

Thompson, Leslie L.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Enhanced Atmospheric Research at the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) (Final Report)

The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) was an international scientific expedition into the central Arctic sea ice to study the changing atmosphere-ice-ocean system and its key physical, chemical, and biological processes in a way that will support improved understanding and modeling of Arctic climate. The US Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Research Measurement (ARM) Program operated its second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) as a major contribution to the expedition, and the Atmospheric System Research (ASR) program supported this project to maximize the success of DOE’s involvement in MOSAiC. This project has enabled the successful collection of data through support of field operations plans, in-field operational implementation, oversight of real-time data quality, and representing DOE’s interests within the broader international MOSAiC endeavor. The project has promoted scientific research by facilitating and leading a number of efforts to develop value-added products that will support research, including products related to aerosol properties, trace gases, cloud properties, snowfall, the surface energy budget, and a merged product designed for model assessment. These products and related analyses have also contributed to numerous scientific publications on related themes as well as direct model evaluation. Lastly, the project has engaged in a great deal of communication and outreach activities that help to publicize and promote both MOSAiC and DOE’s specific contribution to a broad audience that includes the scientific community, program management, policy makers, and the general public.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1986

Improving Organizational Productivity in NASA

Recognizing that NASA has traditionally been in the forefront of technological change, the NASA Administrator challenged the Agency in 1982 to also become a leader in developing and applying advanced technology and management practices to increase productivity. One of the activities undertaken by the Agency to support this ambitious productivity goal was participation in a 2-year experimental action research project devoted to learning more about improving and assessing the performance of professional organizations. Participating with a dozen private sector organizations, NASA explored the usefulness of a productivity improvement process that addressed all aspects of organizational performance. This experience has given NASA valuable insight into the enhancement of professional productivity. More importantly, it has provided the Agency with a specific management approach that managers and supervisors can effectively use to emphasize and implement continuous improvement. This report documents the experiences of the five different NASA installations participating in the project, describes the improvement process that was applied and refined, and offers recommendations for expanded application of that process. Of particular interest is the conclusion that measuring white collar productivity may be possible, and at a minimum, the measurement process itself is beneficial to management. Volume I of the report provides a project overview, significant findings, and recommendations. Volume II presents individual case studies of the NASA pilot projects that were part of the action research effort.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2015

The Relative Importance of Methanogenesis in the Decomposition of Organic Matter in Northern Peatlands

Using an isotope-mass balance approach and assuming the equimolar production of CO2 and CH4 from methanogenesis (e.g., anaerobic decomposition of cellulose), we calculate that the proportion of total CO2 production from methanogenesis varies from 37 to 83% across a variety of northern peatlands. In a relative sense, methanogenesis was a more important pathway for decomposition in bogs (80 +/- 13% of CO2 production) than in fens (64 +/- 5.7% of CO2 production), but because fens contain more labile substrates they may support higher CH4 production overall. The concentration of CO2 produced from methanogenesis (CO2-meth) can be considered equivalent to CH4 concentration before loss due to ebullition, plant-mediated transport, or diffusion. Bogs produced slightly less CO2-meth than fens (2.9 +/- 1.3 and 3.7 +/- 1.4 mmol/L, respectively). Comparing the quantity of CH4 present to CO2-meth, fens lost slightly more CH4 than bogs (89 +/- 2.8% and 82 +/- 5.3%, respectively) likely due to the presence of vascular plant roots. In collapsed permafrost wetlands, bog moats produced half the amount of CO2-meth (0.8 +/- 0.2mmol/L) relative to midbogs (1.6 +/- 0.6 mmol/L) and methanogenesis was less important (42 +/- 6.6% of total CO2 production relative to 55 +/- 8.1%).We hypothesize that the lower methane production potential in collapsed permafrost wetlands occurs because recently thawed organic substrates are being first exposed to the initial phases of anaerobic decomposition following collapse and flooding. Bog moats lost a comparable amount of CH4 as midbogs (63 +/- 7.0% and 64 +/- 9.3%).

bacteria↗

NASA NTRS2019

Developing Data Assimilated 4D Global Precipitation Products from the GEOS system in Support of the GPM Mission

This presentation is to report on the progresses made for the NASA Precipitation Measurement Mission (PMM) science team research tasks that are recently funded by NASA HQ. These tasks include (1) extending the existing GEOS all-sky analysis system to assimilate radiance data from other microwave sensors in GPM constellation satellites, (2) producing improved GEOS analyses of precipitation and downscaling of satellite precipitation estimates, and (3) providing the GEOS analyses to PMM Science team as prototype of GPM Level-4 products.

Kim, Min-Jeong↗

NASA NTRS1985

Space station human productivity study. Volume 2: Executive summary and oral review presentation

Definition of design/operations requirements for support of human productivity, identification of problem areas lacking data for requirements definition, generation of management plans for conduct of studies to acquire needed data for timely space station program impact, and correlation of all issue study management plans with space station progam milestone need dates were addressed.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1986

A modern space simulation facility to accommodate high production acceptance testing

A space simulation laboratory that supports acceptance testing of spacecraft and associated subsystems at throughput rates as high as nine per year is discussed. The laboratory includes a computer operated 27' by 30' space simulation, a 20' by 20' by 20' thermal cycle chamber and an eight station thermal cycle/thermal vacuum test system. The design philosophy and unique features of each system are discussed. The development of operating procedures, test team requirements, test team integration, and other peripheral activation details are described. A discussion of special accommodations for the efficient utilization of the systems in support of high rate production is presented.

Glover, J. D.↗