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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2006

Active Metal Brazing and Adhesive Bonding of Titanium to C/C Composites for Heat Rejection System

Robust assembly and integration technologies are critically needed for the manufacturing of heat rejection system (HRS) components for current and future space exploration missions. Active metal brazing and adhesive bonding technologies are being assessed for the bonding of titanium to high conductivity Carbon-Carbon composite sub components in various shapes and sizes. Currently a number of different silver and copper based active metal brazes and adhesive compositions are being evaluated. The joint microstructures were examined using optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Several mechanical tests have been employed to ascertain the effectiveness of different brazing and adhesive approaches in tension and in shear that are both simple and representative of the actual system and relatively straightforward in analysis. The results of these mechanical tests along with the fractographic analysis will be discussed. In addition, advantages, technical issues and concerns in using different bonding approaches will also be presented.

Singh, M.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Port Graham Community Building Biomass Heating Design Project

Native Village of Port Graham completed preconstruction activities to prepare for construction and operations of a cord wood biomass heating system to five or more community buildings in Port Graham, Alaska. Project Description Native Village of Port Graham (NVPG) completed preconstruction activities that pave the way towards reduced local energy costs through the construction and operations of a cord wood biomass heating system. NVPG plans include installation of a GARN WHS 3200 Boiler that uses cord wood as fuel source. Implementation of the 700,000 Btu per hour output biomass community building heat utility would heat 5-community buildings in Port Graham, Alaska. Heating system is estimated to displace 85% of the heating fuel oil or 5365 gallons of fuel on an annual basis with an estimated peak output of 600,000 Btu per hour. Estimated savings is $15,112.00 per year. The construction cost estimate made to install the new biomass boiler system is estimated $251,693.47 with an additional Boiler Building expansion cost estimated at $97,828.40. Total installed cost is estimated $349,521.87. The WHS 3200 Boiler would be placed inside a new structure at the old community Water Plant Building site that is controlled by NVPG. Design of the new biomass heat plant and hot water loop system was completed by Richmond Engineering, NVPG contractor for the project. A hot water heat loop system running off the boiler is designed to be placed underground on lands controlled by NVPG and stubbed to feed hot water to existing base board heating system in the following community buildings: 1. Anesia Anahonak Moonin Health and Dental Clinic 2. Native Village of Port Graham offices 3. Port Graham Public Safety Building/Fire Department 4. Port Graham Corporation Office Building which also houses the Port Graham Museum and Head Start Center 5. North Pacific Rim Housing Authority Workshop/Old Fire Hall Existing community buildings fuel oil heating systems are to be retro-fitted to accommodate hot water from the proposed wood-burning GARN Boiler, once installed, and rely on the existing fuel oil-fired hot water heating equipment for backup. The boiler would use an estimated 125 bone dry tons, equivalent to 100 cords, woody biomass feedstock obtained from local lands per year. Project would use local labor as described in the Port Graham Biomass Project, report completed by Chena Power, Inc. and Winters and Associates as part of the in-kind support to the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) project for work on a project for State of Alaska’s Alaska Energy Authority (AEA). NVPG will likely initiate operations of the biomass boiler system even though several operational variations were studied. Obtaining the fuel source could be done by contractors, PGVC employees, or NVPG employees. Feeding the system would likely be done by NVPG employees. A majority of the buildings heated would be owned by NVPG. The PGVC office would be heated as well as the Old Fire Hall used as a workshop and storage area for North Pacific Rim Housing Authority. One methodology studied to charge for cost of utilizing the community building biomass system would use a percentage of use of hot water generated by the biomass hot water system based on past heating oil usage in relation to all buildings heated by biomass hot water. The method is better described in the Port Graham Biomass Project report. Fuel source agreements have been drafted to enter into agreements with area landowners. One Native allotment owner has asked Chugachmiut Forestry to begin a timber sale process to sell timber off her lands, specifically wind thrown timber that was determined to be of sufficient quantity to supply to the proposed biomass heating system for approximately 5-years. On NVPG’s behalf, Chugachmiut has presented to PGVC three different documents, attached, that could lead to a sale of woody biomass fuel for the project for up to 25-years, the expected life of the project. PGVC has signed a letter of intent to negotiate a sale of woody biomass material April 30, 2015. Chugachmiut Forestry has conducted two different field forest measurements of Native allotment lands and PGVC forest and timber lands. Lands deemed road accessible for biomass harvest were analyzed for this project. Forestry then conducted three different analyses and developed two reports to determine forest biomass on a tons per acre basis in addition to timber volume measurements taken for forest management purposes. Permits required were limited. For the biomass building, the Kenai Peninsula Borough did not require a permit. State of Alaska, Department of Public Safety, Division of Fire and Life Safety requires a plan review for fire and life safety requirements called an application for Fire and Life Safety Plan Review that would require a registered design professional to sign the document. State of Alaska State Forest Practices Act is required to be followed for any timber sale or harvest. This Act also requires consultation with Alaska Department of Fish and Game when operations are in close proximity or cross anadromous waters. Native allotment lands require following U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs timber sale contracting process and approval.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Equipment Procurement and Final Design for the MARVEL High-Grade Heat Extraction System (HGHES)

This summer I worked on the design of a high-grade heat extraction system (HGHES) of the MARVEL Project. The MARVEL project at INL is a first-of-a-kind terrestrial microreactor to help provide a test platform to demonstrate the use of a microreactor to end customers and enable technology developers to test enabling microreactor technologies with a functional nuclear reactor. One of the project's main requirements is the reactors’ ability to deliver high-grade thermal power to end users, both for industrial and commercial use. The project required communication with multiple vendors for custom-made equipment, working with a high-temperature and high-pressure helium coolant system, and research of a Thermal Storage Unit (TSU).

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Analysis & Tools to Spur Increased Deployment of “Waste Heat” Rejection/Recycling Hybrid Ground-source Heat Pump Systems in Hot, Arid or Semiarid Climates Like Texas

This project team analyzed supplemental heat rejection/recovery (SHR) devices or systems that could be used in hybrid ground source heat pump (HGHP) systems located in arid or semi-arid regions in southwestern U.S. Identification of effective SHR solutions would enhance the deployment of ground source heat pumps (GHP) in these regions. In a parallel effort, the team developed integrated GHP models that coupled the building load, heat pump, and ground loop subsystems and which could be applied to residential and commercial office buildings. Then GHP and HGHP performances could be compared in terms of operational performance and life-cycle costs. Several potential SHR devices were analyzed by applying two strategies: 1) to remove heat directly from the water in the ground loop before it enters the ground and 2) to remove heat in the refrigerant loop of the vapor compression cycle (VCC) of the heat pump so less heat is transferred to the water loop at the condenser of the VCC. Cooling towers, adsorption coolers, and thermoelectric liquid coolers were included in strategy 1, and expanded desuperheaters, thermosyphons, and an optimized VCC were included in strategy 2. Of all SHR devices analyzed, only the cooling tower provided a cost-effective performance enhancement. For the integrated GHP model, the project team selected the building load model HAMBASE and its powerful computational Simulink/MatLab platform, empirical performance map models of the heat pumps based upon manufacturers’ performance data, and a ground loop model developed by Oklahoma State University and rewritten for this project in Simulink/MatLab. The design process used GLHEPRO, also from Oklahoma State University, to size the borehole fields. The building load and ground loop models were compared with simulations from eQuest, ASHRAE 140-2008 standards, EnergyPlus, and GLHEPRO and were found to predict those subsystems’ performance well. The integrated GHP model was applied to a 195m 2 (2100ft 2 ) residential building and a 4,982m 2 (53,628ft 2 ) three-story commercial office building, and it ran 10-15 year simulations. The integrated GHP model and its Simulink platform provided residential data, ranging from seconds to years, and commercial office building data, ranging from minutes to years. A cooling tower model was coupled to the base case integrated GHP model for the residential building and the resulting HGHP system provided a cost-effective solution for the Austin, TX location. Simulations for both the residential and commercial building models were run with varying degrees of SHR (device/system not identified) and the results were found to significantly decrease installation costs, increase heat pump efficiency (lower entering water temperature), and prolong the lifetime of the borehole field. Lifetime cycle costs were estimated from the simulation results. Sensitivity studies on system operating performance and lifetime costs were performed on design parameters, such as construction materials, borehole length, borehole configuration and spacing, grout conductivity, and effects of SHR. While some of the results are intuitive, these studies provided quantitative estimates of improved performance and cost. One of the most important results of this sensitivity study is that overall system performance is very sensitive to these design parameters and that modeling and simulation are essential tools to design cost-effective systems.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1988

Heat Pipe Systems

Solar Fundamentals, Inc.'s hot water system employs space-derived heat pipe technology. It is used by a meat packing plant to heat water for cleaning processing machinery. Unit is complete system with water heater, hot water storage, electrical controls and auxiliary components. Other than fans and a circulating pump, there are no moving parts. System's unique design eliminates problems of balancing, leaking, corroding, and freezing.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1984

Heat Recovery System

Ball Metal's design of ducting and controls for series of roof top heat exchangers was inspired by Tech Briefs. Heat exchangers are installed on eight press and coating lines used to decorate sheet metal. The heat recovery system provides an estimated energy savings of more than $250,000 per year.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1981

The development of a high-capacity instrument module heat transport system, appendixes

Data sheets provide temperature requirements for 82 individual instruments that are under development or planned for grouping on a space platform or pallet. The scientific objectives of these instrument packages are related to solar physics, space plasma physics, astronomy, high energy astrophysics, resources observations, environmental observations, materials processing, and life sciences. System specifications are given for a high capacity instrument module heat transport system to be used with future payloads.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance evaluation of underground thermal storage integrated dual-source heat pump systems

The increasing demand for electricity stresses the existing electric grids. Buildings consume 73% of all U.S. electricity and are responsible for 30% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Integrating thermal energy storage (TES) in building heating/cooling systems, which consume considerable electricity, can mitigate the challenges to electric grids. Here, this study reports on a novel thermal energy storage device integrated heat pump system to reshape the building electricity demand profile while maintaining thermal comfort. The annual performance of the proposed system has been evaluated through a dynamic system simulation with high fidelity in the Modelica platform. The dynamic model of the novel hybrid component named ‘dual purpose underground thermal battery’ was developed and validated. It was then incorporated into the system model. Given a time-of-use tariff, a rule-based control strategy was designed to shift the electric demand and switch the heat pump source for a typical single-family house in different climate zones of the United States. The system performance of the new TES-integrated dual-source heat pump was compared with that of a conventional air-source heat pump system. The results indicate that the proposed system can reduce the annual HVAC electricity cost by up to 52% while saving 45.2% on electricity consumption. In the Northern areas, the annual peak load of the HVAC system can be reduced by 64.9%. However, this reduction is less in the Southern areas as the system’s higher efficiency in winter dominates the overall energy-saving potential.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1987

Solar dynamic organic Rankine cycle heat rejection system simulation

The use of a rotary fluid management device (RFMD) and shear flow condenser for two-phase fluid management in microgravity organic Rankine cycle (ORC) applications is examined. A prototype of the proposed Space Station ORC heat rejection system was constructed to evaluate the performance of the inventory control method. The design and operation of the RFMD, shear flow condenser, and inventory control fluid accumulator are described. A schematic diagram of the ORC, RFMD, and condenser, and a functional diagram of the heat rejection system for the ORC are presented.

Havens, V. N.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Design and Development of the Heat Redistribution System for the Mission to Europa Spacecraft:

This paper details the conceptual design of the Heat Redistribution System (HRS) used for thermal control of the Europa Clipper spacecraft. The solar powered spacecraft will launch in the early 2020s and will study Jupiter’s Icy moon, Europa, where previous investigations have indicated the possibility of a liquid water ocean underneath its ice-encrusted surface. The spacecraft will execute multiple flybys of Europa while relying on the HRS for thermal control of the spacecraft bus. The HRS utilizes a Mechanically Pumped Fluid Loop (MPFL) to reclaim waste heat from an avionics and payload electronics compartment and redistribute it to other parts of the spacecraft, such as the propulsion module structure and the louver-radiator assembly. A “replacement heater block” provides supplemental heat when needed to maintain the spacecraft hardware above its allowable flight temperatures. Additionally, a set of thermal control valves autonomously actuate to reduce the fluid flow through the radiator during cold environment cases. The HRS was used in previous flight projects at JPL such as Mars Science Laboratory, but the uniqueness of the Europa Clipper mission has mandated changes to previous HRS designs; the most significant design drivers and design changes for this iteration of the HRS are discussed.

Bertagne, Christopher↗
NASA NTRS2004

Evaporator Development for an Evaporative Heat Pipe System

As fossil fuel resources continue to deplete, research for alternate power sources continues to develop. One of these alternate technologies is fuel cells. They are a practical fuel source able to provide significant amounts of power for applications from laptops to automobiles and their only byproduct is water. However, although this technology is over a century old and NASA has been working with it since the early 1960 s there is still room for improvement. The research I am involved in at NASA's Glenn Research Center is focusing on what is called a regenerative fuel cell system. The unique characteristic of this type of system is that it used an outside power source to create electrolysis of the water it produces and it then reuses the hydrogen and oxygen to continue producing power. The advantage of this type of system is that, for example, on space missions it can use solar power to recharge its gas supplies between periods when the object being orbited blocks out the sun. This particular system however is far from completion. This is because of the many components that are required to make up a fuel cell that need to be tested individually. The specific part of the system that is being worked on this summer of 2004 is the cooling system. The fuel cell stack, that is the part that actually creates the power, also produces a lot of heat. When not properly cooled, it has been known to cause fires which, needless to say are not conducive to the type of power that is trying to be created. In order to cool the fuel cell stack in this system we are developing a heat pipe cooling system. One of the main components of a heat pipe cooling system is what is known as the evaporator, and that is what happens to be the part of the system we are developing this summer. In most heat pipe systems the evaporator is a tube in which the working fluid is cooled and then re-circulated through the system to absorb more heat energy from the fuel cell stack. For this system, instead of a tube, the evaporator is made up of a stack-up of screen material and absorbent membranes inside a stainless steel shell and held together by a film adhesive and epoxy. There is an initial design for this flat plate evaporator, however is has not yet been made. The components of the stack-up are known, so all testing is focused on how it will all go together. This includes finding an appropriate epoxy to make the evaporator conductive all the way through and finding a way to hold the required tight tolerances as the stainless steel outer shell is put together. By doing the tests on smaller samples of the stack-ups and then testing the fill size component, the final flat plate evaporator will reach its final design so that research can continue on other parts of the regenerative fue1 cell system, and another step in the improvement of fue1 cell technology can be made.

Peters, Leigh C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

A pumped, two-phase flow heat transport system for orbiting instrument payloads

A pumped two-phase (heat absorption/heat rejection) thermal transport system for orbiting instrument payloads is investigated. The thermofluid characteristics necessary for the system design are discussed. A preliminary design with a series arrangement of four instrument heat stations and six radiators in a single loop is described in detail, and the total mass is estimated to be 134 kg, with the radiators, instrument heat stations, and fluid reservoir accounting for approximately 86, 24, and 12 kg, respectively. The evaluation of preliminary test results shows that the system has potential advantages; however, further research is necessary in the areas of one-g and zero-g heat transfer coefficients/fluid regimes, fluid by-pass temperature control, and reliability of small pumps.

Fowle, A. A.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Primary Heat Transport System Design Considerations for Xcimer Energy’s Athena Fusion Pilot Plant

Fusion energy promises a reliable, carbon-free source of power; however, significant challenges remain before it can be deployed as an economical energy source. In addition to achieving fusion conditions, power plants must operate under extreme temperatures, radiation, and mechanical loads while maintaining high efficiency and availability. These requirements place strong demands on engineering design and plant operation. This work focuses on the engineering challenges associated with balance of plant analysis for inertial fusion energy systems. In particular, this paper examines the design considerations for primary heat transfer systems in fusion pilot plants employing molten fluoride salt coolants, with particular emphasis on system layout optimization and the balance between competing design objectives using the Xcimer Energy Athena inertial pilot plant design as a case study. Through systematic analysis of candidate system configurations and parametric sensitivity studies, we identify key engineering trade-offs governing salt inventory, pumping power requirements, and operational flexibility. The analysis employs system-level modeling tools to explore the design space and establish relationships between geometric parameters and system performance metrics.

Greenwood, Scott [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000333480736)↗
DOE OSTI2018

Thermal and Thermophysical Properties of the Radioactive Graphite–Inert Gas System in Heating. Computer Experiment

Consideration has been given to the capabilities of the TERRA software system for modeling thermodynamically the heating of a radioactive graphite–inert gas system in a nuclear reactor. As a result of such modeling, the authors have determined processes occurring in the reactor with the involvement of Eu, Pu, and U actinoids during the heating of the radioactive graphite–argon system at pressures of 10{sup 5} and 10{sup 6} Pa, and also equilibrium constants of chemical reactions and the influence of pressure on them. The thermophysical properties of the system have been studied, and the influence of pressure on its specific volume, the heat capacity, and the molar mass of a gas phase and the weight fraction of a condensed phase has been established.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

SPC-71145 Rev 0 MARVEL Process Heat Extraction System Conceptual Design

The Microreactor Applications Research Validation and Evaluation (MARVEL) reactor will offer experimental capabilities that are not currently available at DOE’s national laboratories. The MARVEL reactor is a microreactor which uses eutectic sodium-potassium alloy (NaK) as a primary coolant. The primary coolant is circulated through four primary loops by natural convection of the coolant. In each loop is a closed well which will accommodate an intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) for extracting heat from the loop. These wells will be referred to in this specification as the “IHX wells”. It is intended for the IHX containment to also be filled with NaK. The MARVEL design team is currently looking for alternative means of extracting heat from these wells to be utilized in downstream applications. This Heat Utilization System (HUS) will enable MARVEL operations including the ability to test, demonstrate, and address issues related to installation, startup, and operations. In addition, it will allow down-stream utilization of process heat for various uses. Depending on the methodology used, the interface between the secondary coolant and the HUS is the Process Heat Extraction System (PHES) and is the subject of this specification.

21 - SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLAN↗
DOE OSTI2019

Experimental evaluation of a semi-open membrane-based absorption heat pump system utilizing ionic liquids

While the use of energy efficient absorption heat pumps has been typically limited to the high capacity commercial and industrial applications, the use of a semi-open absorption heat pump for water heating has been demonstrated to be an energy efficient alternative for residential scale applications. A semi-open absorption system uses ambient water vapor as the refrigerant in the absorber where its heat of phase change is transferred to the process water, cooling the solution in the absorber. The solution is pumped to the desorber, where by adding heat, the water vapor is released from the solution and condensed in the condenser. The heat of phase change of water vapor is transferred to process water again in the condenser. This cycle when implemented with a membrane-based absorber in a plate and frame form of heat exchanger using ionic liquids can overcome the challenges related to the system architecture of conventional absorption heat pumps like the lower efficiency at small scale, crystallization/corrosion issues with the desiccants and the high cost of hermetically sealed components. The cycle COP for such a system was previously demonstrated by Chugh et al. for high humidity conditions. In this experimental study, design improvements were made that expand the system’s applicability to more practical and standardized test conditions. With these improvements, the performance of the system was evaluated. The results presented in this study demonstrate the improved system’s viability as a heat pump water heater conforming to standard water heater test conditions. Performance was measured at a cycle thermal COP of 1.2 with a hot water delivery water temperature of 56 °C and ambient air at 19 °C and 49% RH.

42 ENGINEERING↗