Reversible Mn/Cr dual redox in cation-disordered Li-excess cathode materials for stable lithium ion batteries
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
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Results for “Lithium Battery”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Calendar life of lithium metal batteries: Accelerated aging and failure analysis
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are prime candidates for next-generation energy storage devices characterized by their remarkable energy storage capabilities. Despite the importance of understating the calendar aging impacts in LMBs, cycle life and calendar life have received inconsistent attention across various research and development stages. For acceptance into an application, especially electric vehicles, batteries are required to have sufficient calendar life to ensure performance over the life of vehicles which often experience extended periods of inactivity. In this study, an in-depth exploration into the calendar aging of LMB (Li/ Li[Ni 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 ]O 2 in pouch cell format) is conducted. Specifically, the impact of calendar aging factors, state-of-charge (SOC), temperature, pressure, and operating conditions (open-circuit voltage, OCV and constant voltage, CV) on the surface morphology and thickness change rate in lithium metal anode is investigated. Notably, the results show that storing LMB pouch cells at an OCV, 80 % SOC, 25 °C, and 10 psi external pressure leads to a <1% reduction in capacity over 18 months. The results also suggest routes which can be utilized in the future for accelerated aging without altering the primary degradation modes. The results also show an accelerated calendar aging at high temperatures (45 °C), 100 % SOC, and CV suggesting they may serve as key accelerated aging methods for future studies. During calendar aging, pressure mitigates dendrite growth and extends calendar life. In conclusion, the insights from this study reinforce the viability of LMBs as a compelling solution for addressing increased energy storage needs in real-world applications.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Safety perceptions of solid-state lithium metal batteries
Safety concerns hamper the wide application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the fields of electric vehicles and stationary energy storage. As the blame of the battery thermal runway was widely cast on the flowable, volatile, and flammable nature of liquid organic electrolytes, solid-state lithium batteries with solid and nonflammable electrolytes are highly praised for potentially better safety characteristics. Furthermore, solid-state lithium metal batteries (SS-LMBs) may become an ultimate solution for safe, high-energy density batteries. Whether SS-LMBs are safe enough to meet emerging demands remains unclear, as recent publications have presented serious safety concerns at both the material and device levels. In conclusion, this review summarizes recent investigations into SS-LMB safety, and systematic analysis and discussion are provided in this discussion of the safety concerns of SS-LMBs.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Theoretical Calculation Guided Design of Single-Atom Catalysts toward Fast Kinetic and Long-Life Li–S Batteries
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are enticing next-generation energy storage technologies due to their high theoretical energy density, environmental friendliness, and low cost. Yet, low conductivity of sulfur species, dissolution of polysulfides, poor conversion from sulfur reduction, and lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) oxidation reactions during discharge–charge processes hinder their practical applications. Herein, under the guidance of density functional theory calculations, we have successfully synthesized large-scale single atom vanadium catalysts seeded on graphene to achieve high sulfur content (80 wt % sulfur), fast kinetic (a capacity of 645 mAh g –1 at 3 C rate), and long-life Li–S batteries. Both forward (sulfur reduction) and reverse reactions (Li 2 S oxidation) are significantly improved by the single atom catalysts. This finding is confirmed by experimental results and consistent with theoretical calculations. The ability of single metal atoms to effectively trap the dissolved lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and catalytically convert the LiPSs/Li 2 S during cycling significantly improved sulfur utilization, rate capability, and cycling life. Our work demonstrates an efficient design pathway for single atom catalysts and offers solutions for the development of high energy/power density Li–S batteries.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Electrospinning of PVdF-HFP: novel composite polymer electrolytes (CPES) with enhanced ionic conductivities for lithium-sulfur batteries
The invention relates to lithium ion batteries and, more particularly, to lithium ion conducting composite polymer electrolyte separators. The separators include a nanofiber mat composed of electrospun nanofibers. The nanofibers include a polymer having one or more polar halogen groups, a lithium-containing solid or liquid electrolyte and nanoparticle filler. The polymer, electrolyte and filler are combined to form a solution that is subjected to the electro-spinning process to produce electrospun nanofibers in the form of the mat.
Kumta, Prashant N.↗
Correlating capacity fade with film resistance loss in fast charging of lithium-ion battery
Fast charging of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries makes it susceptible to lithium plating. Here, we report the correlation between capacity loss and cell impedance changes in the battery due to lithium electrodeposition. Li-ion pouch cells with nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode and graphite anode were charged at rates varying from 0.5C to 6C. The cell voltage evolution immediately after charging was monitored to identify the C-rates that result in lithium plating. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to monitor the cell impedance evolution. The impedance of battery cells at C-rates lower than 1C and no lithium plating showed minimal changes from their baseline values in the period immediately after charging. However, the impedance of battery cells undergoing lithium plating and C-rates higher than 3C showed a substantial reduction immediately after charging, with recovery back to baseline values after 30 min of relaxation. These observations suggest that lithium plating causes damage to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the anode particles during the charging period, followed by the reformation of the SEI during the relaxation period. The measured capacity loss has a linear correlation with observed impedance change. The linear relationship suggests that impedance monitoring may be used for prognostication of the state-of-health of Li-ion batteries.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Using In-Situ Laboratory and Synchrotron-Based X-ray Diffraction for Lithium-Ion Batteries Characterization: A Review on Recent Developments
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
Efficient recovery processes for the black mass from spent lithium-ion batteries
A method of recycling lithium-ion batteries is disclosed. The method includes isolating a composite electrode that comprises an electrode material adhered to a current collector with a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) binder from a spent lithium-ion battery. The method also includes contacting the composite electrode in a polyol fluid capable of releasing the PVDF binder from the current collector without substantially altering either component. The composite electrode may be a cathode or an anode. The method also includes rapidly delaminating the electrode material from the current collector to give a free electrode material and a free current collector, and recovering each of the free electrode material and the free current collector from the mixture. The free electrode material may be reused to prepare another composite electrode, as well as a lithium-ion battery comprising the same, which are also disclosed.
Belharouak, Ilias↗
The Relationship between Ionic Conductivity and Solvation Structures of Localized High-Concentration Fluorinated Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE) combines a diluent with high concentration electrolyte (HCE), offering promising properties. The ions, solvent, and diluent interact to form a complex heterogenous liquid structure, where high salt concentration clusters are embedded in diluent. Optimizing LHCE for desired electrolyte properties like high ionic conductivity, low viscosity, effective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formability, within the vast chemical and compositional design space requires deeper understanding and theoretical guidance. For this work, we investigated the structures and conductivity of LHCEs based on a fluorinated solvent with two different diluents at varying concentrations. The 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl trifluoroacetate (TFPTFA) enters the solvation cluster due to its stronger Li-ion interactions, whereas 1,1,2,2-tetrafuoroethyl 2,2,2-trifuoroethyl ether (TFETFE) enters only at extremely high diluent concentrations. The ionic conductivity increases with decreasing diluent concentrations, with a slope change during cluster percolation. Overall, TFETFE demonstrates higher effectiveness than TFPTFA, forming higher local salt concentration clusters, and resulting in higher ionic conductivity.
cluster chemistry↗
A practical phosphorus-based anode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries
State-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries cannot satisfy the increasing energy demand worldwide because of the low specific capacity of the graphite anode. Silicon and phosphorus both show much higher specific capacity; however, their practical use is significantly hindered by their large volume changes during charge/discharge. Although significant efforts have been made to improve their cycle life, the initial coulombic efficiencies of the reported Si-based and P-based anodes are still unsatisfactory (<90%). In this study, by using a scalable high-energy ball milling approach, we report a practical hierarchical micro/nanostructured P-based anode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries, which possesses a high initial coulombic efficiency of 91% and high specific capacity of ~2500 mAh g –1 together with long cycle life and fast charging capability. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction and in situ single-particle charging/discharging were used to understand its superior lithium storage performance. Moreover, proof-of-concept full-cell lithium-ion batteries using such an anode and a LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 cathode were assembled to show their practical use. The findings presented here can serve as a good guideline for the future design of high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Fire Protection Engineering Technical Report for Electric Vehicles and Lithium-Ion Batteries
This fire protection engineering technical report discusses and presents the properties, data, and safety of select lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries have increased in usage and a fire scenario analysis must be created for each situation where they may be introduced in buildings to determine the risk associated if a battery failure were to occur.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Electrospun Separator Based on Sulfonated Polyoxadiazole with Outstanding Thermal Stability and Electrochemical Properties for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Traditional polyolefin separators used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are seriously limited by the issues of inferior security and poor electrolyte wettability. Most of the very promising candidate separators based on heat-resistant polymers are, however, inherently difficult to process. Herein, a unique sulfonated aromatic heterocyclic polymer, lithiated poly(diphenyl ether oxadiazole) sulfonate (Li-SPEOD), was synthesized through a simple one-pot method and further electrospun to act as a novel separator (es-Li-SPEOD) for LIBs. In this work, the prepared Li-SPEOD possesses a high degree of sulfonation with a high molecular weight (M w = 4.31 × 10 5 ). The es-Li-SPEOD separator exhibits excellent mechanical and fire-resistance properties and is able to maintain dimensional stability at a temperature of even up to 400 °C in air. The ionic conductivity (3.57 mS cm –1 ) and lithium-ion transference number (0.37) of the es-Li-SPEOD with an electrochemical stability window of 4.5 V vs Li + /Li can be improved by 382.4 and 32.1%, respectively, compared to those of Celgard-2500 in the LiPF 6 electrolyte. The enhanced rate capability and cycle performance of the LiFePO 4 –Li half-cell are therefore obtained. Moreover, the es-Li-SPEOD displays an outstanding dendrite-suppressing effect for the lithium metal anode. This research proves that the Li-SPEOD-based separator has a broad application perspective in next-generation lithium batteries.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Scalable, low-cost synthesis of high volumetric capacity LiMn 0.5 Fe 0.5 PO 4 cathode for lithium-ion batteries
A facile, scalable, wastewater-free synthesis of high energy density LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 (LMFP) cathodes with high electrode press density is achieved by employing the spinel LiMnFeO4 (LMFO) as a precursor.
Reed, Seth↗
Terminally fluorinated glycol ether electrolyte for lithium metal batteries
Despite being an excellent candidate for lithium metal batteries due to its stability towards lithium metal, ethereal solvent suffers from relatively low anodic stability, rendering it incompatible with high voltage cathode. Although the anodic stability of ethereal solvent can be enhanced by fluorination, the lithium solvating ability of fluorinated ethers is largely reduced. As a result, common hydrofluoroethers, such as 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropylether (TTE) and bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE) are not able to dissolve any lithium salt, albeit enhanced oxidation potential. Therefore, new fluorinated glycol ethers were synthesized in this research. The diglyme analog, which was terminally fluorinated, demonstrated high anodic stability and excellent capability to facilitate lithium plating/stripping. Unlike its non-fluorinated counterpart, the fluorinated diglyme analog displayed outstanding compatibility with lithium hexafluorophosphate, which is an essential salt in lithium-ion batteries. Here it was shown that the electrolyte based on fluorinated diglyme analog with fluoroethylene carbonate as co-solvent enabled highly stable cycling of Li-metal batteries pairing with layered oxide cathode.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Impact of secondary particle size and two-layer architectures on the high-rate performance of thick electrodes in lithium-ion battery pouch cells
Increasing lithium-ion battery gravimetric energy density to > 300 Wh/kg, while simultaneously meeting a cost target of $80/kWh, is of paramount importance to increasing the driving range and affordability of electric vehicles. One way to address this goal is to reduce inactive components by increasing electrode areal capacities, but conventional thick electrode designs typically perform poorly at high discharge rates due to Li + mass transport limitations. Here we compare the rate capability and cycle life of NMC 532/graphite pouch cells made with five different thick cathode and anode designs paired together in 25 combinations. We find that using different particle sizes to structure both the cathode and anode architectures in two-layer configurations results in a 2X capacity improvement over the worst-performing combination at high discharge rates (97 vs. 46 mAh/g at 2C). These different cathode/anode designs also translate to different cycle life performance, with many cells cycled at C/2 achieving ~80% capacity retention after 1000 cycles, and cells cycled at 2C showing different degrees of capacity fade. Altogether, these results demonstrate that simple, scalable changes in electrode design can significantly improve the performance of thick electrodes for high energy density batteries.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Dynamic spatial progression of isolated lithium during battery operations
The increasing demand for next-generation energy storage systems necessitates the development of high-performance lithium batteries. Unfortunately, current Li anodes exhibit rapid capacity decay and a short cycle life, owing to the continuous generation of solid electrolyte interface and isolated Li (i-Li). The formation of i-Li during the nonuniform dissolution of Li dendrites leads to a substantial capacity loss in lithium batteries under most testing conditions. Because i-Li loses electrical connection with the current collector, it has been considered electrochemically inactive or ‘dead’ in batteries. In this work, contradicting this commonly accepted presumption, we show that i-Li is highly responsive to battery operations, owing to its dynamic polarization to the electric field in the electrolyte. Simultaneous Li deposition and dissolution occurs on two ends of the i-Li, leading to its spatial progression toward the cathode (anode) during charge (discharge). Revealed by our simulation results, the progression rate of i-Li is mainly affected by its length, orientation and the applied current density. Moreover, we successfully demonstrate the recovery of i-Li in Cu–Li cells with >100% Coulombic efficiency and realize LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC)–Li full cells with extended cycle life.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Coal-derived carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: Development, challenges, and prospects
Lithium-ion battery (LIB) development has increased rapidly, requiring low-cost anode materials with a high capacity, high-rate performance, and stable lifespan. Carbon-based anodes possess various exceptional morphologies and structures, making them promising candidates for meeting the technical demands; however, conventional synthetic carbon anode processes need expensive feedstocks that increase anode cost and limit commercialization. Coal, the most affordable and abundant carbon resource, has attracted increasing attention as the primary feedstock for producing high-value carbon anode materials. This article reviews the lithium storage mechanisms, characteristics, and productions of some high-valuable carbon anode materials for LIBs from coal and coal derivatives. The high-value carbon anode materials reviewed in this article are graphite, graphene, mesophase microbeads (MCMB), carbon fiber, and hard carbons. Furthermore, the remaining challenges and prospects of using coal-derived carbon materials to create high-performance and low-cost lithium-ion batteries are also discussed.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗