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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

STAR FORMATION RELATIONS IN THE MILKY WAY

The relations between star formation and properties of molecular clouds (MCs) are studied based on a sample of star-forming regions in the Galactic Plane. Sources were selected by having radio recombination lines to provide identification of associated MCs and dense clumps. Radio continuum emission and mid-infrared emission were used to determine star formation rates (SFRs), while {sup 13}CO and submillimeter dust continuum emission were used to obtain the masses of molecular and dense gas, respectively. We test whether total molecular gas or dense gas provides the best predictor of SFR. We also test two specific theoretical models, one relying on the molecular mass divided by the free-fall time, the other using the free-fall time divided by the crossing time. Neither is supported by the data. The data are also compared to those from nearby star-forming regions and extragalactic data. The star formation “efficiency,” defined as SFR divided by mass, spreads over a large range when the mass refers to molecular gas; the standard deviation of the log of the efficiency decreases by a factor of three when the mass of relatively dense molecular gas is used rather than the mass of all of the molecular gas.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Advanced Finite-Volume Numerics and Source Term Assumptions for Kernel and G-Equation Modelling of Propane/Air Flames

Here G-Equation models represent propagating flame fronts with an implicit two-dimensional surface representation (level-set). Level-set methods are fast, as transport source terms for the implicit surface can be solved with finite-volume operators on the finite-volume domain, without having to build the actual surface. However, they include approximations whose practical effects are not properly understood. In this study, we improved the numerics of the FRESCO CFD code’s G-Equation solver and developed a new method to simulate kernel growth using signed distance functions and the analytical sphere-mesh overlap. We analyzed their role for simulating propane/air flames, using three well-established constant-volume configurations: a one-dimensional, freely propagating laminar flame; a disc-shaped, constant-volume swirl combustor; and torch-jet flame development through an orifice from a two-chamber device. We tested the explicit (sub-cycled) vs. implicit formulation for the standard transport operators (advection, diffusion, compressibility). In addition to the accurate flame swept-volume method for chemistry and species source term, we developed a more accurate estimator for the burnt/unburnt split cell composition. Then, we developed a signed-distance-function (SDF) based method which provides a more stable reinitialization of the level-set field at every time-step. We found that simplifying assumptions common to several G-Equation implementations, for straightforward terms such as compressibility and advection, lead to large errors in predicting the propagation of even laminar flames, with deviations up to ~300% in simulated vs. formulated flame speed. Conversely, the enhanced numerics enabled through the SDF field reinitialization and improved chemistry source term improve simulation stability and smooth flame propagation even with significantly larger solver time-steps.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Large radial shift experiments in RHIC and their implications for EIC design

The Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) in the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) must operate over a broad range of design circumferences. In 2018 preliminary beam studies on the circumference adjustment capabilities of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) were performed by applying a small momentum offset to the circulating bunches without adjusting any bending magnets. The off-momentum linear optics were corrected back to on-momentum conditions. Applying a similarly small deviation to the dipole fields of a select set of bending magnets provides a large radial shift over much of the RHIC (or HSR) circumference while leaving the design trajectory unchanged in the insertion regions. Here, this paper presents the design of the different lattice configurations foreseen as the most viable options for the required HSR circumference changes, and highlights the modifications necessary for regular operations and to allow for testing these new settings in RHIC. Experimental results from 2021 and 2022 are reviewed and compared to model predictions obtained from both MAD-X and Bmad. The implications of these results for HSR design are discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Partnership for Edge Physics Simulation

A major goal of our participation in the Edge Physics Simulation project has been to contribute to the understanding of the self-organization of tokamak turbulence fluctuations resulting in the formation of a staircase structure in the ion temperature. A second important goal is to demonstrate how small scale turbulence in plasmas self-organizes with dynamically driven quasi-stationary flow shear. These goals have been accomplished through the analyses of the statistical properties of XGC1 flux driven Gyrokinetic electrostatic ion temperature gradient (ITG) turbulence simulation data in which neutrals are included. The ITG turbulence data, and in particular fluctuation data, were obtained from a massively parallel flux-driven gyrokinetic full-f particle-in-cell simulation of a DIII-D like equilibrium. Below some the findings are summarized. It was observed that the emergence of staircase structure is related to the variations in the normalized temperature gradient length (R/LT) and the poloidal flow shear. Average turbulence intensity is found to be large in the vicinity of minima in R/LTi, where ITG growth is expected to be lower. The distributions of the occurrences of potential fluctuation are found to be Gaussian away from the staircase-step locations, but they are found to be non-Gaussian in the vicinity of staircase-step locations. The results of analytically derived expressions for the distribution of the occurrences of turbulence intensity and intensity flux were compared with the corresponding quantities computed using XGC1 simulation data and good agreement is found. The derived expressions predicts inward and outward propagation of turbulence intensity flux in an intermittent fashion. The outward propagation of turbulence intensity flux occurs at staircase-step locations and is related to the change in poloidal flow velocity shear and to the change in the ion temperature gradient. The standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis for turbulence quantities were computed and found to be large in the vicinity of the staircase-step structures. Large values of skewness and kurtosis can be explained by a temporary opening and closing of the structure which allows turbulence intensity events to propagate. The staircase patterns may reduce the ion heat transport and a manipulation of these patterns may be used to optimize heat transport in tokamaks. An additional objective of the research in support of the Edge Physics Simulation initiative has been to improve the understanding of scrape-off layer thermal transport. In planning experiments and designing future tokamaks, it is important to understand the physical effects that contribute to divertor heat-load fluxes. The research accomplished will contribute to developing new models for the scrape-off layer region. The XGC0 code was used to compute the heat fluxes and the heat-load width in the outer divertor plates of C-Mod and DIII-D tokamaks. It was observed that the width of the XGC0 neoclassical heat-load was approximately inversely proportional to the total plasma current. Anomalous transport in the H-mode pedestal region of five Alcator C-Mod discharges, representing a collisionality scan, was analyzed. The understanding of anomalous transport in the pedestal region is important for the development of a comprehensive model for the H-mode pedestal slope. It was found that the electron thermal anomalous diffusivities at the pedestal top increase with the electron collisionality. This dependence can point to the DRIBM as the modes that drive the anomalous transport in the plasma edge of highly collisional discharges. The effects of plasma shaping on the H-mode pedestal structure was also investigated. The differences in the predicted H-mode pedestal width and height for the DIII-D discharges with different elongation and triangularities were discussed. For the discharges with higher elongation, it was found that the gradients of the plasma profiles in the H-mode pedestal reach semi-steady states. In these simulations, the pedestal slowly continued to evolve to higher pedestal pressures and bootstrap currents until the peeling ballooning stability conditions were satisfied. The discharges with lower elongation do not reach the semi-steady state, and ELM crashes were triggered at earlier times. The plasma elongation was found to have a stronger stabilizing effect than the plasma triangularity. For the discharges with lower elongation and lower triangularity, the ELM frequency was large, and the H-mode pedestal evolves rapidly. It was found that the temperature of neutrals in the scrape-off-layer region can affect the dynamics of the H-mode pedestal buildup. However, the final pedestal profiles were nearly independent of the neutral temperature. The elongation and triangularity affected the pedestal widths of plasma density and electron temperature profiles differently. This study illustrated a new mechanism for controlling the pedestal bootstrap current and the pedestal stability.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Loads as a Resource: Frequency Responsive Demand

Frequency control plays an important role in preserving the power balance of a multi-machine power system. Generators modify their power output when a non-zero frequency deviation is presented in order to restore power balance across the network. However, with plans for large-scale penetration of renewable energy resources, performing primary frequency control using only supply-side resources becomes not only prohibitively expensive, but also technically difficult. Frequency control from the demand side or load control presents a novel and viable way for providing the desired frequency response. Loads can measure frequency locally and change their power consumption after a non-zero frequency deviation is presented in order to achieve power balance between generation and consumption. The specific objectives of this project are to: •Provide a framework to facilitate large-scale deployment of frequency responsive end-use devices •Systematically design decentralized frequency-based load control strategies for enhanced stability performance •Ensure applicability over wide range of operating conditions while accounting for unpredictable end-use behavior and physical device constraints •Test and validate control strategy using large-scale simulations and field demonstrations •Create a level-playing field for smart grid assets with conventional generators

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Search for $t\overline{t}$ resonances in fully hadronic final states in $pp$ collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a search for new heavy particles decaying into a pair of top quarks using 139 fb -1 of proton-proton collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The search is performed using events consistent with pair production of high-transverse-momentum top quarks and their subsequent decays into the fully hadronic final states. The analysis is optimized for resonances decaying into a $t\overline{t}$ pair with mass above 1.4 TeV, exploiting a dedicated multivariate technique with jet substructure to identify hadronically decaying top quarks using large-radius jets and evaluating the background expectation from data. No significant deviation from the background prediction is observed. Limits are set on the production cross-section times branching fraction for the new Z' boson in a topcolor-assisted-technicolor model. The Z' boson masses below 3.9 and 4.7 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for the decay widths of 1% and 3%, respectively.

Heavy quark production↗
DOE OSTI2018

Local gravity theories in conformal superspace

The conformal method for the initial value formulation of GR is one of the most powerful and widely usedtools in both analytical studies and numerical simulations of solutions. As is well-known, it exploits a hidden spatial conformal symmetry that can be extracted from the equations. But why conformal symmetry? Motivated by these questions and by well-known obstacles to quantum gravity, I look for the most general geometrodynamical symmetries compatible with a reduced physical configuration space for metric gravity. I argue that they are indeed spatial conformal diffeomorphisms. The next question is: what sort of theories most naturally incorporate this symmetry? Demanding locality for an action for metric gravity compatible with these principles determines the allowed operators, both for the purely gravitational part as well as matter couplings. The symmetries guarantee that there are two gravitational propagating physical degrees of freedom, but no explicit refoliation-invariance. The simplest such system has a geometric interpretation as a geodesic model in infinite-dimensional conformal superspace. One example of solution to the equations of motion corresponds to a static Bianchi IX spatial ansatz. The unique coupling to electromagnetism forces the electromagnetic equations to be hyperbolic, enabling us to “build” a standard space–time causal structure. There are, however, deviations from the standard Maxwell equations when space–time anisotropies become too large. Regarding quantization, with the geometric interpretation and the lack of refoliation invariance, the path integral treatment of the symmetries becomes much less involved than the similar approaches to GR. The symmetries form an (infinite-dimensional) Lie algebra, and no BFV treatment is necessary. Moreover, one can use gauge-invariant variational principles for selecting the boundary conditions of the path integral. We find that the propagator around the homogeneous solution has up to 6th order spatial derivatives, giving it plausible regularization properties as in Horava–Lifschitz.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Certification and prediction of post-disturbance states in dynamic security assessment

Dynamic security assessment usually involves the simulation of system dynamics under large disturbances. The instant large disturbance occurs, the post-disturbance state of the system could deviate significantly from the pre-disturbance one. It is desirable and necessary to develop an efficient method to certify the existence of state and predict the approximate post-disturbance state because: (1) faster warning can be made in online assessment; and (2) the dynamic simulator can be given better initial values to calculate precise solutions, which prevents convergence failure brought on by poor initial values. We propose a novel approach for efficiently certifying and predicting the post-disturbance states in dynamic security assessment. Based on the fixed-point power flow mapping approach applied to salient pole generator models, the criterion for determining the existence and uniqueness of the post-disturbance solution is derived, and the bounds of post-disturbance solution can be rigorously characterized.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Modeling of inertial deposition in scaled models of rat and human nasal airways: Towards in vitro regional dosimetry in small animals

Rodents are routinely used in inhalation toxicology tests as human surrogates. However, in vitro dosimetry tests in rodent casts are still scarce due to small rodent airways and in vitro tests to quantify sub-regional dosimetry are still impractical. We hypothesized that for inertial particles whose deposition is dominated by airflow convection (Reynolds number) and particle inertia (Stokes number), the deposition should be similar among airway replicas of different scales if their Reynolds and Stokes numbers are kept the same. In this study, we aimed to (1) numerically test the hypothesis in three airway geometries: a USP induction port, a human nose model, and a Sprague-Dawley rat nose model, and (2) find the range of applicability of this hypothesis. Five variants of the USP and human nose models and three variants of the rat nose model were tested. Inhalation rates and particle sizes were scaled to match the Reynolds number and Stokes numbers. A low-Reynolds-number k–ω model was used to resolve the airflow and a Lagrangian tracking algorithm was used to simulate the particle transport and deposition. Statistical analysis of predicted doses was conducted using ANOVA. For normal inhalation rates and particle dia- meters ranging from 0.5 to 24 mm, the deposition differences between the life-size and scaled models are insignificant for all airway geometries considered (i.e., human nose, USP, and rat nose). Furthermore, the deposition patterns and exit particle profiles also look similar among scaled models. However, deposition rates and patterns start to deviate if inhalation rates are too low, or particle sizes are too large. For the rat nose, the threshold velocity was found to be 0.71 m/s and the threshold Froude number to be 50. Results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for sub-regional in vitro dosimetry tests in small animals and for interpretation of data from inter-species or intra-species with varying body sizes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

On the evolution of the plume function and entrainment in the near-source region of lazy plumes

Plumes occur in many natural and industrial settings, such as chimney smoke, volcanic eruptions and deep water oil spills. A plume function, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$ , is used to characterize plumes and jets. The far-field behaviour of these flows has been studied in great detail while the near-field behaviour has not quite received the same attention. We examine near-field phenomena such as radial constriction, termed necking, and vortex structure formations with new high resolution direct numerical simulations. Four lazy plumes with increasing values of the source plume parameter, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{0}$ , are simulated. We study the evolution of entrainment and the plume function. The original assumptions, that Reynolds stresses dominate viscous shear stresses, do not hold for lazy plumes in the near field. Due to this, a deviation from self-similarity occurs initially and is corrected by a large entrainment coefficient caused by vortex stretching and compression. After correcting for the virtual origin, comparison between theory and simulations shows a monotonic decay of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$ towards pure plume behaviour. The entrainment coefficient asymptotes to a widely accepted constant value for plumes.

Mechanics↗
DOE OSTI2018

Quantitative SIMS Imaging of Agar-Based Microbial Communities

After several decades of widespread use for mapping elemental ions and small molecular fragments in surface science, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has emerged as a powerful analytical tool for molecular imaging in biology. Biomolecular SIMS imaging has primarily been used as a qualitative technique; although the distribution of a single analyte can be accurately determined, it is difficult to map the absolute quantity of a compound or even to compare the relative abundance of one molecular species to that of another. We describe a method for quantitative SIMS imaging of small molecules in agar-based microbial communities. The microbes are cultivated on a thin film of agar, dried under nitrogen, and imaged directly with SIMS. By use of optical microscopy, we show that the area of the agar is reduced by 26 ± 2% (standard deviation) during dehydration, but the overall biofilm morphology and analyte distribution are largely retained. We detail a quantitative imaging methodology, in which the ion intensity of each analyte is (1) normalized to an external quadratic regression curve, (2) corrected for isomeric interference, and (3) filtered for sample-specific noise and lower and upper limits of quantitation. The end result is a two-dimensional surface density image for each analyte. The sample preparation and quantitation methods are validated by quantitatively imaging four alkyl-quinolone and alkyl-quinoline N-oxide signaling molecules (including Pseudomonas quinolone signal) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa colony biofilms. Here, we show that the relative surface densities of the target biomolecules are substantially different from values inferred through direct intensity comparison and that the developed methodologies can be used to quantitatively compare as many ions as there are available standards.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Expansion of the Rich Structures and Magnetic Properties of Neptunium Selenites: Soft Ferromagnetism in Np(SeO 3 ) 2

Two new neptunium selenites with different oxidation states of the metal centers, Np IV (SeO 3 ) 2 and Np VI O 2 (SeO 3 ), have been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions at 200 °C from the reactions of NpO 2 and SeO 2 . Np(SeO 3 ) 2 crystallizes as brown prisms (space group P2 1 /n, a = 7.0089(5) Å, b = 10.5827(8) Å, c = 7.3316(5) Å, β = 106.953(1)°); whereas NpO 2 (SeO 3 ) crystals are garnet-colored with an acicular habit (space group P2 1 /m, a = 4.2501(3) Å, b = 9.2223(7) Å, c = 5.3840(4) Å, β = 90.043(2)°). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the structure of Np(SeO 3 ) 2 features a three-dimensional (3D) framework consisting of edge-sharing NpO 8 units that form chains that are linked via SeO 3 units to create a 3D framework. NpO 2 (SeO 3 ) possesses a lamellar structure in which each layer is composed of NpO 8 hexagonal bipyramids bridged via SeO 3 2– anions. Bond-valence sum calculations and UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra support the assignment of tetravalent and hexavalent states of neptunium in Np(SeO 3 ) 2 and NpO 2 (SeO 3 ), respectively. Magnetic susceptibility data for Np(SeO 3 ) 2 deviates substantially from typical Curie–Weiss behavior, which can be explained by large temperature-independent paramagnetic (TIP) effects. Finally, the Np IV selenite shows weak ferromagnetic ordering at 3.1(1) K with no detectable hysteresis, suggesting soft ferromagnetic behavior.

Chemical structure↗
DOE OSTI2025

Galaxy cluster matter profiles - I. Self-similarity, mass calibration, and observable-mass relation validation employing cluster mass posteriors

We present a study of the weak lensing inferred matter profiles ΔΣ(R) of 698 South Pole Telescope (SPT) thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect (tSZE) selected and MCMF optically confirmed galaxy clusters in the redshift range 0.25 < z < 0.94 that have associated weak gravitational lensing shear profiles from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). Rescaling these profiles to account for the mass dependent size and the redshift dependent density produces average rescaled matter profiles ΔΣ(R/R200c)/(ρcritR200c) with a lower dispersion than the unscaled ΔΣ(R) versions, indicating a significant degree of self-similarity. Galaxy clusters from hydrodynamical simulations also exhibit matter profiles that suggest a high degree of self-similarity, with RMS variation among the average rescaled matter profiles with redshift and mass falling by a factor of approximately six and 23, respectively, compared to the unscaled average matter profiles. We employed this regularity in a new Bayesian method for weak lensing mass calibration that employs the so-called cluster mass posterior P(M200|ζ̂, λ̂, z), which describes the individual cluster masses given their tSZE (ζ̂) and optical (λ̂, z) observables. This method enables simultaneous constraints on richness λ-mass and tSZE detection significance ζ-mass relations using average rescaled cluster matter profiles. We validated the method using realistic mock datasets and present observable-mass relation constraints for the SPT×DES sample, where we constrained the amplitude, mass trend, redshift trend, and intrinsic scatter. Our observable-mass relation results are in agreement with the mass calibration derived from the recent cosmological analysis of the SPT×DES data based on a cluster-by-cluster lensing calibration. Our new mass calibration technique offers a higher efficiency when compared to the single cluster calibration technique. We present new validation tests of the observable-mass relation that indicate the underlying power-law form and scatter are adequate to describe the real cluster sample but that also suggest a redshift variation in the intrinsic scatter of the λ-mass relation may offer a better description. In addition, the average rescaled matter profiles offer high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) constraints on the shape of real cluster matter profiles, which are in good agreement with available hydrodynamical ΛCDM simulations. This high S/N profile contains information about baryon feedback, the collisional nature of dark matter, and potential deviations from general relativity.Key words: gravitational lensing: weak / galaxies: clusters: general / large-scale structure of Universe

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Infrared thermometry in high temperature materials processing: influence of liquid water and steam

Here, the capability of four infrared thermometry techniques (2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers, Pyrolaser and IR camera) was evaluated with respect to the impact of water or steam in the line of sight to determine temperature from two heat sources (blackbody calibration source and steel block inside the furnace). The influence of liquid water on the temperature readings was minimal when using 2-colour pyrometry due to comparable absorption coefficients of water for the measured wavelengths. The signals measured using both the Pyrolaser and the 1-colour pyrometer were decreased due to the partial absorption and resulted in an apparent temperature lower than the actual. Water readily absorbed the IR signal in the range of the IR camera operation, resulting in no signal whenever liquid water was present in the line of sight. Steam caused the most deviation and fluctuation of temperature readings for all techniques due to the large level of light scattering in addition to the absorption of the radiant energy. A technique was developed to determine the transmissivity (apparent emissivity) when water or steam is in the line of sight of measurement. An approximate correction to the measurements based on Planck’s law is discussed for both 2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers.

2-colour and 1-colour pyrometry↗
DOE OSTI2019

Variational Excitations in Real Solids: Optical Gaps and Insights into Many-Body Perturbation Theory

We present an approach to studying optical band gaps in real solids in which quantum Monte Carlo methods allow for the application of a rigorous variational principle to both ground and excited state wave functions. In tests that include small, medium, and large band gap materials, optical gaps are predicted with a mean absolute deviation of 3.5% against experiment, less than half the equivalent errors for typical many-body perturbation theories. The approach is designed to be insensitive to the choice of density functional, a property we exploit in order to provide insight into how far different functionals are from satisfying the assumptions of many-body perturbation theory. Here, we explore this question most deeply in the challenging case of ZnO, where we show that, although many commonly used functionals have shortcomings, there does exist a one-particle basis in which perturbation theory’s zeroth-order picture is sound. Insights of this nature should be useful in guiding the future application and improvement of these widely used techniques.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Progressing Analysis of Variable Electric Rates (PAVER) Study

The Progressing Analysis of Variable Electric Rates (PAVER) study analyzed the impact of a range of time-varying electric rates on the performance of a regional electric grid and the resulting costs for participating and non-participating customers. This analysis leveraged and extended the work of PNNL’s Distribution System Operator with Transactive (DSO+T) study. Five different rate designs were included: a flat volumetric energy charge, a typical Time of Use (TOU) rate, a dynamic energy (DE) rate (based on wholesale locational marginal prices), a dynamic energy and capacity (DE+C) rate, and, finally, a Block and Swing (B&S) rate that billed customers based on their average load profile at constant pricing, but used the DE+C dynamic price for load deviations from their average profile. These rates were analyzed in a large-scale co-simulation of an entire regional grid with a customer population representative of the current state. A large fraction (80%) of residential and commercial customers were assumed to participate in these time-varying rates with automatically controlled HVAC, water heaters, electric vehicles, and batteries. This study assumed no industrial sector participation. The DE and DE+C rates saw system peak loads reduced by 6-7%, while the large participation in the TOU rate case saw a significant rebound effect and a resulting peak load increase of >5%. The impacts to the annual and peak system demand impacted system wholesale prices and the overall grid operating costs. This cost structure determined the revenue needed to be collected from customers by each rate design. Participating customers on the DE and DE+C rates (located in one of the modeled DSOs) saw reductions in average annual electricity bills of 11-17% with average increases in monthly bill variation of no more than 13%. At such high participation levels, TOU customers saw 10% higher average annual bills (due to system-wide rebound effects) and average increased monthly bill variation of 16%. Residential owners of large flexible loads (such as electric vehicles) saw larger bill savings (17-20%) when on a fully dynamic rate. The presence of on-site generation (such as rooftop solar) did not appear to appreciably change customer outcomes. Customers on the Block and Swing rate did see 6% lower monthly bill variation (as intended) than the flat rate case, but at the expense of appreciable bill savings, which were only 3%, comparable to the savings seen by non-participants. Given this finding we recommend that additional research be conducted into how best various bill protection mechanisms can balance minimizing customer bill variation with providing financial incentives commensurate with the flexibility customers provide. We also recommend that customer outcomes be explored across a range of regions using current actual customer and system cost data.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

The High Latitude Spectroscopic Survey on the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will conduct a High Latitude Spectroscopic Survey (HLSS) over a large volume at high redshift, using the near-IR grism (1.0–1.93 μm, R = 435–865) and the 0.28 deg 2 wide-field camera. We present a reference HLSS that maps 2000 deg 2 and achieves an emission-line flux limit of 10 -16 erg s -1 cm -2 at 6.5σ, requiring ~0.6 yr of observing time. We summarize the flowdown of the Roman science objectives to the science and technical requirements of the HLSS. We construct a mock redshift survey over the full HLSS volume by applying a semianalytic galaxy formation model to a cosmological N-body simulation and use this mock survey to create pixel-level simulations of 4 deg 2 of HLSS grism spectroscopy. We find that the reference HLSS would measure ~10 million H α galaxy redshifts that densely map large-scale structure at z = 1–2 and 2 million [O III] galaxy redshifts that sparsely map structures at z = 2–3. We forecast the performance of this survey for measurements of the cosmic expansion history with baryon acoustic oscillations and the growth of large-scale structure with redshift-space distortions. We also study possible deviations from the reference design and find that a deep HLSS at f line > 7 × 10 -17 erg s -1 cm -2 over 4000 deg 2 (requiring ~1.5 yr of observing time) provides the most compelling stand-alone constraints on dark energy from Roman alone. This provides a useful reference for future optimizations. The reference survey, simulated data sets, and forecasts presented here will inform community decisions on the final scope and design of the Roman HLSS.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗