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At least 397 records · Page 22

Improved models for the evolution of the Coma cluster of galaxies

The analysis by Fitchett & Webster of the observations of the Coma cluster of galaxies has demonstrated that the center of the Coma Cluster consists of two subclusters. Therefore, it is important to construct realistic dynamical models of a galaxy cluster with two mass centers. Our previous N-body models for the Coma Cluster consisted of point masses or particles with simple interaction properties. In the current paper, we employ a more sophisticated N-body code, which includes dynamical friction, mass exchange, and mergers between galaxies.

Dark↗

Improved models for the evolution of the coma cluster of galaxies

The analysis by Fitchett & Webster of the observations of the Coma Cluster of galaxies has demonstrated that the center of the Coma Cluster consists of two subclusters. Therefore, it is important to construct realistic dynamical models of a galaxy cluster with two mass centers.

dark↗

Correlations of galaxies at z = 0.3

The angular correlation functions for galaxies with magnitudes 20 less than b(sub J) less than 21.5 and 21 less than b(sub J) less than 22.5 are measured from photographic images of nine distinct fields. New expressions for the variance of correlation function estimates are used, which show that the nine fields are consistent with a single angular correlation function w(theta) and with previous estimates of its amplitude and slope -- though the errors on previously published w(theta) values are probably underestimated. Assuming a spatial correlation function of the form xi(r,z) = (r/r(sub 0))(exp -gamma)(1 + z)(exp -3-epsilon), and using the measured N(z) for these magnitude ranges, we derive xi(r = 250 kpc/h, z = 0.18) = 48 +/- 10, and xi(r = 250 kpc/h, z = 0.27) = 55(+11; -9) for galaxies in these samples, largely independent of gamma and epsilon (1 sigma errors). This is approximately 2 times lower than the small-scale clustering seen in nearby galaxies at b(sub J) less than 18 (after allowing for modest growth in clustering since z = 0.27), yet very similar to the clustering of the nearby IRAS-selected galaxy population. The correlations of the reddest third of the b(sub J) approximately 22 galaxies, however, are larger and consistent with the b(sub J) less than 18 clustering, not the IRAS clustering, for a clustering growth rate of epsilon equal to or greater than -1. Thus to b(sub J) less than 22.5, most of the apparent evolution in clustering of blue-selected galaxies appears to be due to an increasing fraction of late-type or star-forming galaxies at fainter magnitudes, combined with weaker small-scale clustering for late types. These conclusions are entirely empirical and independent of galaxy evolution models.

Bernstein, G. M.↗

The LAMAR: A high throughput X-ray astronomy facility for a moderate cost mission

The performance of a large area modular array of reflectors (LAMAR) is considered in several hypothetical observations relevant to: (1) cosmology, the X-ray background, and large scale structure of the universe; (2) clusters of galaxies and their evolution; (3) quasars and other active galactic nuclei; (4) compact objects in our galaxy; (5) stellar coronae; and (6) energy input to the interstellar medium.

Gorenstein, P.↗

The Host Galaxies of Type Ia Supernovae Discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory

We present spectroscopic observations of the host galaxies of 82 low-redshift type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). We determine star-formation rates, gas-phase stellar metallicities, and stellar masses and ages of these objects. As expected, strong correlations between the SN Ia light-curve width (stretch) and the host age mass metallicity are found: fainter, faster-declining events tend to be hosted by older massive metal-rich galaxies. There is some evidence that redder SNe Ia explode in higher metallicity galaxies, but we found no relation between the SN colour and host galaxy extinction based on the Balmer decrement, suggesting that the colour variation of these SNe does not primarily arise from this source. SNe Ia in higher-mass metallicity galaxies also appear brighter after stretch colour corrections than their counterparts in lower mass hosts, and the stronger correlation is with gas-phase metallicity suggesting this may be the more important variable. We also compared the host stellar mass distribution to that in galaxy targeted SN surveys and the high-redshift untargeted Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS). SNLS has many more low mass galaxies, while the targeted searches have fewer. This can be explained by an evolution in the galaxy stellar mass function, coupled with a SN delay-time distribution proportional to t1. Finally, we found no significant difference in the mass--metallicity relation of our SN Ia hosts compared to field galaxies, suggesting any metallicity effect on the SN Ia rate is small.

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A particle astrophysics magnet facility: ASTROMAG

The primary scientific objectives of ASTROMAG are to: examine cosmological models by searching for antimatter and dark matter candidates; study the origin and evolution of matter in the galaxy by direct sampling of galactic matter; and study the origin and acceleration of the relativistic particle plasma in the galaxy and its effects on the dynamics and evolution of the galaxy. These general scientific objectives will be met by ASTROMAG with particle detection instruments designed to make the following observations: search, for anti-nuclei of helium and heavier element; measure the spectra of anti-protons and positrons; measure the isotopic composition of cosmic ray nuclei at energies of several GeV/amu; and measure the energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei to very high energies.

Ormes, Jonathan F.↗

Starbursts in interacting galaxies: Observations and models

Starbursts have been a puzzling field of research for more than a decade. It is evident that they played a significant role in the evolution of many galaxies but still quite little is known about the starburst mechanisms. A way towards a better interpretation of the available data is the comparison with evolution models of starburst. The modelling of starbursts and the fitting of such model starbursts to observed data is discussed. The models were applied to a subset of starburst and post-starburst galaxies in a sample of 30 interacting systems. These galaxies are not ultraluminous far infrared (FIR) galaxies but rather ordinary starburst galaxies with FIR luminosities of a few 10(exp 10) to a few 10(exp 11) solar luminosities.

Bernloehr, Konrad↗

Redshifts and absolute spectral energy distributions of galaxies in distant clusters.

Absolute spectral energy distributions were measured in galaxies of three distant clusters. Redshifts and information on evolutionary effects are inferred by a comparison of the results with the integrated light energy distribution for nearby giant elliptical galaxies. Evidence for evolution over the last 3 to 6 billion years could not be established for these galaxies.

Oke, J. B.↗

Examining the Role of Environment in a Comprehensive Sample of Compact Groups

Compact groups, with their high number densities, small velocity dispersions, and an interstellar medium that has not been fully processed, provide a local analog to conditions of galaxy interactions in the earlier universe. The frequent and prolonged gravitational encounters that occur in compact groups affect the evolution of the constituent galaxies in a myriad of ways, for example, gas processing and star formation. Recently, a statistically significant "gap" has been discovered in the mid-infrared (MIR: 3.6-8 μm) IRAC color space of compact group galaxies. This gap is not seen in field samples and is a new example of how the compact group environment may affect the evolution of member galaxies. In order to investigate the origin and nature of this gap, we have compiled a larger sample of 37 compact groups in addition to the original 12 groups studied by Johnson et al. (yielding 174 individual galaxies with reliable MIR photometry). We find that a statistically significant deficit of galaxies in this gap region of IRAC color space is persistent in the full sample, lending support to the hypothesis that the compact group environment inhibits moderate specific star formation rates. Using this expanded sample, we have more fully characterized the distribution of galaxies in this color space and quantified the low-density region more fully with respect to MIR bluer and MIR redder colors. We note a curvature in the color-space distribution, which is fully consistent with increasing dust temperature as the activity in a galaxy increases. This full sample of 49 compact groups allows us to subdivide the data according to physical properties of the groups. An analysis of these subsamples indicates that neither projected physical diameter nor density shows a trend in color space within the values represented by this sample. We hypothesize that the apparent lack of a trend is due to the relatively small range of properties in this sample, whose groups have already been pre-selected to be compact and dense. Thus, the relative influence of stochastic effects (such as the particular distribution and amount of star formation in individual galaxies) becomes dominant. We analyze spectral energy distributions of member galaxies as a function of their location in color space and find that galaxies in different regions of MIR color space contain dust with varying temperatures and/or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission.

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Isotopic anomalies - Chemical memory of Galactic evolution

New mechanisms for the chemical memory of isotopic anomalies are proposed which are based on the temporal change during the chemical evolution of the Galaxy of the isotopic composition of the mean ejecta from stars. Because of the differing temporal evolution of primary and secondary products of nucleosynthesis, the isotopic composition of the bulk interstellar medium changes approximately linearly with time, and thus any dust component having an age different from that of average dust will be isotopically anomalous. Special attention is given to C, O, Mg, Si, and isotopically heavy average-stellar condensates of SiC.

Clayton, Donald D.↗

The life cycle of the Interstellar Medium in other galaxies

Gas in spiral galaxies cycles between the diffuse and dense phases as clouds collapse, form stars and are dispersed back into the ISM. Far infrared observations of continuum emission from interstellar dust and line emission from interstellar gas have revealed a wealth of information on the state of the ISM in galaxies of different morphological types. The analysis of these observations gives us information about the processes of star formation and about the evolution of the ISM. Star formation rates vary widely from galaxy to galaxy, with the rates in starburst galaxies being 10 - 100 times those in quiescent spiral galaxies. Far infrared spectroscopy of star-forming galaxies shows that the interstellar pressure increases with star formation rate. The structure of the interstellar medium in starburst galaxies is quite different from that of quiescent galaxies - much of the mass and volume are in HII regions and photodissociation regions. The size distribution of dust grains seems to depend on environment; small grains are abundant in the diffuse interstellar medium but not in dense molecular star forming regions. Quiescent spiral and elliptical galaxies contain a significant population of small grains, but starburst galaxies do not. Dwarf irregular galaxies also seem to contain few small grains; this may be the result of the higher UV flux in these galaxies. The star forming regions in dwarf irregulars also have a higher ratio of atomic to molecular gas than do those in the Galaxy. These results show that the ISM in galaxies of different morphological types reaches different equilibria, resulting in different modes of star formation and global galaxy evolution.

Knapp, G. R.↗

Color evolution from z = 0 to z = 1

Rest frame Stroemgren photometry (3500 A, 4100 A, 4750 A, and 5500 A) is presented for 509 galaxies in 17 rich clusters between z = 0 and z = 1 as a test of color evolution. Our observations confirm a strong, rest frame, Butcher-Oemler effect where the fraction of blue galaxies increases from 20% at z = 0.4 to 80% at z = 0.9. We also find that a majority of these blue cluster galaxies are composed of normal disk or post-starburst systems based on color criteria. When comparing our colors to the morphological results from Hubble Space Telescope HST imaging, we propose that the blue cluster galaxies are a population of late-type, low surface brightness objects which fade and are then destroyed by the cluster tidal field. After isolating the red objects from Butcher-Oemler objects, we have compared the mean color of these old, non-star-forming objects with spectral energy distribution models in the literature as a test for passive galaxy evolution in ellipticals. We find good agreement with single-burst models which predict a mean epoch of galaxy formation at z = 5. Tracing the red envelope for ellipticals places the earliest epoch of galaxy formation at z = 10.

Rakos, Karl D.↗

Integrated far-infrared background from galaxies

The integrated radiation from galaxies is calculated at far-IR and submillimeter wavelengths. The peak of the far-IR background radiation is 100-130 microns, and its total energy content is 0.5-6 percent of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). At wavelengths longward of 400 microns, the CMB dominates over the far-IR radiation from galaxies in intensity. The autocorrelation of fluctuations from the average angle of the far-IR background of galaxies is calculated. The contribution of galaxies to the anisotropy of the background radiation at wavelengths longer than about 400 microns where the CMB is predominant is obtained. It is found that, in general, earlier galaxy formation predicts stronger far-IR background radiation. The prompt initial enrichment model for the chemical evolution of disk galaxies, in particular those with an exponential star formation rate, produces much larger intensity of the integrated radiation than the accretion model.

Wang, Boqi↗

CLEAR: Boosted Ly alpha Transmission of the Intergalactic Medium in UV-bright Galaxies

Reionization is an inhomogeneous process, thought to begin in small ionized bubbles of the intergalacticmedium (IGM) around overdense regions of galaxies. Recent Lyman-alpha (Lyα) studies during the epochof reionization show growing evidence that ionized bubbles formed earlier around brighter galaxies, suggest-ing higher IGM transmission of Lyαfrom these galaxies. We investigate this problem using IR slitless spec-troscopy from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide-Field Camera 3 (WFC3) G102 grism observations of148 galaxies selected via photometric redshifts at6.0< z <8.2. These galaxies have spectra extracted fromthe CANDELS LyαEmission at Reionization (CLEAR) survey. We combine the CLEAR data for 275 galaxieswith the Keck/DEIMOS+MOSFIRE dataset from the Texas Spectroscopic Search for LyαEmission at the Endof Reionization Survey. We then constrain the Lyαequivalent-width (EW) distribution at6.0< z <8.2, whichis described by an exponential form,dN/dEW∝exp(-EW)/W0, with the characteristice-folding scale width(W0). We confirm a significant drop of the Lyαstrength (orW0) atz >6. Furthermore, we compare the redshiftevolution ofW0between galaxies at different UV luminosities. The UV-bright (MUV<−21, orLUV> L∗)galaxies show weaker evolution with a decrease of 0.4 (±0.2) dex inW0atz >6while UV-faint (MUV>−21,orLUV< L∗) galaxies exhibit a significant drop by a factor of 0.7-0.8 (±0.2) dex inW0fromz <6toz >6.Our results add to the accumulating evidence that UV-bright galaxies exhibit boosted Lyαtransmission in theIGM, suggesting that reionization completes sooner in regions proximate to galaxies of higher UV luminosity.

Intae Jung↗

Evolution of the gaseous content of the universe

Results of a new spectroscopic survey for damped Ly-alpha absorption systems conducted at ultraviolet wavelengths are combined with those of previous surveys conducted at optical wavelengths in order to examine the evolution of the gaseous content of the universe at z between 0 and 3.5. Implications for scenarios of galaxy formation and evolution are discussed.

Lanzetta, Kenneth M.↗

Hubble Space Telescope Hx Imaging of Star-forming Galaxies at z approximately equal to 1-1.5: Evolution in the Size and Luminosity of Giant H II Regions

We present Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3 narrow-band imaging of the Hα emission in a sample of eight gravitationally lensed galaxies at z = 1-1.5. The magnification caused by the foreground clusters enables us to obtain a median source plane spatial resolution of 360 pc, as well as providing magnifications in flux ranging from approximately 10× to approximately 50×. This enables us to identify resolved star-forming HII regions at this epoch and therefore study their Hα luminosity distributions for comparisons with equivalent samples at z approximately 2 and in the local Universe. We find evolution in the both luminosity and surface brightness of HII regions with redshift. The distribution of clump properties can be quantified with an HII region luminosity function, which can be fit by a power law with an exponential break at some cut-off, and we find that the cut-off evolves with redshift. We therefore conclude that 'clumpy' galaxies are seen at high redshift because of the evolution of the cut-off mass; the galaxies themselves follow similar scaling relations to those at z = 0, but their HII regions are larger and brighter and thus appear as clumps which dominate the morphology of the galaxy. A simple theoretical argument based on gas collapsing on scales of the Jeans mass in a marginally unstable disc shows that the clumpy morphologies of high-z galaxies are driven by the competing effects of higher gas fractions causing perturbations on larger scales, partially compensated by higher epicyclic frequencies which stabilize the disc.

H imaging↗

Observations and evolution of hot coronae around early type galaxies

This review describes obervations of hot coronae around early-type galaxies. The observations show that early-type galaxies have 0.5-4.5 keV luminosities up to nearly 10 to the 43rd ergs/sec dominated by thermal emission from 10 to the 10th solar masses of hot (about 10 to the 7th K) gas. Calculations which model the evolution of the coronae are presented. These models can explain the present epoch observations as well as predict the coronal properties at large redshift.

Forman, W.↗

NASA/University Joint Venture in Space Science (JOVE)

This system has an immense complex of optical knots that extend several galactic diameters to the north and south of the main optical object. These are star forming regions, some of which are the size of small irregular galaxies. It has a nearby companion called the 'seashell' owing to its disturbed appearance. The data had been reduced and images formed; a figure is attached. The high resolution observations show that the atomic hydrogen (HI) encompasses not only the N-S complex of optical knots but it forms an incomplete ring or tail that extends approximately 3 arcmins to the west. The seashell was not detected, and the HI associated with NGC 5291 itself shows a very large velocity range. The formation mechanism for this disturbed and distorted complex is unclear. X-ray emission suggesting ram sweeping is also observed. This author favors an explanation involving an interaction between the two components, NGC 5291 and the seashell. We are witnessing the formation of tidal tails and bridges between the galaxies and the associated ejecta. Ram sweeping occurs as the system moves bodily through the medium of the cluster of galaxies, Abell 3574, to which NGC 5291 et al. belong. There are numerous concentrations of HI, mostly along the N-S star forming complexes which generally coincide with the optical knots; the larger features contain several x109 solar mass, again the magnitude of a small irregular galaxy. Each knot was compared to a set of criteria designed to test if the feature was stable against its own internal kinetic energy, and stable against the tidal forces of the host galaxy. At least one of the objects (Knot B) appears to be a bound system suggesting that it is a genuinely young dwarf irregular galaxy that has evolved from the material associated with his interacting complex. We conclude that we are witnessing the early evolution of young galaxies and that NGC 5291 and the seashell are a nursery.

Gottesman, Stephen T.↗